考研英語閱讀理解

A.1969B.1981C.1893inFranceD.1984inAmericasPatientsinfectedbyHIV-2mostlywerefoundinA.AfricaB.America'C.FranceD.EuropeAftertheCD4cellswereinfectedbyHIV,theywilt1A.dieB.producemoreHIVC.spreadHIVD.alloftheabove648.Inthelastparagraph,"susceptibleto"means"A.suspectB.vulnerabletoC.lookforwardtoD.addictedtoPassage163Breath-holddivingrequiresnoequipment,butmostskindiverswearafacemask,swim'fins,andashortbreathingtubecalledasnorkel.Thefacemaskpermitsclearvisionunderwater:,Theflexibleswimfinshelpapersonswimwithgreaterease.Thediverbreathesthroughthe:snorkelwhilefloatingorswimmingfacedownatthesurface.Abreath-holddivermaywearawetsuit,aclose-fittingcoverallmadeofamaterialsimilartofoamrubber,tokeepwarmincoldwa,ter.Somewatermayenter,but-thediver'sbodyheatwarmsthiswater,andthe1suitholdsinthewarmth.Breath-holddiversmayalsowearaweightedbeltandabuoyancy',compensator.Theweightofthebelthelpsthediverstayatthedesireddepthinsteadoffloatingupward.Thebuoyancy:compensator,whichfloatswheninflated;alsohelpsthediver-maintainthedesired.depthand:servesasasupportifthediverbecomes,tiredandwantstorestonthesurface.Breath-holddiverscannotdescenddeeplybecausetheymustcontinuallyreturntothesurfacetobreathe.Mostdiverscango30to40feet(9to12meters)deepandmustsurfaceafterlessthanaminute.Somecandiveasfaras100feet(30-meters)andremainsubmerged-fromonetothreeminutes.Breath,holddiverscansafelyincreasetheirtimeunderwaterbyremainingrelaxedandswimmingslowly.;Somediverstaketwoorthreedeep,rapidbreathsbeforediving:,Thisprocess,calledhyperventilation,enablespersonstoholdtheirbreathlonger.Excessivehyperventilationshouldbeavoidebecausethedivermaymisjudgetheneedtobreatheandpassoutunderwater.Scubadivinginvolvestheuseofportablemetaltanksthatsupplycompressedairforthedivertobreathe.A'diverusingonetankcanremainatadepthof40feetforaboutanhour.Strenuoactivityordivingdeeperwillcausethedivertousetheairsupplyfasterandgreatlyreducethedu:rationofthedive:Thewordscubastandsforself-containedunderwaterbreathingapparatus:::Scubagearconsistsofoneormoretanksandademandregulatorthatincludestheairhoseandmouthpiece.Theregulatorcontrolstheflowofairsothatthepressurewithinthediver'slungsequalsthepressureofthewater.Thepressureunderwaterisgreaterthan,onlandandincreaswithdepth.Seriousinjurycanresultifthepressureinadiver'slungsisnotequaltothesurroundingwaterpressure.Scubadiversmayalsouseamask;wetsuit,weightedbelt,fins,snorkel,andbuoyancycompensator.Inwarmtropicalwaters,diversmaywearalightweightsuitofcolorfulfabricinsteadofawetsuitforprotecitionandwarmth.Scubadiversbreathethroughthesnorkelwhileswimmingatthesurfaceandthusconservetheairinthetanks.Thebuoyancycompensatorcaq.beinflatedunderwatertohelpthedivermaintainthe.desireddepth,tochangedepths,andtorestonthesurface:649:This:passageisabouttheintroductionofA.swimmingB.breath-holddivingC.dangersofdivingD.breath=holddivingandscubadiving650.canstayunderwaterformorethan30minutes.A.Breath-holddiversB.ScubadiversC.Skin-diversofbestswimmingskillsD:Diversswimmingslowly651.ThefunctionfthebuoyancycompensatoristohelpthedivertoA.keepthedesireddepthB.changedepth_C.restonthesurfaceD.AlloftheaboveScubaisakindofA.suit“B.mask.buoyancyD.equipmentPassage.164Dominoesis.thenameofseveralgamesthatareplayedwithsmall,flat,oblongpiecescalleddominoes.DominoeswereprobablyinventedinChina,andintroducedinEuropeinthe1300's.Mostsetsofdominoes-aremadeofbone,ivory,plastic,orwood.Aregularsetconsistsof28:dominoes.ThefirstEuropeanpieceshadivoryfacesbackedbyebony;theyarethroughtohavebeennamedbecauseoftheirresemblancetothehoodedcloakcalledadomino.Eachdomino,alsocalledapieceorabone,isdividedintotwosectionsbyalineorridge,withacombinationofdots,orpips,ineachsection.Inthemorecommonlyusedsetofdominoes;onepieceisblank/andtheremainderarenumbereddownwardfromdoublesix;thatis,6-6,6-5o6-4,6-3,6-2,6-1,6-0,5-5,5-4,5-3,)5-2,5-1,5-0;andsoonthroughalltheothernumbersdownto0-0.Beforethegamestarts,the28piecesareturnedfacedownwardandintermixed,andeachplayerdrawsadomino.Theplayer*yhodrawsthehighest:dominoisthefirsttoplay:Then,accordingtothevariationofEhegamebeingplayed,eitherallorsomeofthedominoesareselectedalternately,onepieceata:ime,bytheplayers.Eachplayersetsthedominoesonedgesothattheycannotbeseenbyoppo-ients.Thedominoesnotdrawnmakeupthereserve,calledthestockorboneyard..Thefirstplayerposes(places)onepiecefaceuponthetable.Againstitateitherendoftheriecethesecondplayermustplaceamatch;thatis,oneendof:thepieceplayedmusthavetheamenumberofpipsasoneendofthepiecealreadylaiddown..Thenextplayerinturnmustplaydominowithanendthatmatchesoneofthetwoendsofthedominoesonthetable.Doubles,orominoeswiththesamenumberofpipsatbothends,areposedcrosswiseinthelineofdominoes,3therthanlengthwise.,Incertainvariationsoftoegame,theplayofadoubleprovidesadditionalranchesformatching.Aplayerwhohasnopiecetomatcheitherendpasses,andthenextplay-.-.rtakesaturn.Inadrawgame(agameinwhichnotallthedominoesaredealt)a.playermayrawonthestockupto,butneverincluding,thelasttwodominoes.Theplayermaythusnearlyexhaustthestockevenwhentheplay*rhas.amatch;thispracticeis'occasionallygoodstrategy,especiallywhentheopponentisblocked.Thegameproceedsuntiloneoftheplayerswinsbysettingoutthelastofhisorherdominoes,oruntilnoplayercanmatchateitherend.Inthelattercase,thewinneristheplayerwiththefewestpipson-theremainingdominoes,orinthecaseofanequalnumberofpips,thefewestdominoes.piecesofdominoeshaveoneblankhalfandonehalfsectionwithdots.A.lB.6C.21D.28Ifthefirstplayerplacesa4-4dominoontheboard,thesecondplayermay:putadominobesideit.A.5-6B:6-6C.4-6D.0-0The-lastwordinthefirstparagrath,,,boneyardHreferstothedominoesthathaven'tbeendrawnbyplayersthebonesthathaven'tbeeneatentheplacetoplacedominoestheyardtoplace,bones.Whenthegameends,theplayerwho,is:th'ewinner.firstrunsoutofdominoes-\1-hasthefewestpipsonthedominoesremained,inhisozherhandhasthefewestdominoes,ifthepipsarethesame,D:Allofthe"abovePassage165Radioprogrammingvariesfromcountrytocountry.Butinallcountries,programsprimarily,provideentertainmentandinformation.ThissectiondescribesprogrammingintheUnitedStates.:About90percentofallprogramsbroadcast,intheUnitedStatesare.designedforentertainment.Theother10percentprovidesomekind-ofinformation.Advertisementsarebroadcastduringandbetweentheprogramsofcommercialstations,whichaccount,for.about87percentofall.thestations.Noncommercial,stations,alsocallededucationalorpublicstations,donothavecommer=cials.,Radiostationscompetewithoneanotherforlisteners.Moststationsprogrambroadcaststoyappealtospecificaudience.Forexample;.stationsthatplayrockmusictrytoattractteen-ageandyoungadultlisteners:Recordedmusicisthechiefkindofradioentertainment:Moststationssee.cializeinonekindofmusic,suchasrock,classical;countryandwestern;or"old-timefavorites.''Somestationsbroadcastseveralkindsofmusic.Radiostationsthatbroadcastmusichavediscjockeyswhointroduceandcommentonthemusic.Theyplayanimportantrole.Eachstation,triestohirediscjockeyswhoseannouncingstyles*andpersonalitiesappealtothestation'slargestaudience.Programsthatprovideinfomationincludenewscasts,talkshowsiandplay-by-playdescriptionsof.sports:events:Newscastscomeontheairatregulartimes-everyhalf-hourorhouronmoststations.Inaddition,radiostationspresenton-the-spot;news*coverageofsuchspecialeventsaspoliticalconventions,spaceshots,Senatehearings,andspeechesbythePresident.Radiostationsals%broadcast,suchspecialized,newsasweatherforecasts,trafficreports,andstockvmarketandagriculturalinformation.Othernewsfeaturesincludepublicserviceannouncements}abou*tcommunityevents,munitygroups-,andgovernmentservices.Afewsta-tonsbroadcastonlynewstoservelistenerswhoprefernewsprogramstomusic.Talk,showspresentdiscussionsonaVerviewswithpeoplefrommanyprofessions.Eachshow,hasahostor,hostesswholeadsthediscussionordoes'theinterviewing.Thesubjectofaprogrammaybea,currentpoliticaltopic,suchasanelectionoragovernmentolicy,oritmaydealwitha,socialissue,sqchasgrime;pollution,poverty,racism,orsexism.:Manytalkshowsallowlistenerstotakepartintheprogram.Listenersareinvitedtotelephonet.s,.thestationtoaskquestionsor.givetheiropinionsaboutthetopic.Sportsevents,likenews,,havealwaysbeenanimportantpartofradiopogramming.Spoitsannouncerstrytocaptureagame'sactionandexcitementforthe.listeners,Mostofthegamesiplayedbythemorethan-100majorleaguebasebell*,basketball,football,and'hockeyteamsinthe}UnitedStatesandCanadaarebroadcastlocallyon,radio.Radiostationsalsobroadcastmanycollegeand'somehighschoolsportscontests.1657:ThispassageismainlyaboutA.music.?，B.railwaystations,,C.talkshowsD.radiostations.In}thethirdparagraph,"disc*jockey"meansA.discoperatorB:recordplayer'C.hostofamusicstationD.introducerWhichofthefollowingbelongstoentertainmentgroupratherthaninformation?A.music?B.sportsnews.weatherforecastsD.on-the-spotnews}66Q.ListenerscantakepartintheradioprogramthroughA.Internet-B.telephone,C.television'D.telegramUNITTHIRTY-FOURPassage166Artificialintelligencehasbroughtmorethanwehaveexpected.Thenextbigbreakthroughinartificialintelligenceliesinthatitcouldbeappliedingivingmachinesnotonlymorelogicalcapacity,butemotionalcapacity-aswell.Computersneedartificialemotionbothtounderstand.theirhumanusersbetterandtoachieveself-analysisandself-improvement.Themorescientistsstudythemodelforcomputing-thehumanbrainandnervoussystem-Tthemorethey'concludethatemotionsarepartofintelligence,notseparatefromit.Emotionsareamongthetoolsthatweusetoprocessthetremendousamountofstimuliinourenvironment.They,alsoplayaroleinhumanlearninganddecisionmaking.Feel-'ingbadaboutawrongdecision;forinstance,focusesattentiononavoidingfutureerror.Afeel-'ingofpleasure,ontheotherhand,positivelyreinforcesanexperience.Ifwewantcomputerstobegenuinelyintelligent,toadapttous,andtointeractnaturally;withus,thentheywillneedtheabilitytorecognizeandexpressemotions,tohaveemotions,andtohavewhathascometobecalled'emotionalintelligence.rOnewaythatemotionscanhelpcomputersisbyhelpingkeepthemfromcrashing.Today'scomputersproduceerrormessages,buttheydonotknowwhensomethingiswrongordoesn'tmakesense.Ahealthyfearofdeathcouldmotivateacomputertostoptroubleassoonasitstarts.Ontheohterhand,self-preservationwouldneedtobesubordinatetoservicetohumans..Similarly,computersthatcould"read"theiruserswouldaccumulateastoreofhighlypersonalinformationaboutus-notjustwhatwesaidand-did,butwhatwelikelythoughtandfelt.Such*recordswouldbehighlyvaluabletomarketers,lawsuitplaintiffs,insuranceadjusters,potentialemployers,andestrangedmaritalpartnersandwouldthereforebesubjecttopotentialabuse.Butemotionscouldalsomakeacomputerabetterteacher.Softwarethatcouldpayattention,totheuser'saffectiveresponseswouldsensewhenauserbecamefrustratedandrelatethefrustrationtotheproblemsbeingexperienced.Suchacapacitycouldgreatlyenhancetroubleshooting.*Emotionsnotonlycontributetoaricherqualityofinteraction,buttheyalsohaveadirectimpactonaperson'sabilitytointeractinanintelligentway.Emotionalskills,especiallytheabilitytorecognizeandexpressemotions,areessentialfor.naturalcommunicationwithhumans.Comparedwiththecomputersnowadays,thosewithemotionsaremorehuman.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthispassage?ComputerswithEmotions.TheNextBreakthroughinthe21"Century.TheFutureofComputerswithEmotions,rWhyPeopleNeedArtificialEmotions.ThefollowingstatementsarethereasonsthatcomputersneedartificialemotionsEXCEPTA.understandingtheirhumanusersbetterachievingself-analysisachievingself-improvementunitingemotionwithintelligenceWhatistherelationshipbetweenemotionandintelligence?Emotions'areseparatedfromintelligence.Feelingsarenotbeneficialtolearning-ormakingdecisions.Emotions,andintelligencearetwotoolsforprocessingthestimuli.D:Emotiq;lsOrepartofintelligence.Computerswithoutemotionsarequitesureaboutthetimewhensomethingiswrongcan.stoptroubleassoonaspossibledonotknowabouttheusers'frustrationcanstoreupnotonlywhatwetellthembutalsowhatwethinkandfeelPassage167AstrongearthquakestruckTaipeibefore,-dawnthisTuesday,21"ofSeptember,cuttingoffpowerandshakingbuilding.Stateradiosaidthatitwasthestrongestearthquakeatleast30yearsandthatpartofat2-storyhotelhadcollapsed.TheU.S.GeologicalSurveyNationalEarthquakeInformationCentersaid'thequakehadapreliminarymagnitudeof7.6andwascentered90milessouth-southwestofTaipei.TheBroadcastingCorpdidnotgivethenameofthehotelthatwas,reportedtohavecollapsed.ButitsaidthatthehotelwasnearTaipei*sSupgshan-railwaystation,andthatthetopsevenstorieswere.wreckedbythequake.Therewasnowordoninjuriesatthehotel.Theradioalsoreportedthata-rowofhousescollapsedinChangHuacountyincentralTaiwan,injuringatleastthree-people.Tenotherswerebelievedtrappedinthewreckage,theradiosaid.Electricandtelephoneservice:wasinterruptedbythequake,whichoccurredatabout1:45a..toandsixaftershocks.Theelectricservicehasbeencutoffinpartsofthecity.InoneTaipeisub-a;b,electricitywasoutinhouses,butstreetlightswereon.Earthquakesarenottheonlythingthattroubledthisarea."Therealsoaretsunamiwarningsout..,TherearewarningsforTaiwan,Japan,thePhilippines,Guam,andsomeotherPacific-Rimareas,"saidJohnBellini,geophysicistattheUSGSinGolden,Colo.Thereweresirens-fromfiretrucksandpolicecars-resoundedthroughTaipei,whichishometoabout2.6millionpeopleandisthelargestcityinTaiwan.Buttherewasnosignofpan-.ie.InthesouthwesternChiangKai-shekdistrict,somepeoplebroughtcandlesintothestreet.Manycarriedumbrellastostayoutofthe.rain,huddingaroundbattery-operatedradios.Rem-WeiCheng,avisitor'toTaipeifromCalifornia,saidthat,hewaswatchingtelevisionwithhisfamilywhentheearthquakestruck."When1firstfeltthequake,IthoughtofaTurkishfriendwhowentbacktoTurkeytovisithisfamilywhentheearthquakehitthere.Thewholefamilyneverreturned.Wedidnotknowwhatwould-happen'tous.Mywife,kidsandIwerequitefrightenedandwehidunderthe,kitchentable:"FortunatelynooneinthefamilywashuTheyfeltthattheywouldlovelifemoreafterthisevent.Whendidtheearthquaketakeplace?A.atabout2a.m.,210、Sept.B.atabout11p.m:21HSept:C.Atabout2a.m:220aSept.,D:Atabout24o'clock21"SeptHowmanypeopleinthat12-storyhoteldied?-A.12B.7C.3D.ItsnottoldinthepassWhichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A.TheearthquaketotallycutoffthepowersupplyinTaiwan.-B.Therewerenotonlythestrongearthquakebutalsomanyaftershocks.Becauseoftheearthquake,thewholeareawasinpanic:ThefamilyfromCaliforniawereslightlyinjured.668.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?ThevisitorcamefromAmerica.1Thevisitorandhisfamilywerefrightenedwhen-theearthquaketookplace.Theeathquakemadethemrealize-moreabouttheimportanceoflife.TheywouldleaveTaiwantoTurkey./Passage168Russia'sdefence,ministerledseniorsecurityofficials;toDagestanyesterdayasMosesteppedupitsoperationsinthe12-day-oldfightagainstIslamicmilitantsholdingseveralmou”tainvillages.About500soldiers.and30piecesofarmourwereairliftedtothebattlezoneoTuesdayasRussiacontinuestopourresourcesintothevolatileCaucasusMountainsregion,Russiannewsagenciesreported.TheRussianshavenotgivenanyfiguresfortheiroverallforcesin-thearea,buttheyarebe,lievedtonumberseveralthousand.Therebelforce,hasbeen,estimatedatapproximately1,2Russianjetsand.helicoptergunshipscarriedout24airstrikesagainsttherebelsonTuesday,andestroyedatelevisionandradiorelaystationthatthemilitantswereusing-,newsreportssaid.Moscowsaysthe.rebelswillbecrushedquickly,buttheystillhavefullcontrolofatleas'threevillagesinthemountainsnearDagesta.n'sborderwiththebreakawayterritoryofChechnya'Therebelsatewell-entrenchedintheirremoteoutpostsandtheRussianshaverelied,onairpowerratherthansendingroundtroopsandriskheavycasualties..Themilitants,manyofwhombelongtothefundamentalistWah-habisect;invadedDagestanfromChechnyaonAugust7andarefightingforanindependentIslamicstateinsouthernRussia.Russian:Defence,MinisterIgorSergeyev,accompanied-byothertopsecurityofficials,arrived':inDagestan*scapitalMakhachkalaYesterday.:togetacloserlookattheRussianoperation.HeplannedtomeetwithlocalcommandersandofficialsinDagestan,animpoverishedregionalong;thewestcoastoftheCaspianSea.Russia'sInteriorMinistrysaysthat450rebelshavebeenkilledwhile22Russiansoldiersvedied:TherebelssaytheyhavelostfarfewerfightersthantheRussiansallege:The.conflict-1gclaimscannotbeindependentlyverified.Approximately.10,000civilianshave;fledtheconflictne,accordingtobagestanofficials.x.SeekingtoencouraO_thetroops,Russianofficialssaidthe.soldierswouldgetahugepayin-asethatwouldputtheminlinewithRussianpeacekeepersserving,inBosniaandKosovo..Act-'gRussianFinanceMinisterMikhailKasyanovsaidaprivate'smonthlypaywouldberaisedtoIteequivalentofUS$1,000,upfromthepresentpayoflessthanUS$100.Still,at;leastoneniormilitaryofficialacknowledgedthattheoverallpoliticalandmilitarysituationwouldtakeoathstonormalize:-"Stabilizingthesituation-inDagestanisadrawn-outprocessandwillre-ireseveralmonths,"thearmy'sChiefoftheGeneralStaffAnatolyKvashninsaid..69.Theconflictisbetween':,andA.DagestanandRussia.BDagestanandIslanmicC.RussiaaridChechnyarebelsD:RussiaandIslanmicWhatisthemeaningofword"airlifted0inthefirstparagraph?A.carriedbyair=planeB:lifttoahighplaceC.sent,upwardD.putforwardAccordingtotherebels,the.numberofsoldierstheylostisA.smallerthanthatofRussiaB.smallerthanwhatRussiasaid;}.C.morethanthat450!D.only22X72.Thesalaryof:apeacekeeperinKosovomaybetimesmore,thanthatofanormalsoldierinRussianow.A.30B.20C.10D.5Passage169Mostlanguagesalsohaveawrittenform.Theoldestrecordsofwrittenlanguageareabout5000yearsold.However,writtencommunicationbeganmuchearlierintheformofdrawingsormarksmadetoindicatemeaningfulinformationaboutthenaturalworld.Theearliestartificially:createdvisualimagesthathavebeendiscoveredarepaintingsofbears9mammoths,woollyrhinos,andohterIceAgeanimalson.cavewallsnearAvignon,France:Thesepaintingsareover30,M0yearsold.Theoldestknownanimalcarving,ofahorsemadefrommammothivory,datesfromapproximately30,000yearsBCandwasfoundinpresent-dayVbgelhard,Germany.Other*ancientsymbol-recordingsystems-havebeendiscovered.Forexample,a30,(XX)-year-oldCro-MagnonboneplaquediscoveredinFranceisengravedwithaseriesof29marks.;someresearchersbelievetheplaquerecordsphasesofthemoon:Apieceofreindeerantlerapproximately15,000yearsoldwasalsofoundinFrance,carvedwithbothanimalimagesand"counting11marks.TheancientIncasinPeru,wholivedfromaboutthe11thcenturytothe15thcenturyAD,usedasystemofknottedandcoloredstringscalledquiputokeeptrackofpopulationofoodinventories,andtheproductionofgoldmines.Perhapstheearliestforerunnerofwjiting.isasystemofclaycountifngtokensusedintheacientMiddleEast.Thetokensdatefrotih8000to3000BCandareshapedlikedisks,conspheresandothershapes.Theywerestoredinclaycontainersmarked*withanearlyversioncuneiformwriting,toindicatewhattokenswereinside.Cuneiformwasonejofthe.firstformswritingandwas-pictographic,withsymbolsrepresentingobjects.Itdeceloped:asawrittenlaguageinAssyria(anancientAsiancountryinpresent-dayIraq)'from*3000.to1000Cuneiformeventuallyacquiredideographicelements-thatis;thesymboV'came:torepresentn'onlytheobjectbutalsoideasandqualitiesassociatedwithit:Theoldest,knownexamplesofscript-stylewritingdatefromabout3000BC;papyrusshee(akindofearlypapermadefromreeds)fromabout2700to2500BChavebeenfoundintheN*DeltainEgyptbearingwrittenhieroglyphs,anotherpictographic-ideographicform:ofWriting'Chinesebeganasapictographic-ideographicwrittenlanguageperhapsasearlyasthe15thcentntBC.TodaywrittenChineseincludessome:phoneticelements(symbolsindicatingpronunciationaswell..TheChinesewriting.systemiscalledlogographicbecausethefullsymbols,orcharacters;eachrepresentaword.CuneiformandEgyptianhieroglypheventuallyincorporatedphonet'elements.Insyllgbicsystems;suchasJapaneseandKorean,writtensymbolsstandforspoke'syllablesounds.Thealphabet,inventedintheMiddleEast,wascarriedbythePhoenicians(peoplefromterritoryontheeastern.coastoftheMediterranean,locatedlargelyinmodernLebanon)tGreece,wherevowelsoundswereaddedtoit.Alphabetcharactersstandforphoneticsoundsancanbecombinedinanalmostinfinitevarietyofwords.Manymodemlanguages,suchasEnfish,German,French,andRussian;arealphabeticlanguages.WrittencommunicationstartedfromA.5000yearsagoB.30,000yearsagoC.15,000yearsagoD..15x,*centuryagoThewrittenlanguagesinancient,does'notbelongtopictographic-ideographicforofwriting?.A.Egypt,B.IraqC.ChinaD:GreeceThealphabetwasinventedby=、A.certainpeople,inancientMiddleEast"B.PhoeniciansC.GreeksD.GermansX76.isnotaalphabeticlanguage:A.Germang.French..C.Chinese*D.Russian'Passage170Althoughmarriagecustomsvarygreatlyfromoneculturetoanother,theimportanceofthe11,'institutionisuniversallyacknowledged.Infantmarriage,'prevalentinplacessuchasIndiaandMelanesia,isaresultofconcernforfamily,caste,andpropertyalliances.Levirate,thecustombywhichamanmightmarrythewifeofhisdeceasedbrother,waspracticedchieflybytheancientHebrews,anddesignedtocontinueafamilyconnectionthatwasalreadyestablished.Sororate,a'customstillpracticedinremotepartsoftheworld,permitsamantomarryoneormoreofhiswife'ssisters,:usuallyifshehasdiedorcannothavechildren.Monogamy,theunionofoneman1::andonewoman,,istheprototypeofhumanmarriageanditsmostwidelyacceptedform,predomi-natingalsoinsocietiesin:whichotherformsofmarriageareaccepted.Allotherformsofmarriagearegenerallyclassedunderpolygamy.Inmostsocieties,marriageisestablishedthrougha}contractualprocedure,generallywithsomesortofreligioussanction.Mostmarriagesareprecededbyabetrothalperiod,duringwhichvariousrituals,suchasexchangesofgiftsandvisits,leadtothefinal-weddingceremonyandmaketheclaimsofthepartnerspublic.Insocietieswherearrangedmarriagesstillpredominate,familiesmustnegotiatedowries,futurelivingarrangements,andohterimportantmattersbeforemarriage-canbearranged.Becausemarriagearousesapprehensionaswellasjoy;Hindus,Buddhists,andmanyothercommunitiesconsultastrologersbeforeandafter.marriagesarearrangedtoavoidunluckytimesandplaces.Insome.societiesfearofhostile1spiritsleadsbridalcouplestoweardisguisesat,theirweddingsorsometimeseventosendsubstitutestotheceremony.Insomecountries,includingEthiopia,itwaslongcustomarytoplaceanarmedguardbythebridalcoupleduringthewedding\ceremonytoprotectthemfromdemons.Anexchangeofringsorthejoiningofhandsfrequently.representsthe-newbondsbetweenthemarriedcouple,asintheUnitedStatesandmanyothercountries:Finally;theinterestofthecommunityisexpressedinmanyways,throughfeasting、'anddancing,thepresenceofwitnesses,andtheofficialsealingofmarriagedocuments:677.iswidespreadinthewholeworld.A.InfantmarriageB.Levirate'C.SororateD.Monogamy678.Ifamanhasfourwives,themarriagebelongstoA.polygamyB.levirateC.sororateD.monogamyWhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?Thebridalcouplemayaskaguardtostandbeforetheirhouseforoneyeartoprotectthem.Thecouplemayexchangesomethingbeforethemarriage.Thetwofamiliesmaynegotiatedowriesbeforemarriage.Theparentsofthecouplemayvisiteachother.680.Whydosomecouplesconsultastrologersbeforearrangingtheirmarriage?.A.Becausetheywanttoavoidunlucky,things.Becauseit'sacustom.11Becauseit'spartoftheceremony.,D.Becausetheyaretoldtodoso.yUNITTHIRTY-FIVEPassage171Thepresidentofauniversityactsastheinstitution'schiefexecutiveofficer.Presidentsusuallyhaveextensiveacademicexperienceaseithercollegeorunivers