考研長難句講義

、語法部分句子結(jié)構(gòu)簡單句簡單句的五種基本結(jié)構(gòu)Optimismisnotaluxury;itisanecessity.Self-confidencematters.Realheroescaninspiretheyounggeneration.Hardworkwonhimrespect.Theuncheckedgrowthofthetourismmayrendertheenvironmentseriouslypolluted.并列句兩個(gè)或以上獨(dú)立分句并列連詞各分句主謂完整各分句意思同等重要，互相獨(dú)立主要連詞：and,or,but,yet2000年TextlAhistoryoflongandeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfulhandicap,but,ifproperlyhandled,itmaybecomeadrivingforce.復(fù)合句一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或多個(gè)從句,主句表達(dá)主要意思從句表達(dá)次要意思三大從句

名詞性從句名詞從句引導(dǎo)詞對應(yīng)的簡單句類型引導(dǎo)詞是否作成分引導(dǎo)詞是否可以省略連詞that對應(yīng)于陳述句不作成分，無實(shí)際含義在不影響句子意思的情況下，賓語從句的that可以省略連詞whether\if對應(yīng)于一般疑問句不作成分，有“是否”的含義不能省去，因?yàn)橛小笆欠瘛钡暮x連接副詞when,where,why,how連接代詞who,whom,what,which,whose對應(yīng)于特殊疑問句When,where,why,how在從句中作狀語；wh（）,whoin,what作主語、賓語、表語；which和whose作定語，后接名詞不能省去，因?yàn)榧茸鳌俺煞帧庇钟小皩?shí)際含義”一、主語從句that引導(dǎo)的主語從句whether引導(dǎo)的主語從句特殊疑問詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句that引導(dǎo)的主語從句Thattheplatesaremovingisnowbeyonddispute.(1998年Text5)Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.(2(X)6年Text3)常見的主語從句的類型1.Itis+形容詞+that從句Itisobvious/necessary/likely/fortunate/truethat...ItistruethatEnglishisbecominganinternationallanguage.2000年翻譯?Furthermore,itisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry'seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry.2.Itis+過去分詞+that從句Itisbelievedthat(人們認(rèn)為??.)Itisgenerallythoughtthat(人們普遍認(rèn)為…)1995年考研完形Forexample,ithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleepdeprivationis1(X)percentfataltorats.1992年翻譯?Butitisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideasreadily,makedistinctions,reasonlogically,andmakeuseofverbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.3.Itis+名詞短語+thatItisafactthat...ItiscommonknowledgethatItismybeliefthat...Itiscommonknowledgethatwhaleisnotafish.Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledged,thatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortune,mustbeinwantofawife.(PrideandPrejudice)whether引導(dǎo)的主語從句?Whethertheeyesare“thewindowsofthesoulMisdebatable;Thattheyareintenselyimportantininterpersonalcommunicationisafact.2005年Textl?However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.?特殊疑問詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句?Howapersonmastershisfateismoreimportantthanwhathisfateis.1995年翻譯72)Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.二、賓語從句一按位置劃分及物動詞后的賓語從句介詞后的賓語從句?及物動詞后的賓語從句?Ihavelearnedthatlove,nottime,healsallwounds.2005年Text2?Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn'tknowforsure??介詞后的賓語從句?Thereisdisagreementamongeconomistsaboutwhatmoneyisandhowmoneyismeasured.1997年Text4?"Thetestofanydemocraticsociety,“hewroteinaWallStreetJournalcolumn,"liesnotinhowwellitcancontrolexpressionbutinwhetheritgivesfreedomofthoughtandexpressionthewidestpossiblelatitude,howeverdisputableorirritatingtheresultsmaysometimesbe.三、表語從句?Thetruthisthatmarriage,atthestart,isanemptybox.Youmustputsomethinginbeforeyoucantakeanythingout.Thereisnoloveinmarriage,loveisinpeople,andpeopleputitintomarriage.2002年Text3?Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthat,unliketherisesinthe1970s,ithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.1997年Text2?AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendly,courteous,andhelpfulmostAmericansweretothem.四、同位語從句?抽象名詞+that+陳述句Thereisapopularsayingthatfamilyinstabilitycausessocialinstability.2005年Text3Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears.定語從句1、形容詞作定語與從句作定語的比較Idon'tlikelazypeople.Idon'tlikepeoplewhoneverkeeptheirword.2、先行詞和關(guān)系詞先行詞：被定語從句所修飾的對象稱為先行詞。關(guān)系詞：重復(fù)指代先行詞、起連接主句和從句的作用，并且在定語從句中充當(dāng)一定成分的連接詞稱為關(guān)系詞。先行詞一個(gè)詞一個(gè)短語一個(gè)句子2006年完形Evenwhenhomelessindividualsmanagetofindathatwillgivethemthreemealsadayandaplacetosleepatnight,agoodnumberstillspendthebulkofeachdaywanderingthestreet.lodgingshelterdwellinghouse1995年Text3?Manyoflife'sproblemswhichweresolvedbyaskingfamilymembers,friendsorcolleaguesarebeyondthecapabilityoftheextendedfamilytoresolve.2004年翻譯?TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe.關(guān)系代詞who,whom先行詞只能指“人”which先行詞只能指“物”that,whose先行詞可以指“人”或“物”2005年翻譯?47)InEurope,aselsewhere,multi-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessful:groupswhichbringtogethertelevision,radio,newspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.1999年Text2?Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany'sprivateintranet.2000年Textl?AmericaandAmericanswereprosperousbeyondthedreamsoftheEuropeansandAsianswhoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroyed.關(guān)系副詞?when?where?why1999年Textl?Luckily,ifthedoormatorstovefailedtowarnofcomingdisaster,asuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Orsothethinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980s,whenjuriesbeganholdingmorecompaniesliablefortheircustomers,misfortunes.2005年Text3?Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight'ssleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.1999年Textl?Aspersonalinjuryclaimscontinueasbefore,somecourtsarebeginningtosidewithdefendants,especiallyincaseswhereawarninglabelprobablywouldn'thavechangedanything.why的用法?why用來表原因，只引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，先行詞是reason等表示原因的名詞。?ThisisthereasonwhyIdidn'tcomehere.?此處的why=forwhichFrommyperspective,thereasonwhywehesitateandshrinkfrommakingadefinitedecisionwhenwearesurroundedbymultiplechoices,isthatwemaketoomanycomparisons.介詞+關(guān)系代詞1994年Text1?TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.2003年Text3It'satheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribe,butinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionofdeterminingwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail.限定性與非限定性定語從句一、限定性定語從句若去掉限定性定語從句，則主句部分的意思不明確，或意義不完整，所以不能用逗號來分隔先行詞和定語從句。TherearetwofactorswhichdetermineanindividuaFsintelligence.Heisamanwhoisofvaluetothepeople.二、非限定性定語從句非限定性定語從句用來提供附加的而非必要的信息，只是對先行詞作進(jìn)一步解釋、補(bǔ)充和說明。若去掉此定語從句，整個(gè)主句的意義一樣很明確，不會引起誤解和歧義。Thecabdrivers,whoknewaboutthetrafficjam,tookanotherroad.Thecabdriverswhoknewaboutthetrafficjamtookanotherroad.定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)分Thenewsthatyouheardisnottrue.ThenewsthatLincolnwasmurderedatatheateristrue.綜合練習(xí)?Thefactthatartisans,whowerelookedonasmechanicsorskilledworkersintheeighteenthcentury,arefrequentlyconsideredartiststodayisdirectlyattributabletotheArtsandCraftsMovementofthenineteenthcentury.

狀語從句狀語從句種類常用連接詞特殊連接詞時(shí)間狀語從句When,while,as,before,since,till,until,assoonas.一些時(shí)間名詞：themoment,theinstant,theminute,theday,nexttime,everytime.—'些副詞：instantly,immediately,directly.固定搭配的建詞：nosoonerthan,hardly--when,scarcely???when.地點(diǎn)狀語從句WhereWherever,anywhere,everywhere原因狀語從句Because,as,for,sinceSeeingthat,consideringthat,nowthat,giventhat,inthat,inasmuchas,insomuchas目的狀語從句Sothat,inorderthat,thatLest,forfearthat,incase,inthehopethat,onpurposethat,forthepurposethat,totheendthat結(jié)果狀語從句Sothat,sothat,such-thatSuchthat,tothedegreethat,totheextentthat,tosuchadegreethat,tosuchanextentthat條件狀語從句If,unlessSuppose,supposing,providing,provided（特別關(guān)注：supposed,provide不用作條件從句的連詞）onconditionthat,solongas,aslongas讓步狀語從句Although,though,eventhough,evenifWhile（一般用在句首），as（用于倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)）,whatever,whoever,whichever,however,whenever,wherever,whether—?or—,asadj.as+主謂結(jié)構(gòu)用在句首比較狀語從句As,thanThemore■--,themore???;justas???,so???;AistoBwhat/asCistoD;nomore-than;notAsomuchasB/notsomuchAasB方式狀語從句as,asif/asthough,theway結(jié)果狀語從句?常用引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的連詞有：so...that,such...that以及sothat和suchthat.so...that的用法接形容詞2001年考研翻譯75)Andhomeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder-kitchenrage.接副詞1999年閱讀Text5?Hehasputforwardunquestionedclaimssoconsistentlythathenotonlybelievesthemhimself,buthasconvincedindustrialandbusinessmanagementthattheyaretrue.such...that的用法2006年完形?Indeed,homelessnesshasreachedsuchproportionsthatlocalgovernmentscan'tpossiblycope.1998年Text5?Asthedomegrows,itdevelopsdeepfissures(cracks);inatleastafewcasesthecontinentmaybreakentirelyalongsomeofthesefissures,sothatthehotspotinitiatestheformationofanewocean.其他短語連接的結(jié)果狀語從句?這些結(jié)構(gòu)有：tothedegree(that),totheextent(that),tosuchadegree(that),tosuchanextent(that).2002岸Text4?"Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering,totheextentthatitconstitutes^systematicpatientabuse.”?目的狀語從句2(X)3年Text4?FormerColoradogovernorRichardLammhasbeenquotedassayingthattheoldandinfirm“haveadutytodieandgetoutoftheway,"sothatyounger,healthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential.2003年完形?Intheseactivities,itisimportanttorememberthattheyoungteenshaveshortattentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganizedparticipantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoontosomethingelsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipantsdown.?[A]ifonly [B]nowthat?[C]sothat [D]evenif2003年Text2?Theyshouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditor,lestanimalrightsmisinformationgounchallengedandacquireadeceptiveappearanceoftruth.2000年Text5?Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreams,aseasilyandopenlyasoncetheycould,lesttheybethoughtpushing,acquisitiveandvulgar.讓步狀語從句2001年Text5?WhileinAmericathetrendstartedasareactiontotheeconomicdecline—afterthemassredundanciescausedbydownsizinginthelate'80s—andisstilllinkedtothepoliticsofthrift,inBritain,atleastamongthemiddle-classdownshiftersofmyacquaintance,wehavedifferentreasonsforseekingtosimplifyourlives.2006年翻譯?48)Ihaveexcludedhimbecause,whilehisaccomplishmentsmaycontributetothesolutionofmoralproblems,hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthefactualaspectsofthoseproblems.2005年Text4?Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960s,eventhemostwellregardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.?Nomatterwh-?我們可以用nomatter+what,who,when,where,which,how或者whatever,whoever,whenever,wherever,whichever,however來引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，表示“無論?請注意，這兒個(gè)連詞除了however外，一般都是單獨(dú)使用，而however后面通常要接形容詞或副詞，不單獨(dú)使用。2000年Text2?ButhoweveramazedourdescendantsmaybeathowfarfromUtopiawewere,theywilllookjustlikeus.2000年閱讀Text3?Whenanewmovementinartattainsacertainfashion,itisadvisabletofindoutwhatitsadvocatesareaimingat,for,howeverfarfetchedandunreasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtoday,itispossiblethatinyearstocometheymayberegardedasnormal.非謂語動詞非謂語動詞分類：分詞的作用：?分詞短語做定語?分詞短語做狀語分詞作定語2006Text1RodrigueznotesthatchildreninremotevillagesaroundtheworldarefansofsuperstarslikeArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooks,yet“someAmericansfearthatimmigrantslivingwithintheUnitedStatesremainsomehowimmunetothenation'sassimilativepower.”2006Text1Peopleareabsorbedinto“acultureofconsumption^^launchedbythe19th-centurydepartmentstoresthatoffered“vastarraysofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere.2000年翻譯?75)Additionalsocialstressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarisingfrommassmigrationmovements-themselvesmaderelativelyeasynowadaysbymodemmeansoftransport.分詞作狀語?2(X)3年Text3?Inrecentyears,railroadshavebeencombiningwitheachother,mergingintosupersystems,causingheightenedconcernsaboutmonopoly.1999年Text1?Feelingthreatened,companiesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabels,tryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.2007年Text3?Formuchofthepastyear,PresidentBushcampaignedtomoveSocialSecuritytoasaving-accountmodel,withretireestradingmuchoralloftheirguaranteedpaymentsforpaymentsdependingoninvestmentreturns.綜合練習(xí)：1999年Text1?InMay,JulieNimmons,presidentofSchuttSportsinIllinois,successfullyfoughtalawsuitinvolvingafootballplayerwhowasparalyzedinagamewhilewearingaSchutthelmet.二、長難句部分.多重后置定語.分隔結(jié)構(gòu).并列結(jié)構(gòu).代詞指代.強(qiáng)調(diào)句.倒裝句.省略句.比較結(jié)構(gòu).as結(jié)構(gòu)1、多重后置定語2004年完形?Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectlyaffectjuvenilecrimerates.Forexample,changesintheeconomythatleadtofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemploymentingeneralmakegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.1994年完形Thewordsusedbythespeakermaystirupunfavorablereactionsinthelistenerinterferewithhiscomprehension;hence,thetransmission-receptionsystembreaksdown.[A]who[B]as[C]which[D]what2、分隔結(jié)構(gòu)動賓分割結(jié)構(gòu)

動詞+介詞短語+賓語1998年完形Bycontrast,theysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750,whenEnglandwasstillacompletelyagriculturalcountry,aperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity.2006年7選5?Thecasinoissuedtohim,asagoodcustomer,a"FunCard",whichwhenusedinthecasinoearnspointsformealsanddrinks,andenablesthecasinototracktheuser'sgamblingactivities.2003年Text2?Finally,becausetheultimatestakeholdersarepatients,thehealthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruittoitscausenotonlywell-knownpersonalitiessuchasStephenCooper,whohasmadecourageousstatementsaboutthevalueofanimalresearch,butallwhoreceivemedicaltreatment.2008年考研翻譯(48)Ontheotherhand,hedidnotacceptaswellfoundedthechargemadebysomeofhiscriticsthat,whilehewasagoodobserver,hehadnopowerofreasoning.動詞+賓補(bǔ)+賓語2003年考研翻譯65)Thus,theanthropologicalconceptof"culture,Mliketheconceptof"set”inmathematics,isanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.動詞+it+兵補(bǔ)+賓語2005年完形填空Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatthebrainfindsitinefficienttokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcancreatenewreceptorsifnecessary.2005年完形填空Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptorsavailableforunfamiliarandemergencysignalssuchasthesmellofsmoke,whichmightindicatethedangeroffire.2001Text4Hesaysmedicallicensingboards"mustmakeitclearthatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension.”1993年考研翻譯?(73)Youhaveallhearditrepeatedthatmenofscienceworkbymeansofinduction(歸納法)anddeduction,thatbythehelpoftheseoperations,they,inasortofsense,managetoextractfromNaturecertainnaturallaws,andthatoutofthese,bysomespecialskilloftheirown,theybuilduptheirtheories.同位語分割結(jié)構(gòu)2001年完形填空?Concernswereraisedthatwitnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourttoensureguiltyverdicts.定語分割結(jié)構(gòu)1997年考研翻譯?Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontract,aspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.2005年Text2?Justasonsmoking,voicesnowcomefrommanyquartersinsistingthatthescienceaboutglobalwarmingisincomplete,thatit\OKtokeeppouringfumesintotheairuntilweknowforsure.2001年Text1?Asalogicalconsequenceofthisdevelopment,separatejournalshavenowappearedaimedmainlytowardseitherprofessionaloramateurreadership.3、并列結(jié)構(gòu)2000年Text3?ButitisalittleupsettingtoreadintheexplanatorynotesthatacertainlinedescribesafightbetweenaTurkishandaBulgarianofficeronabridgeoffwhichtheybothfallintotheriver-andthentofindthatthelineconsistsofthenoiseoftheirfallingandtheweightsoftheofficers:“Pluff!Pluff!Ahundredandeighty-fivekilograms.”2001年Text4?Thisphenomenonhascreatedseriousconcernsovertheroleofsmallereconomicfirms,ofnationalbusinessmenandovertheultimatestabilityoftheworldeconomy.1999年考研翻譯75)Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources,andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.2001年TextlAcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.綜合練習(xí)?Thehistoryofclinicalnutritionorthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenhealthandhowthebodytakesinandutilizesfoodsubstances,canbedividedintofourdistincteras:thefirstbeganinthenineteenthcenturyandextendedintotheearlytwentiethcenturywhenitwasrecognizedforthefirsttimethatfoodcontainedconstituentsthatwereessentialforhumanfunctionandthatdifferentfoodsprovideddifferentamountsoftheseessentialagents.4、代詞指代2001-7171)Therewillbetelevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots,andcarswithpollutionmonitorsthatwilldisablethemwhentheyoffend.2004年62題?Twoanthropologist-linguists,FranzBoasandEdwardSapir,werepioneersindescribingmanynativelanguagesofNorthandSouthAmericaduringthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury.62)Wfeareobligedtothembecausesomecftheselanguageshavesincevanished,asthepeopleswhospokethemdiedoutorbecameassimilatedandlosttheirnativelanguages.2002-6565)Untiltheseissuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejected,andwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.5、強(qiáng)調(diào)句2004TextlIfsaninteractivefeaturethatletsvisitorskeyinjobcriteriasuchaslocation,title,andsalary,thenE-mailsthemwhenamatchingpositionispostedinthedatabase.1998年Textl?Perhapsitishumankind'slongsufferingatthemercyoffloodanddroughtthatmakestheideaofforcingthewaterstodoourbiddingsofascinating.2006年Text2?Itistheplaygoers,theRSCcontends,whobringinmuchofthetown'srevenuebecausetheyspendthenight(someofthemfourorfivenights)pouringcashintothehotelsandrestaurants.2010年Text3?Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialwho,accordingtothetwo-step-flowtheory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.2002年完形?Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolutionspeededup,beginningwithtransport,therailway,andleadingonthroughthetelegraph,thetelephone,radio,andmotionpicturesintothe20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.6、倒裝句2008年Text4Andonlyoverthepast30yearshavescholarsexaminedhistoryfromthebottomup.只是從過去30年開始學(xué)者們才從頭徹底地開始研究歷史。2009年Text3Onlywhenhumanitybegantogetitsfoodinamoreproductivewaywastheretimeforotherthings.2009年Text4?AccordingtothestandardhistoryofAmericanphilosophy,nowhereelseincolonialAmericawas“Somuchimportanceattachedtointellectualpursuits”.2007年Text4Themostthoroughlystudiedinthehistoryofthenewworldaretheministersandpoliticalleadersofseventeenth-centuryNewEngland.1998年Text5Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.1998年翻譯75)Oddthoughitsounds,cosmicinflationisascientificallyplausibleconsequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementaryparticlephysics,andmanyastrophysicistshavebeenconvincedforthebetterpartofadecadethatitistrue.1995年翻譯?75)Forexample,theydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequality,andthusdonottellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungstermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances.7、省略句2003年Text4?ItissaidthatinEnglanddeathispressing,inCanadainevitableandinCaliforniaoptional.Smallwonder.Americans,lifeexpectancyhasnearlydoubledoverthepastcentury.Failinghipscanbereplaced,clinicaldepressioncontrolled,cataractsremovedina30-minutesurgicalprocedure.1995年Text3?Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.8、比較結(jié)構(gòu)2000年Text4?Inaddition,farmoreJapaneseworkersexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeirjobsthandidtheircounterpartsinthe10othercountriessurveyed.2008年Textl?Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.1994年翻譯?(71)Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.2001年Text5?Forthewomenofmygenerationwhowereurgedtokeepjugglingthroughthe"80s,down-shiftinginthemid"90sisnotsomuchasearchforthemythicalgoodlife-growingyourownorganicvegetables,andriskingturningintoone-asapersonalrecognitionofyourlimitations.2006年翻譯?49)Buthisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcodewhichgovernshisactivity,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductinbusiness.9、as結(jié)構(gòu),as介詞?as引導(dǎo)狀語從句?as關(guān)系代詞2000年完形?Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowing,asaninsuranceagainsttheunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinordertoreplaceoldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizerstofeedthesoil.2000年Text4?UrbanJapanesehavelongenduredlengthycommutes(travelstoandfromwork)andcrowdedlivingconditions,butastheoldgroupandfamilyvaluesweaken,thediscomfortisbeginningtotell.2006年Text4?Today,surroundedbypromisesofeasyhappiness,weneedarttotellus,asreligiononcedid,Mementomori:rememberthatyouwilldie,thateverythingends,andthathappinesscomesnotindenyingthisbutinlivingwithit.2001年Text5?Ihavediscovered,asperhapsKelseywillafterhermuch-publicizedresignationfromtheeditorshipofSheafterabuild-upofstress,thatabandoningthedoctrineof"jugglingyourlife,“andmakingthealternativemoveinto“downshifting”bringswithitfargreaterrewardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus.1997年Text2?Asistrueofanydevelopedsociety,inAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignals,assumptions,andconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.2006年Text2?Stratford-on-Avon,asweallknow,hasonlyoneindustry-WilliamShakespeare-buttherearetwodistinctlyseparateandincreasinglyhostilebranches.1993年翻譯?(75)Probablythereisnotoneherewhohasnotinthecourseofthedayhadoccasiontosetinmotionacomplextrainofreasoning,oftheverysamekind,thoughdifferingindegree,asthatwhichascientificmangoesthroughintracingthecausesofnaturalphenomena.參考譯文

并列句2000年Textl一段長久且輕易獲得成功的歷史可能成為一種可怕的不利條件，但是，如果處理得當(dāng)，這種不利條件會成為一種驅(qū)動力。名詞性從句

一、主語從句1998年Text5地球板塊是在漂移的，這一點(diǎn)毫無爭議。2006年Text3海洋正在被人們過度捕撈，多年以來已是盡人皆知。2000年翻譯再者，很顯然，一個(gè)國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力與其工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率密切相關(guān)。1995年考研完形例如，人們早有所知，完全剝奪睡眠會100%使老鼠致命。1992年翻譯人們普遍認(rèn)為，高智商的人有這樣的特點(diǎn)：理解力、辨別力和邏輯推理能力強(qiáng)，在解決問題過程中善于利用文字和數(shù)學(xué)符號。2005年Textl然而，這種公平感是在卷尾猴和人類身上各自獨(dú)立演化而成的，還是來自于3500萬年前他們共同的祖先，依然是個(gè)未解之謎。1995年翻譯這些預(yù)測將在多大程度上被后來的表現(xiàn)所證實(shí)取決于所使用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適用性，同時(shí)還取決于解釋這些信息的技能和才智。二、賓語從句2005年Text2那些年科學(xué)家們爭論說吸煙會致命，但是有些懷疑論者堅(jiān)持說我們尚不能肯定這一點(diǎn)，對此你還有印象嗎？1997年Text4?他在《華爾街日報(bào)》的一個(gè)專欄中寫道：“對任何民主社會的檢驗(yàn)不在于它能多好地控制言論的自由表達(dá),而在于它是否盡可能更寬松地賦予思想自由和表達(dá)的自由，但有時(shí)結(jié)果可能會大有爭議或令人不悅。”三、表語從句2002年Text3?另外一個(gè)不因油價(jià)上漲而失眠的原因是，這次漲價(jià)不像70年代的那些次上漲，它并不是在普遍的商品價(jià)格暴漲和全球需求過旺的背景之下發(fā)生的。1997年Text2?到美國去過的人一致帶回來的反應(yīng)是大多數(shù)美國人是如何友善、客氣和樂于助人四、同位語從句2005年Text3?一個(gè)世紀(jì)前，弗洛伊德闡述了他具有革命性的理論，即夢是我們內(nèi)心深處不曾意識到的欲望與恐懼的反映。定語從句2006年完形?即使有些無家可歸者設(shè)法找到了可供其一日三餐和棲身的收容所，但仍有大量無家可歸者每天大部分時(shí)間流浪街頭。1995年Text3?許多以前可以通過詢問家庭成員、朋友或者同事就能解決的生活問題，是現(xiàn)在的大家庭無力解決的。2004年翻譯?希臘人認(rèn)為，語言的結(jié)構(gòu)與思維過程之間存在某種聯(lián)系。這一觀點(diǎn)在人們尚未認(rèn)識到語言的千差萬別以前就早已在歐洲扎根了。2005年翻譯47)在歐洲，像在其它地方一樣，多媒體集團(tuán)越來越成功：這些集團(tuán)將相關(guān)的電視、廣播、報(bào)紙、雜志和出版社組合在一起。1999年Text2?一些公司只與那些獲得進(jìn)入公司內(nèi)部網(wǎng)的固定交易伙伴進(jìn)行在線交易，通過這種方式來降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。2000年Textl?美國的國富民強(qiáng)是那些經(jīng)濟(jì)遭到戰(zhàn)爭破壞的歐亞諸國做夢也無法想像的。1999年Textl?幸運(yùn)的是，如果門墊或者是火爐沒有能警告即將到來的災(zāi)難，你可以通過一場成功的法律訴訟來賠償你的麻煩。自20世紀(jì)80年代初以來公眾就是這樣想的，當(dāng)時(shí)法庭開始讓更多公司對消費(fèi)者的不幸負(fù)責(zé)。2005年Text3?在所有構(gòu)成良好睡眠的因素中，夢看起來是我們無法控制的一個(gè)。夢境中的世界，邏輯失去效用，死者開始言語。1999年Textl?個(gè)人受傷索賠案件一如既往，但是一些法庭開始站在被告一邊，特別是在有警告標(biāo)簽也不可能避免事故的案件中。2003年Text3?這種理論得到了很多經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的認(rèn)同，但在實(shí)際操作中，它使鐵路公司可以決定哪些公司繁榮興旺，哪些公司瀕臨倒閉。狀語從句結(jié)果狀語從句（2001年考研翻譯）家用電器也將變得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它們將導(dǎo)致一種新的心理疾病一廚房憤怒/廚房狂躁癥。（1999年閱讀Text5）他一直不斷地提出確定無疑的主張，以至于不僅他自己對他們深信不疑，還使得工商管理界相信他們都是真的。2006年完形確實(shí)，無家可歸者所占的比例已經(jīng)很大，地方政府都無法應(yīng)對。1998年Text5隨著這個(gè)穹隆地形的增長，它形成深深的裂縫；在少數(shù)情況下，大陸可能沿著其中一裂縫完全斷裂，這樣熱點(diǎn)促成了新大洋的形成。2002年Text4“大批醫(yī)生似乎對病人承受的不必要和可預(yù)見的痛苦漠不關(guān)心”，以至于到了“故意虐待病人”的地步。?目的狀語從句2003年Text4?人們常引用科羅拉多州州長RichardLamm的話說，老年多病者“有義務(wù)死去和讓位“，以便讓更年輕、更健康的人們發(fā)揮他們的潛能。2003年Text2?他們（科學(xué)家）應(yīng)該及時(shí)回復(fù)讀者來信，以防止有關(guān)動物權(quán)利的誤導(dǎo)言論不受質(zhì)疑,甚至披上一層真理的外衣。2000年Text5實(shí)際情況是，人們不能像從前那樣輕易地、公開地完全承認(rèn)他們的夢想，以免被人們認(rèn)為是出風(fēng)頭、貪婪、庸俗。讓步狀語從句2001年Text5盡管在美國，這個(gè)潮流原本是經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的一種反應(yīng)——80年代后期經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模的縮減造成了大量裁員——現(xiàn)在與節(jié)儉的政綱相聯(lián)系，然而在英國，至少在我認(rèn)識的中產(chǎn)階級激流勇退著當(dāng)中，我們簡化生活的理由是不同的。2006年翻譯48）我之所以把他（普通科學(xué)家）排除在外，是因?yàn)楸M管他的成就可能有助于解決道德問題，但他承擔(dān)的任務(wù)只不過是研究這些問題的事實(shí)方面。2005年Text4在20世紀(jì)60年代之前，當(dāng)人們伏案寫作時(shí)，即使受教育不多的人也追求一種高雅的風(fēng)格，而從那以后，即使是令人景仰的文章也在追求口語風(fēng)格。2000年Text2?但是不管我們的后代對我們離烏托邦之遙遠(yuǎn)感到多么的吃驚，他們的長相將和我們一樣。2000年閱讀Text3?當(dāng)一種新的藝術(shù)運(yùn)動達(dá)到某種程度的流行時(shí)，我們最好搞清楚這個(gè)運(yùn)動倡導(dǎo)者們的目標(biāo)是什么，因?yàn)椴还芩麄兊脑瓌t現(xiàn)在看來是如何牽強(qiáng)和不合理，在將來都有可能變得稀松平常。非謂語動詞2000年翻譯?75）由于人口激增或者由于大規(guī)模的人口流動（現(xiàn)代交通工具為這種流動提供了便利）所造成的各種問題也會對社會造成新的壓力。,2003年Text3?近些年來，鐵路公司相互合并，而成為超大型集團(tuán)，這引起人們對壟斷的日益關(guān)注。1999年Textl?由于面對這樣的威脅，公司的反應(yīng)是寫出無比冗長的警告標(biāo)簽，以盡量預(yù)見所有可能的事故。2007年Text3?過去的大半年以來，布什總統(tǒng)致力于將社會保障體系轉(zhuǎn)化成個(gè)人儲蓄賬戶模式。在這種模式下，退休人員把大部分或者全部有保證的退休金變?yōu)橐蕾嚮貓?bào)率的投資。綜合練習(xí)：1999年Textl?5月份，伊利諾伊州舒茨體育用品商店的總經(jīng)理贏得了一場官司，這場官司與一位橄欖球員戴著舒茨頭盔在比賽中受傷癱瘓的事故有關(guān)。長難句解析1、分隔結(jié)構(gòu)動詞+介詞短語+賓語1998年完形?與此相反，他們認(rèn)為在此之前，從1650年到1750年的100年間，英國雖然還是一個(gè)完全的農(nóng)業(yè)國，卻十分繁榮和富裕。2006年7選5賭場認(rèn)為他是個(gè)好顧客，就發(fā)給他一張“樂趣卡”，當(dāng)在賭場使用這張卡時(shí)，可以為他贏得餐飲積分，同時(shí)也可以使賭場追蹤持卡者的賭博活動。2003年閱讀第二篇?最后，因?yàn)樽罱K決定因素是病人，醫(yī)療研究機(jī)構(gòu)不僅應(yīng)積極爭取像斯蒂芬?guī)扃赀@樣的名人的支持——他對動物實(shí)驗(yàn)的價(jià)值勇敢地進(jìn)行了肯定——而且應(yīng)該爭取所有接受治