考研英語真題及答案

2002年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題全國碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語試題（一）NationalEntranceTestofEnglishforMA/MSCandidates（2002）考生注意事項(xiàng).考生必須嚴(yán)格遵守各項(xiàng)考場規(guī)則，得到監(jiān)考人員指令后方可開始答題。.答題前，考生應(yīng)將答題卡上的“考生姓名“、“報(bào)考單位“考試語種“、“考生編號”等信息填寫清楚，并與準(zhǔn)考證上的一致。.全國碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語分為試題（一）、試題（二）。.本試題為試題（一），共4頁（1?4頁）。考生必須在規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)作答。.試題（一）為聽力部分。該部分共有A、B、C三節(jié)，所有答案都應(yīng)填寫或填涂在答題卡1上。A、B兩節(jié)必須用藍(lán)（黑）圓珠筆答題，注意字跡清楚。C節(jié)必須用2B鉛筆按照答題卡上的要求填涂，如要改動，必須用橡皮擦干凈。.聽力考試進(jìn)行時(shí)，考生應(yīng)先將答案寫或標(biāo)記在試題上，然后在聽力部分結(jié)束前專門留出的5分鐘內(nèi)，將答案整潔地譽(yù)寫或轉(zhuǎn)涂到答題卡1上。僅寫或標(biāo)記在試題上不給分。SectionIListeningComprehensionDirections：ThisSectionisdesignedtotestyourabilitytounderstandspokenEnglish.Youwillhearaselectionofrecordedmaterialsandyoumustanswerthequestionsthataccompanythem.Therearethreepartsinthissection,PartA,PartBandPartC.Remember,whileyouaredoingthetest,youshouldfirstputdownyouranswersinyourtestbooklet.Attheendofthelisteningcomprehensionsection,youwillhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.NowlookatPartAinyourtestbooklet.PartADirections：ForQuestionsl-5tyouwillhearanintroductionaboutthelifeofMargaretWelch.Whileyoulisten,filloutthetablewiththeinformationyoufveheard.Someoftheinformationhasbeengiventoyouinthetable.Writeonly1wordornumberineachnumberedbox.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthetablebelow.（5points）Welch'sPersonalInformationPlaceofBirthPhiladelphiaYearofBirth1901TransfertoBarnardUniversity(Year)1920MajoratUniversity1FinalDegreePhDYearofMarriage1928GrowingUpInNewGuineaPublished(Year)2FieldStudyintheSouthPacific(Age)3MainInterest4ProfessorshipatColumbiaStarted(Year)5Death(Age)77PartBDirections：Forquestions6-10fyouwillhearatalkbyawell-knownU.S.journalist.Whileyoulisten,completethesentencesoranswerthequestions.Usenotmorethan3wordsforeachanswer.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthesentencesandquestionsbelow.(5points)TOC\o"1-5"\h\zBesidesreporters,whoelsewerecamped ii-ioutfordaysoutsidethespeakerJshome? 1Onereportergottothespeaker,s ir- -iapartmentpretendingtopay. Whatunusualquestionmaydoctorsaskwhengivingkidsacheckupnexttime?[A]Howmuchexercisetheygeteveryday.Whatunusualquestionmaydoctorsaskwhengivingkidsacheckupnexttime?[A]Howmuchexercisetheygeteveryday.[B]Whattheyaremostworriedabout.[C]Howlongtheirparentsaccompanythemdaily.Thespeakerbelievedthereporterwanted ii iapictureofherlooking 1Whereisacorrectiontoafalsestory ii iusuallyplaced? *Accordingtothespeaker,thepresswill ii ilosereadersunlesstheeditorsandthe 11 1newsdirectorsPartCDirections：Youwillhearthreepiecesofrecordedmaterial.Beforelisteningtoeachone,youwillhavetimetoreadthequestionsrelatedtoit.Whilelistening,answereachquestionbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Afterlistening,youwillhavetimetocheckyouranswers.Youwillheareachpieceonceonly.(10points)Questions11-13arebasedonareportaboutchildren'shealthydevelopment.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions11-13.[D]Whatentertainmenttheyareinterestedin.Theacademysuggeststhatchildrenunderagetwo,getenoughentertainmenthavemoreactivitiesreceiveearlyeducationED]haveregularcheckupsAccordingtothereport,children'sbedroomsshould.benoplaceforplaybenearacommonareahavenoTVsetshaveacomputerforstudyQuestions14-16arebasedonthefollowingtalkabouthowtosavemoney.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions14-16.Accordingtothespeaker,whatshouldonepayspecialattentiontoifhewantstosaveup?Familydebts.Banksavings.Monthlybills.LD]Spendinghabits.Howmuchcanapersonsavebyretirementifhegivesuphispack-a-dayhabit?$190,000.$330,000.$500,000.LD]$1,000,000.Whatshouldonedobeforepayingmonthlybills,ifhewantstoaccumulatewealth?Investintoamutualfund.Usethediscounttickets.Quithiseating-outhabit.Useonlypaperbillsandsavecoins.Questions17-20arebasedonaninterviewwithHerbertA.Glieberman,adomestic-relationslawyer.Younowhave20secondstoreadQuestions17-20.Whichwordbestdescribesthelawyer,spredictionofthechangeindivorcerate?FallRiseV-shapeZigzagWhatdopeoplenowadaysdesiretodoconcerningtheirmarriage?Toembracechangesofthought.Toadapttothedisintegratedfamilylife.Toreturntothepracticeinthe'60sand’70s.Tocreatestabilityintheirlives.Whydidsomepeoplechoosenottodivorce20yearsago?Theyfearedthecomplicatedprocedures.Theywantedtogoagainstthetrend.Theywereafraidoflosingface.theywerewillingtostaytogether.Yearsagoadivorcedmaninacompanywouldhave.beenshiftedaroundthecountry.haddifficultybeingpromoted.enjoyedahappierlife.tastedlittlebitternessofdisgrace.Younowhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.THISISTHEENDOFSECTIONIDONOTREADORWORKONTHENEXTSECTIONUNTILYOUARETOLDTOCONTINUE全國碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語試題（二）NationalEntranceTestofEnglishforMA/MSCandidates（2002）考生注意事項(xiàng).考生必須嚴(yán)格遵守各項(xiàng)考場規(guī)則，得到監(jiān)考人員指令后方可開始答題。.全國碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語分為試題（一）、試題（二）。.本試題為試題（二），共11頁（5?15頁），含有英語知識運(yùn)用、閱讀理解、寫作三個(gè)部分。英語知識運(yùn)用、閱讀理解A節(jié)的答案必須用2B鉛筆按要求直接填涂在答題卡1上，如要改動，必須用橡皮擦干凈。閱讀理解B節(jié)和寫作部分必須用藍(lán)（黑）圓珠筆在答題卡2上答題，注意字跡清楚。.考試結(jié)束后，考生應(yīng)將答題卡1、答題卡2一并裝入原試卷袋中，將試題(一)、試題(二)交給監(jiān)考人員。SectionIIUseofEnglishDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A]f[B]f[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened21.Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnot22the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic23,followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe24oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution25up,beginningwithtransport,therailway,andleading26throughthetelegraph,thetelephone,radio,andmotionpictures27the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin28,Itisimportanttodoso.Itisgenerallyrecognized,29,thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury,30bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960s,radicallychangedtheprocess,31itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately32,Astimewentby,computersbecamesmallerandmorepowerful,andtheybecame“personal"too,aswellas33,withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage34increasing.Theywerethoughtof,likepeople,35generations,withthedistancebetweengenerationsmuch36.Itwaswithinthecomputeragethatthetermainformationsociety”begantobewidelyusedtodescribethe37withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas38bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtime,buttherehavebeen39viewsaboutitseconomic,political,socialandculturalimplications."Benefits“havebeenweighed40"harmful”outcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.[A]betweenbeforesincelater[A]afterbyduringuntil[A]meansmethodmediumLD]measure[A]processcompanylightED]form[A]gatheredspeededworkedpicked[A]onoutoveroff[A]offorbeyondinto[A]conceptdimensioneffectperspective[A]indeedhencehowevertherefore[A]broughtfollowedstimulatedcharacterized[A]unlesssincelestalthough[A]apparentdesirablenegativeplausible[A]institutionaluniversalfundamentalinstrumental[A]abilityLB]capabilitycapacityfaculty[A]bymeansofintermsofwithregardtoinlinewith[A]deeperfewernearerLD]smaller[A]contextrangescopeterritory[A]regardedimpressedinfluencedeffected[A]competitivecontroversialdistractingirrational[A]aboveuponagainstwithSectionIIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections：Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[DjMarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Ifyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoplesmile,youmustknowhowtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.Yourhumormustberelevanttotheaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview.Dependingonwhomyouareaddressing,theproblemswillbedifferent.Ifyouaretalkingtoagroupofmanagers,youmayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsoftheirsecretaries；alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretaries,youmaywanttocommentontheirdisorganizedbosses.Hereisanexample,whichIheardatanursesTconvention,ofastorywhichworkswellbecausetheaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.AmanarrivesinheavenandisbeingshownaroundbySt.Peter.Heseeswonderfulaccommodations,beautifulgardens,sunnyweather,andsoon.Everyoneisverypeaceful,politeandfriendlyuntil,waitinginalineforlunch,thenewarrivalissuddenlypushedasidebyamaninawhitecoat,whorushestotheheadoftheline,grabshisfoodandstompsovertoatablebyhimself."Whoisthat?”thenewarrivalaskedSt.Peter."Oh,that,sGod,“camethereply,“butsometimeshethinkshe'sadoctor.”Ifyouarepartofthegroupwhichyouareaddressing,youwillbeinapositiontoknowtheexperiencesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyouandit'11beappropriateforyoutomakeapassingremarkabouttheinediblecanteenfoodorthechairman'snotoriousbadtasteinties.Withotheraudiencesyoumustn,tattempttocutinwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsidermakingdisparagingremarksabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.YouwillbeonsafergroundifyousticktoscapegoatslikethePostOfficeorthetelephonesystem.Ifyoufeelawkwardbeinghumorous,youmustpracticesothatitbecomesmorenatural.Includeafewcasualandapparentlyoff-the-cuffremarkswhichyoucan

deliverinarelaxedandunforcedmanner.Oftenitsthedeliverywhichcausestheaudiencetosmile,sospeakslowlyandrememberthataraisedeyebroworanunbelievinglookmayhelptoshowthatyouaremakingalight-heartedremark.Lookforthehumor.Itoftencomesfromtheunexpected.AtwistonafamiliarquoteaIfatfirstyoudon*tsucceed,giveup“oraplayonwordsoronasituation.Searchforexaggerationandunderstatements.Lookatyourtalkandpickoutafewwordsorsentenceswhichyoucanturnaboutandinjectwithhumor.Tomakeyourhumorwork,youshould.takeadvantageofdifferentkindsofaudiencemakefunofthedisorganizedpeopleaddressdifferentproblemstodifferentpeopleshowsympathyforyourlistenersuuuuABcDrLrLuuuuABcDrLrLrLrLItcanbeinferredfromthetextthatpublicservices.havebenefitedmanypeoplearethefocusofpublicattentionareaninappropriatesubjectforhumorhaveoftenbeenthelaughingstockToachievethedesiredresult,humorousstoriesshouldbedelivered.inwell-wordedlanguageasawkwardlyaspossibleinexaggeratedstatementsascasuallyaspossibleThebesttitleforthetextmaybe.UseHumorEffectivelyVariousKindsofHumorAddHumortoSpeechDifferentHumorStrategiesText2Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplainnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics-thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.Asaresult,themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobot-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanics,therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy-fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone.Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves-goalsthatposearealchallenge."Whileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerror,saysDaveLavery,managerofaroboticsprogramatNASA,“wecan,tyetgivearobotenoughcommonsense'toreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld.”Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010,researcherslatelyhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies.Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain,sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented-andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated-thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan'tapproachthatkindofability,andneuroscientistsstilldon'tknowquitehowwedoit.Humaningenuitywasinitiallydemonstratedin.theuseofmachinestoproducesciencefictionthewideuseofmachinesinmanufacturingindustrytheinventionoftoolsfordifficultanddangerousworktheelite'scunningtacklingofdangerousandboringworkTheword“gizmos”(line1,paragraph2)gramsexpertsdevicescreaturesAccordingtothetext,whatisbeyondman'sabilitynowistodesignarobotthatcan.fulfilldelicatetaskslikeperformingbrainsurgeryinteractwithhumanbeingsverballyhavealittlecommonsenserespondindependentlytoachangingworldBesidesreducinghumanlabor,robotscanalso.makeafewdecisionsforthemselvesdealwithsomeerrorswithhumaninterventionimprovefactoryenvironmentscultivatehumancreativityTheauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobotsare.expectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalstructureabletoperceiveabnormalitiesimmediatelyfarlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantinformationbestusedinacontrolledenvironmentText3Couldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturn?SinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarch,thepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrel,upfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshock,whenpricesquadrupled,and1979-80,whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime?TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemisphere,couldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm.Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEurope,taxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailprice,soevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast.Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywere,andsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservation,ashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavy,energy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Software,consultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDP(inconstantprices)richeconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthat,ifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyear,comparedwith$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25~0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhand,oil-importingemergingeconomies-towhichheavyindustryhasshifted-havebecomemoreenergy-intensive,andsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed.Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthat,unliketherisesinthe1970s,ithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomistfscommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%,andin1979byalmost30%.Themainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceis.globalinflationreductioninsupplyfastgrowthineconomyIraq'ssuspensionofexportsItcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheretailpriceofpetrolwillgoupdramaticallyif.priceofcruderisescommoditypricesriseconsumptionrisesoiltaxesriseTheestimatesinEconomicOutlookshowthatinrichcountries.heavyindustrybecomesmoreenergy-intensiveincomelossmainlyresultsfromfluctuatingcrudeoilpricesmanufacturingindustryhasbeenseriouslysqueezedLD]oilpricechangeshavenosignificantimpactonGDPWecandrawaconclusionfromthetextthat.oil-priceshocksarelessshockingnowinflationseemsirrelevanttooil-priceshocksenergyconservationcankeepdowntheoilpricesthepriceriseofcrudeleadstotheshrinkingofheavyindustryFromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems.optimisticsensitivegloomyscaredText4TheSupremeCourt,sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof“doubleeffect,”acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects-agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen--ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients'pain,eventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient.NancyDubler,directorofMontefioreMedicalCenter,contendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswho“untilnowhavevery,verystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath.”GeorgeAnnas,chairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversity,maintainsthat,aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath."It'slikesurgery,“hesays.uWedon'tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn,tintendtokilltheirpatients,althoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou'reaphysician,youcanriskyourpatient9ssuicideaslongasyoudon,tintendtheirsuicide.”O(jiān)nanotherlevel,manyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying.JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt9srulingonphysician-assistedsuicide,theNationalAcademyofScience(NAS)releasedatwo-volumereport,ApproachingDeath：ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof"ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying“asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare.Theprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospices,totestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapies,todevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcare,andtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife.Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.uLargenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering,ntotheextentthatitconstitutesasystematicpatientabuse."Hesaysmedicallicensingboards“mustmakeitclear…thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension.”Fromthefirstthreeparagraphs,welearnthat.doctorsusedtoincreasedrugdosagestocontroltheirpatients'painitisstillillegalfordoctorstohelpthedyingendtheirlivestheSupremeCourtstronglyopposesphysician-assistedsuicidepatientshavenoconstitutionalrighttocommitsuicideWhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothetext?Doctorswillbeheldguiltyiftheyrisktheirpatients'death.Modernmedicinehasassistedterminallyillpatientsinpainlessrecovery.TheCourtruledthathigh-dosagepain-relievingmedicationcanbeprescribed.Adoctorjsmedicationisnolongerjustifiedbyhisintentions.AccordingtotheNAS'sreport,oneoftheproblemsinend-of-lifecareisprolongedmedicalproceduresinadequatetreatmentofpainsystematicdrugabuseinsufficienthospitalcareWhichofthefollowingbestdefinestheword“aggressive”(line3,paragraph7)?BoldHarmfulCarelessDesperateGeorgeAnnaswouldprobablyagreethatdoctorsshouldbepunishediftheymanagetheirpatientsincompetentlygivepatientsmoremedicinethanneededreducedrugdosagesfortheirpatientsprolongtheneedlesssufferingofthepatientsPartBDirections：ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehavior,andtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehavior,butwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn.61)Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmind,feelings,traitsofcharacter,humannature,andsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem.62)Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherkindsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportant,butitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpull,itselects,andthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.63)Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsago,andtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.Astheinteractionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstood,however,effectsonceassignedtostatesofmind,feelings,andtraitsarebeginningtobetracedtoaccessibleconditions,andatechnologyofbehaviormaythereforebecomeavailable.Itwillnotsolveourproblems,however,untilitreplacestraditionalprescientificviews,andthesearestronglyentrenched.Freedomanddignityillustratethedifficulty.64)Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomous(self-governing)manoftraditionaltheory,andtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.Ascientificanalysisshiftsboththeresponsibilityandtheachievementtotheenvironment.Italsoraisesquestionsconcerning"values.”Whowilluseatechnologyandtowhatends?65)Untiltheseissuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejected,andwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.SectionIVWritingDirections：Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayentitled“Cultures一一NationalandInternational”.Intheessayyoushoulddescribethepictureandinterpretitsmeaning,andgiveyourcommentonthephenomenon.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)AnAmericangirlintraditionalChinesecostume（服裝）2002年考研英語真題答案SectionI：ListeningComprehension(20points)PartA(5points)1.sociology2.19303.234.religions5.1954PartB(5points)cameramen/cameramenapersonalvisitdepressedamongadvertisementstakefirmactionPartC(10points)11.[D]12.[B]13.[C]14.[D]15.[B]16.[A]17.[A]18.[D]19.[C]20.[B]SectionII：UseofEnglish(10points)21.[A]22.[D]23.[C]24.[B]25.[B]26.[A]27.[D]28.[D]29.[C]30.[B]31.[D]32.[A]33.[A]34.[C]35.[B]36.[D]37.[A]38.[C]39.[B]40.[C]SectionIII：ReadingComprehension(50points)PartA(40points)41.[C]42.[B]43.[D]44.[D]45.[A]46.[C]47.[C]48.[D]49.[B]50.[C]51.[B]52.[D]53.[D]54.[A]55.[A]56.[B]57.[C]58.[B]59.[A]60.[D]PartB(10points).難題這一大于所謂的行為科學(xué)幾乎全都依然從心態(tài)、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去尋找行為的根源。.行為科學(xué)之所以發(fā)展緩慢，部分原因是用來解釋行為的依據(jù)似乎往往是直接觀察到的,部分原因是其他的解釋方式一直難以找到。.自然選擇在進(jìn)化中的作用僅在一百多年前才得以闡明，而環(huán)境在塑造和保持個(gè)體行為時(shí)的選擇作用則剛剛開始被認(rèn)識和研究。.自由和尊嚴(yán)（它們）是傳統(tǒng)理論定義的自主人所擁有的，是要求一個(gè)人對自己的行為負(fù)責(zé)并因其業(yè)績而給予肯定的必不可少的前提。.（如果）這些問題得不到解決，研究行為的技術(shù)手段就會繼續(xù)受到排斥，解決問題的唯一方式可能也隨之繼續(xù)受到排斥。SectionIV：Writing(20points).參考范文Cultures-nationalandinternationalAsisshowninthepicture,ayoungAmericangirliswearingtraditionalChinesedressandornamentsandissmilingsweetly.Itmaybeanordinarypicture,butitconveysdeepandprofoundmeaning：nationalcultureisalsointernationalculture.Eversinceweopenedourdoortotheworld,wehaveattractedandinfluencedbythingsfromothercultures,suchasjeans,countrymusicandfastfood.Wehaveshownsuchinterestinthemthatsomepeople,especiallytheyoungergeneration,becomecrazyaboutthem.Themoreexotictheyare,themorefashionabletheyseemtobe.Now,beguntoshowitscharmandgainpopularityallovertheworld.Ournationalcostume,justasshowninthepicture,BeijingOpera,CrossTalk,forexample,havewonfavorwithalotofforeigners.Asnationalculturebecomesinternationalculture,peopleintheworldbetterunderstandeachother.Weareallvillagersinthisglobalvillage.Mutualrespectandunderstandingmakethisworldabetterplacetolivein.2001年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一