考研英語模擬279

［模擬］考研英語模擬279多項選擇Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquency(crimescommittedbyyoungpeople)focuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories_1_ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior_2_theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough_3_withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin_4_totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus,_5_asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues.Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies,_6_thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes_7_lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheories,however,aretentativeandare8tocriticism.Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly_9_juvenilecrimerates.Forexample,changesintheeconomythat_10_tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment_11_makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin_12_leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior.Familieshavealso_13_changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents；_14_,childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome_15_wascommoninthetraditionalfamily_16_.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other_17_causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschool,theincreased_18_ofdrugsandalcohol,andthegrowing_19_ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact,_20_adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.第i題:actingrelyingC.centeringD.commenting參考答案：c答案解析：[答案]C本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是：平行句子結(jié)構(gòu)+分詞短語辨析。[A]acting(on)起作用[Blrelying(on)依靠，指望起作用[C]centering(on)以 為中心，圍繞；集中于 [D]commenting(on)對……作出評論第2題:A.beforeB.unlessuntilbecause參考答案：D答案解析：[答案]D本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是：邏輯關(guān)系。[A]before在……之前，表時間[B]unless如果不，除非，表條件[C]until直到 才,表時間[D]because因為，表因果第3題:interactionassimilationcooperationconsultation參考答案：A答案解析：[答案]A本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是：名詞短語辨析。[A]interaction(with)與 的互相作用，互相影響[B]assimilation(into)適應(yīng)、同化、融入 [C]cooperation(with)與 的合作[D]consultation(with)和 的商議第4題:returnreplyreferenceresponse參考答案：D答案解析：[答案]D本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是：固定搭配。[A](in)return(for)作為對……的報答,交換[B](in)reply(to)作為對 的答復(fù)[C](in)reference(to)關(guān)于[D](in)response(to)作為對 的反應(yīng)/答復(fù)第5題:orbutratherbutorelse參考答案：A答案解析：[答案]A本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是：邏輯關(guān)系。[A]or或者，表并列[B]butrather(非固定搭配)[C]but而是，表轉(zhuǎn)折[D]orelse否則，要不然第6題：A.consideringignoringC.highlightingD.discarding參考答案：B答案解析：[答案]B本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是：分詞結(jié)構(gòu)做狀語+動詞詞義辨析。[A]considering考慮到，鑒于[B]ignoring忽視[C]highlighting突出[D]discarding丟棄，拋棄第7題：oninforwith參考答案：C答案解析：[答案]C本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是：邏輯關(guān)系+介詞用法辨析。[A]on涉及、關(guān)于[B]in以 方式[C]for因為[D]with表伴隨第8題：immuneB.resistantC.sensitiveD.subject參考答案：D答窠解析：[答案]D本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是：形容詞結(jié)構(gòu)做表語。[A]immune(to)免疫的，不受影響的[B]resistant(to)有抵抗力的[C]sensitive(to)敏感的[D]subject(to)易受 影響的

第9題:A.affectB.reduceC.checkD.reflect參考答案：A答案解析：［答案］A本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是：上下文語義+動詞詞義辨析。［A］affect影響，感動，感染［B］reduce減少，縮小，還原［C］check檢查，制止，核對［D］reflect反射，反映，表現(xiàn)第10題:A.pointleadcomeamount參考答案：B答案解析：［答案］B本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是：上下文語義+動詞短語辨析。［A］point(to)指向，指明，讓人注意到［B］lead(to)通向，導(dǎo)致，引起，造成［C］come(to)談及，到達(dá)，共計，恢復(fù)知覺［D］amount(to)總計，等于，等同，接近第11題：ingeneralB.onC.byB.onC.byaveragecontrastD.atlength參考答案：A答案解析：［答案］A本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是：句內(nèi)語義+固定短語。［A］ingeneral通常，一般說來［B］onaverage平均起來［C］bycontrast對比起來［D］atlength最后，終于；充分地，詳細(xì)地第12題:A.caseshortturnessence參考答案：C答案解析：[答案]C本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是：句內(nèi)語義+固定搭配。 [A](in)case假使,如果，萬一[B](in)short簡而言之，總而言之[C](in)turn輪流地，依次；又(對別人)做同樣的事 [D](in)essence本質(zhì)上第13題：A.survivedB.noticedC.undertakenD.experienced參考答案：D答案解析：[答案]D本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是：上下文語義+動賓搭配。[A]survived經(jīng)歷……后依然活著，幸免于[B]noticed注意到[C]undertaken承擔(dān)，許諾[D]experienced經(jīng)歷,體驗第14題：contrarilyconsequentlysimilarlysimultaneously參考答案：B答案解析：[答案]B本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是：邏輯關(guān)系。[A]contrarily相反地，表對比[B]consequently所以,因此,表因果[C]similarly同樣地，類似于,表比較[D]simultaneously同時地，表比較第15題：thanthatwhichas參考答案：A答案解析：[答案]A本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是：從句中的關(guān)系代詞。[A]than兼有連詞和代詞的性質(zhì)，引導(dǎo)比較成分[B]that關(guān)系代詞，不能引導(dǎo)比較成分[Clwhich關(guān)系代詞，不能引導(dǎo)比較成分[D]as關(guān)系代詞，不能單獨(dú)引導(dǎo)比較成分第16題：A.systemB.structureconceptheritage參考答案：B答案解析：［答案］B本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是：上下文語義+名詞詞義辨析。［A］system系統(tǒng)，體系，體制［B］structure結(jié)構(gòu)，構(gòu)造［C］concept觀念，概念［D］heritage遺產(chǎn)，傳統(tǒng)第17題：assessableidentifiablenegligibleincredible參考答案：B答案解析：［答案］B本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是：形容詞用法辨析。［A］assessable可估價的，容易接近、得到和使用的 ［B］identifiable可以確認(rèn)的［C］negligible可以忽略的，不予重視的［D］incredible難以置信的，驚人的第18題：expenserestrictionallocationavailability參考答案：D答案解析：［答案］D本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是：上下文語義+名詞詞義辨析。［A］expense費(fèi)用，代價［B］restriction限制；約束［C］allocation分配，安置［D］availability可獲得性，有效性，實用性第19題：incidenceawarenessC.exposureD.popularity參考答案：A答案解析：［答案］A本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是：上下文語義+名詞詞義辨析。［A］incidence(of)發(fā)生(率)［B］awareness(of)意識，知道［C］exposure(to)暴露，揭露［D］popularity普及,流行,出名第20題：A.providedsincealthoughD.supposing參考答案：C答案解析：[答案]c本題考核的知識點(diǎn)是:邏輯關(guān)系。[A]provided倘若,表條件[B]since因為，既然，表因果或讓步[C]although雖然，盡管，表轉(zhuǎn)折或讓步[D]supposing萬一，假使，表條件多項選擇Outwiththenew,andinwiththeold.Europeisbreathtaking.Iheardtheanecdotes,seenthepicturesandwatchedthetravelshows,butnothingcouldhavepreparedmefortherawpowerof600millioncellphones.TheOldWorldisbiggerthanlife!OnceIlookedbeyondtheseaofcellphonesthough,IbegantoseeEuropeforwhatitis-amarvelousadventureintohistoryandavisualandartisticorgy.Sinceourculturesaresodifferentnow,it'seasytoforgetthatwewerefoundedbyEuropeans.Let*stakealookatsomecommonmythsaboutthemodernEuro-U.S.relationship.Mythttl:TheeurowillrivaltheAmericandollarwhileprovidingsecuritytoEurope.Maybe,maybenot.Butthereisnodisputingthemarketinggeniusofthenewcurrency.Billscomeindenominationsof500,200,100,50,20,10and5(no1's),whilecoinsareprintedas50一,20一,10—,5—,2—and1-centpieces.Withthelackofone-eurobillsandtheabsurd2-centpieces,bytheendofthedayyouarecrushedwithcoins.(WhereinaU.S.solutionpresentsitself:spendthecoins.)IftheU.S.eliminatedone-dollarbillsandaddeda2-centpiece,theGDPwouldincreaseexponentially.Myth#2:ThepaceoflifeisslowerinEurope.WhoeverthoughtofthisgemhasnevervisitedItaly,where,forexample,spotlightsaremere“suggestions“asLet，sGo:Europedescribes.I'veneverbeentoNewYorkCity,butIcan，timagineitbeingmorehecticthananyItaliancity.It'snotjustinItaly,either,Europeiseverybitasfast-pacedastheU.S.Myth#3:AmericanbusinessesareeverywhereinEurope.Thishasledtoanti-AmericanprotestsbyFrenchfarmers,EnglishfarmersandSpanishfarmers.Solution?Pullthemall,fromMcDonald，stoNiketoU.S.recordlevels.Afterashortspell,however,theEuropeanswillmisstheBigMacs,theirsneakersandtheirBrittanySpearsandwilllikelydoanythingtogetthemback.Sure,intheshortrun,aU.S.company，sprofitsmaydipfrom$190billionto$189.99billion,butinthelongrun,Europewillbeours.ThereisabafflingparadoxplaguingEuropeans.WhatbothersthemisnotsomuchtheirdislikeforAmericanproducts,rather,whatdrivesthemcrazyisthattheylikeAmericanproducts,especiallyitemsfromthevastcatalogueofAmericanpopculture.Myth#4:Europeismorebeautifulandartistic,andEuropeansarebetterthanAmericans.Maybe,maybenot.There，snowaytooverstate,however,thattheEuropeanwayisundeniablydifferentfromtheAmericanway.AsforthegloriousartandarchitecturesoubiquitousinEurope,there，snothingtheU.S.cando-we.areonly226yearsold.Buttheotherdifferencesarenotsoeasytodismiss:Europeanssmokeeverywhere；wepracticallyforbiditinourhomes.Theybringpetstorestaurants；welockourpetsincars.IfyougetlessthanfourweeksvacationinEuropeyou'regettingscrewed；ifyougetmorethantwoweeksintheU.S.,youareprobablyretired.Thebottomlineisthis:ifmakinglessmoneyisthetrade-offformoretimetolive,toseelife*sbeautifulmoments,toriseabovetherampantmaterialismintheUnitedStates,thenyes,Europeansarebetter.If,ontheotherhand,devisingnewwaystoproducecapital,compilingplanstoincreaseworkerproductivityandmaking,asmuchmoneyasyoucanislife'spinnacle,thenyes,Americansarebetter.Inotherwords,outwiththenewandinwithold.第21題:Inthethirdparagraph,bysaying,aIftheU.S.eliminatedone-dollarbillsandaddeda2-centpiece,theGDPwouldincreaseexponentiallyn,what'stheauthor，stone?A.serioussarcasticoptimistichumorous參考答案：D答案解析：文章大意：大西洋兩岸的人們?nèi)绾慰创龑Ψ?？作者以調(diào)侃幽默的語氣，分析4個普遍觀點(diǎn)，寫出了歐美的不同及緊密的聯(lián)系?！綝】整篇文章的基調(diào)是調(diào)侃幽默的，如果美國取消一美元的紙幣而增加2分的硬幣，國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值會成倍增長,作者用的是玩笑口吻。第22題:What，stheauthor，srealopinionaboutpaceoflifeinEuropeandAmerica?Italy，spaceoflifeishigherthanotherEuropeancountries，.Italy，spaceoflifeishigherthanthatofAmerica.ThepaceoflifeisindeedslowerinEuropethaninAmerica.ThepaceoflifeisthesameinEuropeasinAmerica.參考答案：C答案解析：【C】作者舉意大利的例子實際上是說因交通系統(tǒng)效率不高而造成hectic(忙亂的)，而不是說意大利的生活節(jié)奏快。第23題：Accordingtoparagraph5,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?EuropeanfarmersprotestAmericanbusinessinEurope.TheauthoradvisestopullbusinessbackfromEuropetopunishthefarmers.EuropeanpeoplelikeandneedAmericanproducts.IfAmericadrawbackit'sbusinessesfromEurope,itwon，tloseprofitsbutearnmore.參考答案：B答案解析：(B)參照原文，并沒有懲罰農(nóng)民的意思。第24題：Theitalicizedword“ubiquitous”inthesixthparagraphmeans?A.muchmanywidespreadunique參考答案：C答案解析：[C]ubiquitous的意思是普誼存在的，到處存在的。第25題:Fromthelastparagraphwecaninfertheauthor，sopinionisthat.bothAmericanandEuropeanwayoflifehavetheirowncharacteristicsandadvantagesEuropeanwayoflifeisbetterbecauseitdoesnotattachtoomuchimportanceonmaterials.Americanwayoflifeisbetterbecauseitcanhelppeopletogettheirlife，spinnacle.neitherofthetwowaysoflifeisgood.參考答案：A答案解析：[A]作者從不同的方面說明美國與歐洲的生活方式各有優(yōu)點(diǎn)。[1]Thecomplexityofthecigarette，songoingdevastationtopublichealthinAmericasometimesappearsoverwhelmingbecauseofitsintermeshingofhumanfrailtieswiththeexistenceofadominantindustryandmanysub-industrieswhichseemcommittedtoservingtheneedsofthathumanfrailty,nomatterwhatthecost.However,thereareanumberofspecificcoursesthiscountrycouldtaketobegintocopewiththisnationalhealthdisaster.Firstandforemost,beforeweasacountrycanbeginaplanofactiontodealwiththecigarette,wemustfaceuptotheenormityoftheproblemthatcigarettesnowpose.[2]Wehavetocastasidethatsenseofresignationtocigarettesanddeathandrecognizecigarettesforwhattheyare-auniqueproblemthatmeritsauniquesolution.Onemightinitiallybetemptedtoarguethatcigarettesarenotanydifferentfromalcoholorevenfood；thatanythingcanbeoverusedtothepointofbecomingahealththreat.Actually,unlikeotherformsoflegalrecreationsuchasalcoholconsumption,thereis,forallpracticalpurposes,noknownsafelevelofuseforcigarettesoranyknownhealthbenefit.Whiletherearethosewhoabusealcohol,eitherbydrinkingtothepointitisphysicallydamagingorcombiningdrinkingwithdrivinganautomobile,themajorityofpeoplewhousealcoholconsumeitatlevelsthatareharmless.Theoverwhelmingmajorityofsmokers,however,smokeatlevelswhicharedefinitelydetrimentaltohealth.Duetotheiraddictivenature,itisforallpracticalpurposesnotpossibletosmokea^safe^numberofcigarettesperday.Indeed,alcoholmayoffersomehealthbenefits.Recently,numberofinvestigatorshaveshownthatmoderateconsumptionofalcohol“oneortwodrinksaday”mayoffersomeprotectionagainstcoronaryheartdiseasebycontributingtotheelevationofhighdensitylipoproteins.Letus,asacountry,makeapolicydecisiononewayoranotheroncigarettes.[3]GivenourexperienceswithProhibitioninthe1920's,agovernmentattempttodenyaccesstoacommoditythatpeoplewant,theoutlawingofcigarettesseemslikeanunrealisticoption.However,wecanremoveourheadsfromthesandandfacetheultimatequestion：Aretheeconomicbenefitsofcigarettesimportantenoughtothiscountrythattheyjustifytheprematuredeathsof400,000Americanseachyear?Smokingcoststhenationabout$11billionsindirectmedicalexpensesand$36billionsinlostproductivityduetoillnessandprematuredeatheachyear.Cigarettesmokerspayonly$7billionsannuallyinexcisetaxes,however,and,evenwiththetobaccoindustry，sdirectcontributionstotheeconomy(about$22billionsperyear),westillcomeupshort.(442words)intermesh［v.］迎合，適合frailty［n.］薄弱，虛弱，弱點(diǎn)［同義］weakness,feebleness,infirmitypose［n.］姿勢，姿態(tài)merit［v.］應(yīng)獲得(某事物)，值得［同義］deserve,incurbeoverusedto… 被濫用于…第26題：Itcanbeinferredfromthesecondparagraphthatthepublicshowsgreatconcernovercigarettessmoking.Americaisinaratheruniquepositiontodealwiththecigarettedisaster.manypeoplereconcilethemselvestothedamagingeffectsofcigarettes.cigarettessmokingisdetrimentaltohealth.參考答案：c答案解析：參考譯文 在美國，吸煙對公眾健康的危害的復(fù)雜性有時候顯得壓倒一切，因為這個問題將人類的弱點(diǎn)和占主導(dǎo)地位的工業(yè)和許多致力于滿足人類這種弱點(diǎn)、且不顧其代價的子工業(yè)聯(lián)系在一起。然而在這個國家，還是有許多方法可以選擇，以應(yīng)付這個全國性的健康災(zāi)難。 首先，作為一個國家，在我們制定一項解決煙草問題的行動計劃之前，我們必須正視香煙給我們帶來的問題的嚴(yán)重性。我們必須拋開對香煙和死亡聽之任之的觀念，正確認(rèn)識吸煙問題——這是一個獨(dú)特的問題，需要用獨(dú)特的方法來解決。 起初人們可能傾向于認(rèn)為香煙跟酒、甚至跟食物沒有什么區(qū)別，認(rèn)為任何東西用多了都會危及健康。事實上，香煙與酒等消遣或休養(yǎng)方式是極為不同的。盡管人們懷著許多實用的目的使用香煙，但到目前為止它的使用沒有已知的安全限度或益處。盡管有些人酗酒、因酒危及健康或酒后駕車，但大多數(shù)人飲酒不會達(dá)到危及健康的水平。然而多數(shù)吸煙者卻會達(dá)到危及生命的程度。由于吸煙可以上癮，所有每天只抽符合安全數(shù)量的煙以求實用的做法都是不可能的。事實上，酒卻可以帶來一些益處。調(diào)查表明，每天應(yīng)用適量飲酒有助提高脂蛋白的濃度，從而可以預(yù)防冠心病。 作為一個國家，讓我們以某種方式制定一些針對香煙的決議吧。如果效法20世紀(jì)20年代的禁酒令，政府試圖剝奪人們想要的日用品，宣布香煙為非法商品似乎是不切實際的選擇。然而我們能拋開表面問題，正視終極的問題：對這個國家來說，香煙帶來的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益真的物有所值嗎？它能抵得上每年400,000美國人的早逝嗎？抽煙使國家每年花費(fèi)約110億美元的直接的醫(yī)療費(fèi)，并因為疾病和早逝，每年造成的勞動力損失達(dá)360億美元。雖然抽煙者每年繳納約70億美元的商品稅，即使把煙草業(yè)對經(jīng)濟(jì)的直接納稅額（大約每年220億美元）加起來，我們還是賠本。參見第二段第二句：Wehavetocastasidethatsenseofresignationtocigarettesanddeathandrecognizecigarttesforwhattheyare-auniqueproblemthatmeritsauniquesolution,resignation此處意為：theactofcalmlyacceptingasituationthatcannotbechangedthoughitisunpleasant(聽任，聽從)，與resignoneselfto近義。第27題：Unlikealcoholconsumption,smokingcigarettesseldomcausesautomobileaccidents.cigarettesoffernohealthbenefits.C.thesafelevelofuseforcigarettesismuchhigher.D.smokingisaddictive.參考答案：B答案解析：［答案］［B］最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，適量飲酒有益于健康，可以預(yù)防冠心病。與喝酒不同的是，吸煙對健康無任何益處。［A］沒有根據(jù)；吸煙無明確的“安全水準(zhǔn)”，否定選擇項［C］；無論吸煙、喝酒都可能成癮，所以選擇項［D］不正確。第28題:Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizestheauthor，sopinionaboutthecigarettes?A.Thebestoptiontosolvethisproblemistocompletelystoptobaccoindustrybymakingitillegal.B.It，snecessarytoconsidertheproblemoncigarettes,butitssignificanceisoverestimated.C?It'surgenttomakeapolicydecisiononcigarettes:economicbenefitsofcigarettesshouldbeoverlookedconsideringthedevastatingeffectsofsmoking.D.Smokingshouldbebannedinpublic.參考答案：c答案解析：［答案］［C］作者指出，吸煙帶來的危害遠(yuǎn)高于煙草工業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤，解決吸煙問題已成當(dāng)務(wù)之急。第29題：Whatdoesuremoveourheadsfromthesand”(Line4,Paragraph4)mean?Donotavoidfacingsomedifficulty.Thinkseriouslyabout.Bepreparedto.Examineone，sownreaction.參考答案：A答案解析：removeourheadsfromthesand,此處意為：不自欺欺人，不逃避困難。第30題:Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthistext?Cigarette,AlcoholandFood.CigaretteandCigaretteSmokers.Cigarette：NationalHealthDisaster.TheCigaretteIndustry：AMultibillionIndustry.參考答案：C答案解析：[答案][C]該題為全文主旨題，需要概括全文的中心思想。本文主要講述了香煙給人們健康帶來的危害，因此，[C]作題目最合適。AdisputeoverproposedcommercialdevelopmentatthefootofMountHopkinsinsouthernArizonathreatenstoendyearsofpeacefulcoexistencebetweenastronomersandlanddevelopersinthestate.Astronomershaveopposedtheproject,fearingthatlightpollutionwilldegradeviewingconditionsattheWhippleObservatory,theMultipleMirrorTelescope(MMT)andotherfacilitiesinthemountain.FairfieldHomes,adeveloperbasedinGreenValley,Arizona,wantstoexpandplansforlowdensityhousingtoincludecommercialdevelopment.Ithasthreatenedastronomerswithalawsuitiftheycontinuetospeakoutagainsttheproject.Fairfield'sapplicationforcommercialdevelopmentonthe5200-acreCanoaRanchsite20milessouthofTucsonwasscheduledtogobeforealocalboardofsupervisorsatapublichearingthisweek.InalettersenttwodaysbeforeChristmas,FrankCassidy,anattorneyforFairfield,accusedastronomersfromtheWhippleObservatoryandotherinstitutionsoflobbyingagainsttheproject“undertheguiseofprovidingscientificinformation,,.Cassidyclaimedthat,becausetheSmithsonianInstitutionobservatoriesarepubliclyowned,interferingwithFairfield，s$900milliondevelopmentcouldamounttoagovernment“taking“ofprivateproperty,forwhichopponentsoftheprojectwouldbeliable.Cassidy，sletterthreatenedtheinstitutionsaswellasindividuals—includingRobertFirshneroftheHarvard-SmithsonianCenterforAstrophysicsandMMTobservatorydirectorCraigFoltz-withaappropriatelegalaction“unlesstheystoppedtheir“l(fā)obbying”againsttheCanoaRanoaRanchapplication.Hisestimateswereinsomecasessixtoseventimeshigherthanthedeveloper，s,basedondifferentassumptionsaboutthetypesandamountofcommerciallotsthatwouldproduce.FrankThomson,aplanningconsultanttoFairfield,sayshisclientissensitivetoastronomers，worries,andiscommittedtoproducingnomorelightpollutionthanwouldresultfromthealreadyapprovedplanfor1200homes.ButLuginbuhlandotherastronomerssayverbalpromisescountforlittle.［3］Theissuewillundoubtedlycomeuplaterthisyearwhenacommitteerepresentingbothastronomersanddevelopers,cochairedbyDonDavisoftheTucsonPlanetaryScienceInstitute,takesupthematterofrevisedlightingcodesfortheTucsonarea,whichalsohavebeenrevisedseveraltimessincebeingestablishedin1972.Thomsonsaysitis“unfortunate”thattensionshaveescalatedoverCanoaRanchaftermorethan10yearsofastronomersanddevelopersworkingouttheirdifferencesinafriendlierway.ButastronomerswererankledbywhatSmithsonianattorneyJamesWilsoncallsCassidy's"inappropriateattempttointimidatev,andwhataTucsonnewspapertermed“Fairfield's"crudethreat.(413words)coexistence［n.］共處，共存attorney ［n.］代理人，代理權(quán)［同義］agent,factor,proxy,deputylobby ［n.］游說議員的團(tuán)體cochair ［v.］聯(lián)合擔(dān)任…的主席escalate ［v.］使某事物逐步增長、發(fā)展rankle ［v.］使痛苦不已，使悔恨不已［同義］beembittered,becomemorebitterastronomer ［n.］天文學(xué)家第31題：Forthepastdecade,astronomersandlanddevelopersinthestateworkedouttheirdifferencesinahostileway.usedtosharethesameinterests.triedtosettlecontrovesialproblemsinapeacefulway.werebothindifferenttotheenvironmentalproblems.參考答案：c答窠解析：參考譯文 在亞利桑那南部的霍普金斯山腳下修建商業(yè)開發(fā)區(qū)的提議引發(fā)了一場爭論。這威脅到了天文工作者和土地開發(fā)商數(shù)年來相安無事的生活。天文工作者反對這個項目，擔(dān)心光污染會惡化山中惠普爾天文臺、多鏡面天文望遠(yuǎn)鏡(MMT)和其他設(shè)施的觀察環(huán)境。 總部位于亞利桑那綠谷中的一家開發(fā)商FairfieldHomes打算擴(kuò)大低密度建房計劃，以包含商業(yè)性開發(fā)區(qū)。他們威脅說，如果天文工作者繼續(xù)反對這一計劃，他們將面臨法律訴訟。因為這家開發(fā)商在圖森(Tucson)以南20英里處的面積為5200英畝的Canoa牧場進(jìn)行商業(yè)性開發(fā)的申請已被列入由當(dāng)?shù)毓芾碚呓M成的聽審組本周的公眾聽審日程。 土地開發(fā)公司的律師FrankCassidy在圣誕節(jié)前兩天發(fā)出的一封信里譴責(zé)惠普爾天文臺和其他機(jī)構(gòu)的天文學(xué)者“在以提供科學(xué)信息的偽裝下”游說反對其公司的房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)工程。 這位律師稱，由于Smithsonian天文臺是公有機(jī)構(gòu)，干擾其公司9億美元的房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)等于政府“侵占”私人財產(chǎn)，此項工程的反對者應(yīng)負(fù)有責(zé)任。 他的信不但威脅到了天文工作機(jī)構(gòu)，而且威脅到了個人一一包括Harvard-Smithsonian天體物理學(xué)中心和MMT天文臺主任CraigFoltz一一要對他們采取“適當(dāng)?shù)姆尚袆印保峭Ｖ狗磳μ嶙h的游說活動。并且他的估算要比房產(chǎn)商的估算高出6到7倍，因為他的估計是以對該商業(yè)點(diǎn)可能生產(chǎn)的商品的種類及數(shù)量的不同的設(shè)想為依據(jù)的。 房產(chǎn)商的一名規(guī)劃顧問FrankThompson稱，他們的顧客對天文學(xué)家的顧慮非常關(guān)心，并承諾不會產(chǎn)生超過已被批準(zhǔn)的建造1200個住宅工程所產(chǎn)生的光污染的數(shù)量大。然而Luginbuhl和其他天文學(xué)家說，口頭允諾毫無用處。 毫無疑問，有關(guān)此項工程的問題將于今年晚些時候再次提出；到那時，一個由圖森行星科學(xué)協(xié)會的DonDavid擔(dān)任聯(lián)合委員會的主席、代表天文學(xué)家和開發(fā)商兩個方面利益的委員會，將著手處理有關(guān)重新修訂后的圖森地區(qū)照明標(biāo)準(zhǔn)事項，這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)自1972年制定以來已經(jīng)進(jìn)行過多次修改。Thompson說，天文工作者和房產(chǎn)商們花了10年時間，試圖以友好的方式消除對于Canoa牧場事件的分歧，“遺憾”的是緊張正在加劇。但天文學(xué)家們卻被那位Smithsonian律師JamesWilson所說的Cassidy的“不正當(dāng)恐嚇企圖”和一家圖森報紙所說的“殘忍的威脅”所激怒。根據(jù)文章第一段的內(nèi)容可知，一項關(guān)于計劃在亞利桑那州南部的Hopkins山腳下進(jìn)行商業(yè)開發(fā)的提議所引發(fā)的爭論預(yù)示著多年來在這個州天文學(xué)家和土地發(fā)展商和平共處的局面即將結(jié)束。第32題：InalettersenttwodaysbeforeChristmas,FrankCassidymadeitclearthatthestategovernmentwasattemptingtotakeFairfieldHomes，privateproperty.theopponentstotheirprojectwouldbepunishedbylaw.astronomersfromtheWhippleObservatoryandotherinsititutionshadbeentakingimproperactionsagainsttheirdevelopmentprojects.astronomersfromtheWhippleObservatoryandotherinstiutionshadthreatenedtotakeFairfieldHomes，privateproperty.參考答案：C答案解析：［答案］［C］參考本文第四、五段第33題:TheastronomersfromtheWhippleObservatoryinsistedthatFairfieldchangetheplantoanoncommercialoneFairfield，sverbalpromisescouldnotguaranteehisfutureaction.C?Fairfield'sprojectwouldresultindevastatingairpollution.D.Fairfieldexpandhishousingplanstootherareas.參考答案：B答案解析：［答案］［B］參見文章倒數(shù)第二段：ButLuginbuhlandotherastronomerssayverbalpromisescountforlittle,可知，Luginbuhl等天文學(xué)家堅持認(rèn)為口頭允諾算不了什么。第34題:AstronomerswereannoyedbythebitterdisputeoverFairfield，sproposedcommercialdevelopment.thepossiblefeatureofpollutioninatthefootofMountHopkins.Fairfield*s^inappropriateattempttointimidate".thecommittee，sdecisionofrevisinglightingcodesfortheTucsonarea.參考答案：C答案解析：［答案］［C］參見文章最后一句話。第35題:Inwritingthistexttheauthor，stonemaymostprobablybeindifferent.surprised.objective.biased.參考答案：C答案解析：［答案］［C］該題為語氣推斷題。本文作者是在客觀報道天文學(xué)家和土地開發(fā)商之間的爭議，作者并沒有發(fā)表對該爭議的評論，屬客觀報道，不存在偏袒某一方的問題。FoodsareoverwhelminglythemostadvertisedgroupofallconsumerproductsintheUnitedStates.Foodproductsleadinexpendituresfornetworkandspottelevisionadvertisements,discountcoupons,tradingstamps,contests,andotherformsofpremiumadvertising.Inothermedia—newspapers,magazines,newspapersupplements,billboards,andradio—foodadvertisingexpendituresranknearthetop.Foodmanufacturersspendmoreonadvertisingthananyothermanufacturinggroup,andthenation，sgrocerystoresrankfirstamongallretailers.Throughthe1970,s,highlyprocessedfoodshaveaccountedforthebulkoftotaladvertising.Almostallcoupons,electronicadvertising,nationalprintedmediaadvertising,consumerpremiums(otherthantradingstamps)aswellasmostpushpromotioncomefromprocessedandpackagedfoodproducts.In1978,breakfastcereals,softdrinks,candyandotherdesserts,oilsandsaladdressings,coffee,andpreparedfoodsaccountedforonlyanestimated20percentoftheconsumerfooddollar.Yettheseitemsaccountedforaboutonehalfofallmediaadvertising.Bycontrast,highlyperishablefoodssuchasunprocessedmeats,poultry,fishandeggs,fruitsandvegetables,anddiaryproductsaccounted,foroverhalfoftheconsumerfood-at-homedollar.Yettheseproductsaccountedforlessthan8percentofnationalmediaadvertisingin1978,andvirtuallynodiscountcoupons.Theseproductstendtobemostheavilyadvertisedbytheretailsectorinlocalnewspaper,wheretheyaccountforanestimated40percentofretailgrocerynewspaperads.Whenmeasuredagainsttotalfood-at-homeexpenditures,totalmeasuredfoodadvertisingaccountsforbetween3and3.7centsoutofeverydollarspentonfoodinthenation，sgrocerystores.Alittlelessthanonecentoftheseamountsisaccountedforbyelectronicadvertising(mostlytelevision)whileincentivesaccountfor0.6cents.Theprintedmediaaccountsfor0.5centsandaboutone-thirdofonecentiscomprisedofdiscountcouponredemptions.Theestimateforthecostofpushpromotionrangedfrom0.7to1.4cents.Thisrangeisnecessarybecauseofthedifficultyinseparatingnon-promotionalaspectsofdirectselling—transportation,technical,andotherrelatedservices.Againstthisgrossconsumermustbeweighedthejointproductsorservicesprovidedbyadvertising.Inthecaseofelectronicadvertising,theconsumerwhoviewscommercialtelevisionreceivesentertainment,whilereadersofmagazinesandnewspapersreceivereducedpricesonthesepublications.Theconsumerpaysdirectlyforsomepremiums,butalsoreceivesnonfoodmerchandiseasanincentivetopurchasetheproduct.The“benefits"must,therefore,besubtractedformthegrosscosttotheconsumertofullyassessthenetcostofadvertising.Alsosignificantaretheimpactsofadvertisingonfooddemand,nutrition,andcompetitionamongfoodmanufactures.Thebulkofmanufacturers，advertisingisconcentratedonasmallportionofconsumerfoodproducts.Hasadvertisingchangedtheconsumptionofthesehighlyprocessedproductsrelativetomoreperishablefoodssuchasmeats,produce,anddairyproducts?HasthenutritionalcontentoftheU.S.foodconsumptionbeeninfluencedbyfoodadvertisings?Hascompetitionamongmanufacturersandretailersbeenenhanceorweakenedbyadvertising?Theseareimportantquestionsandwarrantcontinuedresearch.第36題：Theauthor1sattitudetowardadvertisingcanbecharacterizedasadmiringcondemninguncertaininquisitive參考答案：D答案解析：文章大意：美國食品行業(yè)是花廣告費(fèi)最多的一個行業(yè)，廣告費(fèi)在食品花費(fèi)中占了一定比例，而廣告對消費(fèi)者又有有利影響。［D］理解全篇及最后一段連續(xù)幾個問題，可以看出作者用的所一種探究的態(tài)度。第37題：Theterm“pushpromotion,,(L.3,P.2)means.couponredemptionretailadvertisingC.directsellingD.advertisingintradejournals參考答案：C答案解析：(C)由第四段最后一句話可知。第38題:Theauthorimpliesthatadvertisingcosts.shouldbediscountedbythebenefitsofadvertisingtotheconsumer.aregreaterforrestaurantsthanforathomefoodsaremuchhigherintheUnitedStatedthananywhereelseintheworldcausehighlyprocessedfoodstooutsellunprocessedoutsellfoods參考答案：A答案解析：［A］見難句解析2第39題:ThepurposeofthearticleistoA.warmaboutrisingfoodadvertisingcosts.B.describethecostsoffoodadvertisingandtheissuesyettobeunderstoodaboutitseffects.congratulatethefoodindustryonitseffectiveadvertising.calculatethefinalbalancesheetforfoodadvertising.參考答案：B答案解析：［B］參照文章大意第40題：Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaredefinitelyfalseEXCEPTA.morefoodisadvertisedinnewspapersthanontelevision.lessmoneyisspentadvertisingfoodthanautomobiles.moreofthefoodadvertisingbudgetisprobablyspentonpushpromotionthanontelevisionads.lessmoneyisspentonfoodstoreadvertisingthanonclothingstoreads.參考答案：C答案解析：【C】讀清題目中definitelyfalse,A與文章中信息相反,B,D沒有提到,C中onpushpromotion.花費(fèi)0.7至（J1.4美分,而ontelevision貝！jlessthanonecent所以可能是也可能不是，符合題意。選擇第41題：AtfirstBobwaspuzzledbyVirginia，swaving,butthenithismindthatshewastryingtotellhimsomething.A.crossedB.passedC.occurredD.opened參考答案：A答案解析：［答案］A.crossed［注釋］crossone，smind想起：1）Asuddenthoughtcrossedmymind.2）Itnevercrossedmymindthathemightrefusetherequest.（我從來沒有想到他可能會拒絕這個請求。）如用pass則應(yīng)加through,例如：WhenJanedidnotcomehomebymidnight,manyterriblefearspassedthroughMother，smind.（二MotherthoughtofmanythingsthatmighthavehappenedtoJane.）occur的用法如下：1）Thatviewofthecasedidnotoccurtomebefore.（對這個案件的那種看法以前我沒有想到過。）2）Itoccurredtoherthatshemightadoptaho