考研考博-英語-上海大學考試押題三合一+答案詳解篇

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-上海大學考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.翻譯題

各學科的發(fā)展日新月異，令人稱奇，但衡量知識、能力的方法卻依然如故，非常原始。迄今為止，教育工作還沒有找到比考試更有效、更可靠的方法，著實有點離奇。盡管有不少人認定，考試能衡量出一個人的知識水平，但實際情況恰恰相反，這是有目共睹的。要想考察一個人死記硬背的本事和在極大壓力下快速答題的技巧，考試或許是個不錯的方法。然而，要想了解一個人的稟賦資質(zhì)和實際能力如何，考試是考不出名堂的。

【答案】VariousDisciplinesevolvewithastonishingspeed,butthemethodsofmeasuringknowledgeandcompetenceremainasprimitiveasever.Itisalittleweirdthatnomoreeffectiveandreliablemethodthanexaminationshasbeenfoundineducationsofar.Althoughmanypeoplebelievethatexaminationscanmeasureone’slevelofknowledge,itisobvioustoallthattheoppositeistrue.Anexaminationmightbeagoodwaytotestone’sabilityofrotememorizationandskillsofansweringquicklyunderextremepressure.However,itcannottellyouone’saptitudeandpracticalcapabilities.

2.單選題

Severalmonthspreviously,theworkershadpetitionedthecompanyfora25percentwageincreaseand（）ofstrictersafetyregulations.

問題1選項

A.implement

B.endowment

C.enforcement

D.engagement

【答案】C

【解析】本題考查了同形詞辨析。implement“實施；工具”；endowment“捐贈；天賦”；enforcement“實施；執(zhí)行”；engagement“約定”，此處應(yīng)該選擇一個名詞，根據(jù)regulation“規(guī)范；管理”，可知此處應(yīng)該填一個表示“實施”的名詞，所以可以排除選項B、D；implement做動詞是“實施”的意思，但是做名詞是“工具”的意思，所以此處應(yīng)該用enforcement，故正確答案為選項C。

3.單選題

YoucommentthatIseemrelaxedtoday.Areyou______thatI’musuallyuptight?

問題1選項

A.pondering

B.intimating

C.indigenous

D.intimidating

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞義辨析。A項pondering為ponder的現(xiàn)在分詞，表示“沉思，默想”，B項intimating為intimate的現(xiàn)在分詞，表示“暗示，通知”，C項indigenous“本土的，國產(chǎn)的”，D項intimidating為intimidate的現(xiàn)在分詞，表示“恐嚇，威脅”。前面的句子意思是“你說我今天看起來很放松”，后面提到了uptight（緊張），這與前面相反，可以推測空格處表示“暗示”，B項符合。句意：你說我今天看起來很放松。你是在暗示我平常看起來都是緊張的嗎？因此，該題選擇B項。

4.單選題

Thefirstpriorityisto（）agoodreferencebooktoidentifythepestandchoosethemosteffectivecontrol.

問題1選項

A.concede

B.concise

C.consent

D.consult

【答案】D

【解析】考查形近詞辨析。concedev.“承認；退讓”；concise“簡明的；簡潔的”；consent“同意；贊成”；consult“査閱；商量”。由空后的agoodreferencebook“一本好的參考書”可知D項正確。consultareferencebook查閱參考書。句意：首要任務(wù)就是查閱好的參考書來確定害蟲并選擇最有效的控制方法。

5.單選題

Somepeoplesaythatthestudyofliberalartsisauselessluxurywecannotaffordinhardtimes.Students,theyargue,whodonotdevelopsalableskillswillfinditdifficulttolandajobupongraduation.Butthereisaprobleminspeakingof“salableskills.”Whatskillsaresalable?Rightnow,skillsformakingautomobilesarenothighlysalable,buttheyhavebeenfordecadesandmightbeagain.Skillsinteachingarenotnowassalableastheywereduringthepast20years,andthepopulationchartsindicatetheymaynotbesoonagain.Homeconstructionskillsareanotherexampleofvaryingsalability,asthejobmarketfluctuates.What’smore,ifonewantstobuildacurriculumexclusivelyonwhatissalable,onewillhavetomakethecourseveryshortandchangethemveryoften,inordertokeepupwiththerapidchangesinthejobmarket.Butwillnottheeffortbeinvain?Inveryfewthingscanwebesureoffuturesalability,andinasocietywherepeoplearefreetostudywhattheywant,andworkwheretheywant,andinvestastheywant,thereisnowaytokeepsupplyanddemandinlaborinperfectaccord.

ASchoolthatdevotesitselftotallytosalableskills,especiallyinatimeofhighunemployment,sendingyoungmenandwomenintotheworldarmedwithonlyanarrowrangeofskills,isalsosendinglambsintothelion’sden.Ifthosepeoplegainnothingmorefromtheirstudiesthansupposedlysalableskills,andcan’tmakethesalebecauseofchangesinthejobmarket,theyhavebeencheated.Butifthoseskillsweremorethansalable,ifstudygavethemabetterunderstandingoftheworldaroundthemandgreateradaptabilityinachangingworld,theyhavenotbeencheated.Theywillfindsomekindofjobsoonenough.Flexibility,anabilitytochangeandlearnnewthings,isavaluableskill.Peoplewhohavelearnedhowtolearncanlearnoutsideofschool.Thatiswheremostofushavelearnedtodowhatwedo,notinschool.Learningtolearnisoneofthehighestliberalskills.

1.Fromthispassage,wecanlearnthattheauthorisinfavorof

______.

2.Theword“fluctuate”inthefirstparagraphmostprobablymeans______.

3.Accordingtotheauthor,whoofthefollowingismorelikelytogetajobintimesofhighunemployment?

4.Accordingtotheauthor,indevelopingacurriculumschoolsshould______.

問題1選項

A.teachingpracticalskillsthatcanbesoldinthecurrentjobmarket

B.aflexiblecurriculumthatchangeswiththetimes

C.aliberaleducation

D.keepingabalancebetweenthesupplyanddemandinthelabormarket

問題2選項

A.remainsteady

B.changeinanirregularway

C.followasetpattern

D.becomeworseandworse

問題3選項

A.Apersonwiththeabilitytolearnbyhimself

B.Aconstructionworker

C.Acarrepairman

D.Apersonwithquiteafewsalableskills

問題4選項

A.predictthesalabilityofskillsinthefuturejobmarket

B.takethecurrentjobmarketintoconsideration

C.considerwhatskillaresalable

D.focusontheabilitytoadapttochanges

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:D

【解析】1.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第一段最后一句Inveryfewthingscanwebesureoffuturesalability,andinasocietywherepeoplearefreetostudywhattheywant,andworkwheretheywant,andinvestastheywant,thereisnowaytokeepsupplyanddemandinlaborinperfectaccord.（在一個人們可以自由學習他們想要的東西、在他們想要的地方工作、在他們想要的地方投資的社會里，我們不可能使勞動力的供求完全一致）可知作者沒有特地支持哪一種教育，而是支持他們自由地學習。C選項“自由的教育”，符合文章內(nèi)容，C選項正確。A選項“教授一些實用的技能，這些技能可以在當前的就業(yè)市場上得到銷售”，作者在文中寫到，不確定哪些技能值得推銷，可排除A選項。B選項“隨時代變化的靈活課程”，文章沒有提到此內(nèi)容，可排除。D選項“保持勞動力市場供求平衡”，文章提到并不能做到勞動力供求一致，D選項可排除。因此C選項正確。

2.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文中第一段Homeconstructionskillsareanotherexampleofvaryingsalability,asthejobmarketfluctuates（隨著就業(yè)市場的波動，住房建造技能的變化是銷售能力變化的另一個例子）。選項B“不規(guī)則的變化”，文章所說，就業(yè)市場的波動，可以理解為不規(guī)則的變化，選項B正確。選項A“保持穩(wěn)定”，不符合文章的內(nèi)容，可排除。選項C“依照成法”，不符合文章內(nèi)容，可排除。D選項“日就衰敗”，不符合文章內(nèi)容，可排除。因此B選項正確。

3.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干可以定位到文章第二段第三句Butifthoseskillsweremorethansalable,ifstudygavethemabetterunderstandingoftheworldaroundthemandgreateradaptabilityinachangingworld,theyhavenotbeencheated.Theywillfindsomekindofjobsoonenough（但如果這些技能很受歡迎，如果學習能讓他們更好地了解周圍的世界，并能更好地適應(yīng)不斷變化的世界，那么他們就沒有受騙。他們很快就會找到工作的）。由此句可推測，那些擁有自學能力的人，可以在高失業(yè)率下找到工作。A選項“有自學能力的人”，符合文章內(nèi)容，A選項正確。B選項“建筑工人”，文章沒有提到此內(nèi)容，B選項排除。C選項“汽車修理工”，文章沒有提到這個內(nèi)容，可排除。D選項“一個有相當多的銷售技巧的人”，一所完全致力于銷售技能的學校，尤其是在高失業(yè)率的時候，就是把男女送進虎穴，可排除D選項。因此A選項正確。

4.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干可以定位到文章第二段最后一句Peoplewhohavelearnedhowtolearncanlearnoutsideofschool.Thatiswheremostofushavelearnedtodowhatwedo,notinschool.Learningtolearnisoneofthehighestliberalskills.（學會了如何學習的人可以在校外學習。那是我們大多數(shù)人學會做我們所做的事情的地方，而不是在學校。學會學習是最高的自由技能之一）。由此句可推測，要學會如何學習，關(guān)注適應(yīng)變化的能力。D選項“關(guān)注適應(yīng)變化的能力”，符合文章內(nèi)容，因此D選項正確。A選項“預測技能在未來就業(yè)市場的銷售能力”，銷售能力只是有限的技能，A選項排除。B選項“把當前的就業(yè)市場也考慮進去”，文章沒有提到這個內(nèi)容，可排除。C選項“考慮什么技能是可以銷售的”，文章沒有提到這個內(nèi)容，可排除C選項。因此D選項正確。

6.單選題

Whatyousaynowisnot（

）withwhatyousaidlastweek.

問題1選項

A.persistent

B.insistent

C.permanent

D.consistent

【答案】D

【解析】句意:你現(xiàn)在說的話與你上星期說過的話不一致。

考查形容詞辨析。Persistent堅持的,固執(zhí)的;insistent堅持的,迫切的;permanent永久的,持久的;consistent始終如一的,持續(xù)的。因此D符合句意。

7.填空題

THEIRONBRIDGE

TheIronBridgewasthefirstofaskindinEuropeandisuniversallyrecognizedasasymboloftheIndustrialRevolution.

A:TheIronBridgecrossestheRiverSeverninCoalbrookdale,inthewestofEngland.Itwasthefirstcast-ironbridgetobesuccessfullyerected,andthefirstlargecast-ironstructureoftheindustrialageinEurope,althoughtheChinesewereexpertiron-castersmanycenturiesearlier.

B:Riversusedtotheequivalentoftoday’smotorways,inthattheywereextensivelyusedfortransportation.TheRiverSevern,whichstartsitslifeontheWelshmountainsandeventuallyenterstheseabetweenCardiffandBristol,isthelongestnavigableriverinBritain.Itwasidealfortransportationpurpose,andspecialboatswerebuilttonavigatethewaters.Bythemiddleoftheeighteenthcentury,theSevernwasoneofthebusiestriversinEurope.Localgoods,includingcoal,ironproducts,wool,grainandcider,weresentbyriver.Amongthegoodscomingupstreamwereluxuriessuchassugar,tea,coffeeandwine.Inplaces,theriverbankswerelinedwithwharvesandtheriverwasoftencrowdedwithboatsloadingorunloading.

C:In1638,BasilBrookepatentedasteel-makingprocessandbuiltafurnaceatCoalbrookdale.ThislaterbecamethepropertyofAbrahamDarby(referredtoasAbrahamDarbyItodistinguishhimfromhissonandgrandsonofthesamename.)AfterservinganapprenticeshipinBirmingham,DarbyhadstartedabusinessinBristol,buthemovedtoCoalbrookdalein1710withanideathatcokederivedfromcoalcouldprovideamoreeconomicalalternativetocharcoalasafuelforironmaking.Thisledtocheaper,moreefficientironmakingfromtheabundantsuppliesofcoal,ironandlimestoneinthearea.

D:Hisson,AbrahamDarbyII,pioneeredthemanufactureofcastiron,andhadtheideaofbuildingabridgeovertheSevern,asferryingstoresofallkindsacrosstheriver,particularlythelargequantitiesoffuelforthefurnacesatCoalbrookdaleandothersurroundingironworks,involvedconsiderableexpenseanddelay.However,itwashissonAbrahamDarbyIII(bornin1750)who,in1775,organizedameetingtoplanthebuildingofabridge.Thiswasdesignedbyalocalarchitect,ThomasPritchard,whohadtheideaofconstructingitofiron.

E:Sectionswerecastduringthewinterof1778-9fora7-metre-widebridgewithaspanof31metres,12metresabovetheriver.Constructiontookthreemonthsduringthesummerof1779,andremarkably,nobodywasinjuredduringtheconstructionprocess-afeatalmostunheardofeveninmodernmajorcivilengineeringprojects.Workontheapproachroadscontinuedforanothertwoyears,andthebridgewasopenedtotrafficin1781AbrahamDarbyⅢfundedthebridgebycommissioningpaintingsandengravings,buthelostalotontheproject,whichhadcostnearlydoubletheestimate,andhediedleavingmassivelargerdebtsin1789,agedonly39.Thedistrictdidnotflourishformuch1onger,andduringthenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturiesfactoriescloseddown.Since1934thebridgehasbeenopenonlytopedestrians.UniversallyrecognizedasthesymboloftheIndustrialRevolution,theIronBridgenowstandsattheheartoftheIronBridgeGorgeWorldHeritageSite.

F:Ithasalwaysbeenamysteryhowthebridgewasbuilt.Despiteitspioneeringtechnologynoeye-witnessaccountsareknownwhichdescribetheironbridgebeingerected—andcertainlynoplanshavesurvived.However,recentdiscoveries,researchandexperimentshaveshednewlightonexactlyhowitwasbuilt,challengingtheassumptionsofrecentdecades.In1997asmallwatercoloursketchbyEliasMartincametolightintheSwedishcapital,Stockholm.Althoughthereisawealthofearlyviewsofthebridgebynumerousartists,thisistheonlyonewhichactuallyshowsitunderconstruction.

G:Upuntilrecentlyithadbeenassumedthatthebridgehadbeenbuiltfrombothbanks,withtheinnersupportstiltedacrosstheriver.Thiswouldhaveallowedrivertraffictocontinueunimpededduringconstruction.Butthepictureclearlyshowssectionsofthebridgebeingraisedfromabargeintheriver.Itcontradictedeverythinghistorianshadassumedaboutthebridge,anditwasevenconsideredthatthepicturecouldhavebeenafakeasnootherhadcometolight.Soin2001ahalf-scalemodelofthebridgewasbuilt,inordertoseeifitcouldhavebeenconstructedinthewaydepictedinthewatercolour.Meanwhile,adetailedarchaeological,historicalandphotographicsurveywasdonebytheIronbridgeGorgeMuseumTrust,alongwitha3DCAD(computer–aideddesign)modelbyEnglishHeritage.

H:Theresultstellusalotmoreabouthowthebridgewasbuilt.Wenowknowthatallthelargecastingsweremadeindividuallyastheyareallslightlydifferent.Thebridgewasn’tweldedorboltedtogetherasmetalbridgesarethesedays.Insteaditwasfittedtogetherusingacomplexsystemofjointsnormallyusedforwood—butthiswasthetraditionalwayinwhichironstructureswerejoinedatthetime.Theconstructionofthemodelprovedthatthepaintingshowsaveryrealisticmethodofconstructingthebridgethatcouldworkandwasinallprobabilitythemethodused.

I:NowonlyonemysteryremainsintheIronBridgestory.TheSwedishwatercoloursketchhadapparentlybeentornfromabookwhichwouldhavecontainedsimilarsketches,ithadbeendrawnbyaSwedishartistwholivedinLondonfor12yearsandtravelledBritaindrawingwhathesaw.Nobodyknowswhathashappenedtotherestofthebook,butperhapstheothersketchesstillexistsomewhere.IftheyareeverfoundtheycouldprovidefurthervaluableevidenceofhowtheIronBridgewasconstructed.

Thetexthasnineparagraphs.A-I.Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?Writethecorrectletter.A-Ionyouranswersheet.（

）

1.whyabridgewasrequiredacrosstheRiverSevern

2.amethodusedtoraisemoneyforthebridge

3.whyCoalbrookdalebecameattractivetoironmakers

4.howthesectionsofthebridgewereconnectedtoeachother

【答案】1.D

2.E

3.C

4.H

【解析】1.根據(jù)文章D段，“hadtheideaofbuildingabridgeovertheSevern,asferryingstoresofallkindsacrosstheriver,particularlythelargequantitiesoffuelforthefurnacesatCoalbrookdaleandothersurroundingironworks,involvedconsiderableexpenseanddelay.”，AbrahamDarby有在塞文河上建一座橋的想法，因為需要運送各種各樣的物資過河，尤其是科爾布魯克代爾和周圍其他煉鐵廠的大量燃料，這要花費相當大的費用，而且耗費很長的時間。可判斷出D段的主要內(nèi)容是解釋了在塞文河上建橋的原因。

2.根據(jù)文章E段，“AbrahamDarbyⅢfundedthebridgebycommissioningpaintingsandengravings,buthelostalotontheproject,whichhadcostnearlydoubletheestimate,andhediedleavingmassivelargerdebtsin1789,agedonly39.”，達比三世在這座橋的繪畫和雕刻上贊助了資金，但他在這個項目上損失慘重，花費幾乎是預期的兩倍。1789年，年僅39歲的他死后留下了巨額債務(wù)。可判斷出E段主要提到了橋的花費和資助問題，為這座橋籌集資金。選項E符合題意。

3.根據(jù)文章C段，“DarbyhadstartedabusinessinBristol,buthemovedtoCoalbrookdalein1710withanideathatcokederivedfromcoalcouldprovideamoreeconomicalalternativetocharcoalasafuelforironmaking.”，達比在布里斯托爾開了一家公司，但他在1710年搬到了科爾布魯克代爾，他的想法是，從煤炭中提取的焦炭可替代木炭，是一種更經(jīng)濟的煉鐵燃料。可判斷出搬到科爾布魯克代爾的目的在于可以利用熔爐從焦炭中提取更經(jīng)濟的煉鐵材料，所以對煉鐵工人更有吸引力。選項C符合題意。

4.根據(jù)文章H段，“Thebridgewasn’tweldedorboltedtogetherasmetalbridgesarethesedays.Insteaditwasfittedtogetherusingacomplexsystemofjointsnormallyusedforwood—butthiswasthetraditionalwayinwhichironstructureswerejoinedatthetime.”，這座橋不像現(xiàn)在的金屬橋，焊接或用螺栓連接在一起的。相反，它是用一套常用于木材的復雜的接頭系統(tǒng)連接在一起的——但這是當時鑄鐵連接的傳統(tǒng)方式。可判斷出H段主要介紹了橋的各個部分是通過什么樣的方式相互連接的。選項H符合題意。

8.單選題

Itisgenerallybelievedthattruefriendshipislikehealth,（）isseldomknowntillitislost.

問題1選項

A.thevalueofwhich

B.itsvalue

C.thevalueofit

D.it'svalue

【答案】A

【解析】考查定語從句。thevalueofwhich在句中充當主語,

選項A正確。其他選項都有自己的主語,

但缺少連詞,

所以不選。

9.單選題

Manyobjectsindailyusehaveclearlybeeninfluencedbyscience,buttheirformandfunction,theirdimensionsandappearanceweredeterminedbytechnologists,artisans,designers,inventors,andengineers—usingnonscientificmodesofthought.Manyfeaturesandqualitiesoftheobjectsthatatechnologistthinksaboutcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions;theyaredealtwithinthemindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess.InthedevelopmentofWesterntechnology,ithasbeennonverbalthinking,byandlarge,thathasfixedtheoutlinesandfilledinthedetails,androcketsexistnotbecauseofgeometryorthermodynamics,butbecausetheywerefirstapictureinthemindsofthosewhobuiltthem.

Thecreativeshapingprocessofatechnologist’smindcanbeseeninnearlyeveryartifactthatexists.Forexample,indesigningadieselengine,atechnologistmightimpressindividualwaysofnonverbalthinkingonthemachinebycontinuallyusinganintuitivesenseofrightnessandfitness.Whatwouldbetheshapeofthecombustionchamber?Whereshouldbethevalvesplayed?Shouldithavealongorshortpiston?Suchquestionshavearangeofanswersthataresuppliedbyexperience,byphysicalrequirements,bylimitationsofavailablespace,andnotleastbyasenseofform.Somedecisions,suchaswallthicknessandpindiameter,maydependonscientificcalculations,butthenonscientificcomponentofdesignremainsprimary.

Designcourses,then,shouldbeanessentialelementinengineeringcurricula.Nonverbalthinking,acentralmechanisminengineeringdesign,involvesperceptions,thestockintradeoftheartist,notthescientist.Becauseperceptiveprocessesarenotassumedtoentail“hardthinking”,nonverbalthoughtissometimesseenasaprimitivestageinthedevelopmentofcognitiveprocessandinferiortoverbalormathematicalthought.ButitisparadoxicalthatwhenthestaffoftheHistoricAmericanEngineeringRecordwishedtohavedrawingsmadeofmachinesandisometric(等距)viewsofindustrialprocessesforitshistoricalrecordofAmericanengineering,theonlycollegestudentswiththerequisiteabilitieswerenotengineeringstudents,butratherstudentsattendingarchitecturalschools.

Ifcoursesindesign,whichinastronglyanalyticalengineeringcurriculumprovidethebackgroundrequiredforpracticalproblemsolving,arenotprovided,wecanexpecttoencountersillybutcostlyerrorsoccurringinadvancedengineeringsystems.Forexample,earlymodelsofhighspeedrailroadcarsloadedwithsophisticatedcontrolswereunabletooperateinasnowstormbecauseafansuckedsnowintotheelectricalsystem.Absurdrandomfailuresthatplagueautomaticcontrolsystemsarenotmerelytrivialaberrations,theyareareflectionofthechaosthatresultswhendesignisassumedtobeprimarilyaprobleminmathematics.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,whatistheuseofnonscientificthinking?

2.Itcanbeinferredthattheengineeringcurricula（）.

3.Bysaying“paradoxical”inthethirdparagraph,theauthorpointsoutthat（）.

4.Whichofthefollowingisprobablyinaccordancewiththeauthor’sidea?

問題1選項

A.Criticalthinkingmaybederivedfromnonscientificthinking.

B.Manyfeaturesandqualitiesofanobjectcanbeimagined.

C.Manyobjectsarecreatedwithclearverbaldescriptions.

D.Peoplefromdifferenttradesmaybenefitfromnonscientificthinking.

問題2選項

A.arestrongdespitetheabsenceofnonscientificmodesofthinking

B.shouldnotemphasizenonverbalthinkinginallcourses

C.arethoughttoincludeverbalormathematicalcourse

D.canbestrengthenedwhentheyincludecoursesindesign

問題3選項

A.engineeringstudentsdonotunderstandthehistoryofAmericanengineering

B.engineeringstudentsshouldknowmorethanarchitecturalstudents

C.engineeringstudentsshouldperceiveanddesignbetterthanarchitecturalstudentsdo

D.engineeringstudentsneglecttheimportanceofdrawings

問題4選項

A.Mathematicalthinkingisessentialtoanydesigncourse.

B.Nonverbalthinkinghasitsadvantagesoverotherperceptiveprocesses.

C.Engineeringdesigndemandsscientificthought.

D.Artistsplayaprimitiveroleinengineeringwork.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:B

【解析】1.推理判斷題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“nonscientificthinking”可以定位到文章第一段第一句buttheirformandfunction,theirdimensionsandappearanceweredeterminedbytechnologists,artisans,designers,inventors,andengineers—usingnonscientificmodesofthought.（但它們的形式和功能、尺寸和外觀是由技術(shù)人員、工匠、設(shè)計師、發(fā)明家和工程師用非科學的思維模式?jīng)Q定的。），說明各個行業(yè)的人都可以用到非科學的思維模式。因此D選項“不同行業(yè)的人可能從非科學思維中受益”正確。A選項“批判性思維可能來源于非科學思維”，文中沒有提及批判性思維，所以A錯誤。B選項“一個物體的許多特征和品質(zhì)是可以想象的”不是說的非科學性思維的用處，所以B錯誤。C選項“許多對象都是用清晰的語言描述創(chuàng)建的”，由原文Manyfeaturesandqualitiesoftheobjectsthatatechnologistthinksaboutcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions（技術(shù)專家思考的對象的許多特征和品質(zhì)不能簡化為明確的語言描述），說明不能用清晰的語言描述創(chuàng)建，所以C錯誤。

2.推理判斷題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“engineeringcurricula”可以定位到文章第三段第一句Designcourses,then,shouldbeanessentialelementinengineeringcurricula.（因此，設(shè)計課程應(yīng)該是工程課程的一個基本元素。），說明設(shè)計課程對于工程學課程來說很重要。因此D選項“如果工程學課程包括設(shè)計課的話，課程會得到加強”正確。A選項“盡管缺乏非科學的思維模式，但仍然很強大”，由原文Nonverbalthinking,acentralmechanisminengineeringdesign,involvesperceptions,thestockintradeoftheartist,notthescientist.（非語言思維是工程設(shè)計的核心機制，它涉及到感知，是藝術(shù)家而非科學家的慣用手段。）可知工程學課程包含了非科學思維，所以A錯誤。B選項“不應(yīng)在所有課程中強調(diào)非語言思維”，C選項“被認為包括語言或數(shù)學課程”在文中沒有提及，所以B，C錯誤。

3.語義推測題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“paradoxical”可以定位到文章第三段第四句ButitisparadoxicalthatwhenthestaffoftheHistoricAmericanEngineeringRecordwishedtohavedrawingsmadeofmachinesandisometricviewsofindustrialprocessesforitshistoricalrecordofAmericanengineering,theonlycollegestudentswiththerequisiteabilitieswerenotengineeringstudents,butratherstudentsattendingarchitecturalschools.（但自相矛盾的是，當《美國工程歷史記錄》的工作人員希望讓人畫出機器的圖紙和工業(yè)過程的等距視圖，用于其對美國工程的歷史記錄時，具備必要能力的大學生卻不是工科生，而是就讀于建筑學院的學生。），說明要求非語言思維的工程專業(yè)學生本應(yīng)該有更好的感知和設(shè)計能力，但他們卻不如建筑學院的學生，這是自相矛盾的。因此C選項“工程專業(yè)的學生應(yīng)該比建筑專業(yè)的學生更好地感知和設(shè)計”正確。A選項“工程專業(yè)的學生不了解美國工程的歷史”，B選項“工程專業(yè)的學生應(yīng)該比建筑專業(yè)的學生懂得更多”，D選項“工程專業(yè)的學生忽視了圖紙的重要性”都不是作者想指出的內(nèi)容，所以A，B，D錯誤。

4.觀點態(tài)度題。A選項“數(shù)學思維對任何設(shè)計課程都是必不可少的”，由原文theyareareflectionofthechaosthatresultswhendesignisassumedtobeprimarilyaprobleminmathematics.（當設(shè)計被認為主要是一個數(shù)學問題時，它們反映了產(chǎn)生的混亂。），說明數(shù)學思維對于設(shè)計來說不是必不可少的，所以A錯誤。C選項“工程設(shè)計需要科學的思想”，由原文可知作者強調(diào)的是非科學思維，所以C錯誤。D選項“藝術(shù)家在工程工作中扮演著原始的角色”在文中沒有提及所以D錯誤。B選項“非語言思維比其他知覺過程有優(yōu)勢”，由原文可知在很多方面都需要用到非語言思維，說明作者認為非語言思維是有優(yōu)勢的，所以B選項最能代表作者的觀點。

10.單選題

Didyouknowthatwomen’sbrainsaresmallerthanmen’s?Theaveragewomen’sbrainweights10%lessthanmen’s.Sinceresearchhasshownthatthebiggerthebrain,theclevertheanimal,menmustbemoreintelligentthanwomen.Right?Wrong.Menandwomenalwaysscoresimilarlyonintelligencetests,despitethedifferenceinbrainsize.Why?Afteryearsofstudy,researchershaveconcludedthatit’swhat’sinsidethatmatters,notjustthesizeofbrain.Thebrainconsistsof“greymatter”and“whitematter”.Whilemenhavemoreofthelatter,theamountof“thinking”brainisalmostexactlythesameinbothsexes.

Ithasbeensuggestedthatsmallerbrainappearstoworkfaster,perhapsbecausethetwosidesofthebrainarebetterconnectedinwomen.Thismeansthatlittlegirlstendtolearntospeakearlier,andthatwomencanunderstandsortsofinformationfromdifferentsourcesatthesametime.Whenitcomestotalkingtothebossonthephone,cookingdinnerandkeepinganeyeonthebabyailatthesametime,it’swomenwhocomeoutontopeverytime.

Thereareotherimportantdifferencesbetweentwosexes.Aswhitematteristhekeytospatialtasks,menknowbetterwherethingsareinrelationtootherthings.“Agreatfootballeralwaysknowswhereheisinrelationtotheotherplayers,andheknowswheretogo,”saysoneresearcher.Thatmayexplainoneoflife’sgreatmysteries:whymenrefusetoaskfordirections...andwomenoftenneedto!

Thedifferencesbeginwhenfetusesareaboutnineweeksold,whichcanbeseenintheactionofchildrenasyoungasone.Aboywouldtrytoclimbabarrierbeforehimorpushitdownwhileagirlwouldattracthelpfromothers.Thesebraindifferencesalsoexplainthefactthatmorementakeupjobsthatrequiregoodspatialskillswhilemorewomenspeechskills.Itmayallgobacktoourancestors,amongwhomwomenneededspeechskillstotakecareoftheirbabiesandmenneededspatialskillstohunt,accordingtotheresearch.

Ifallthisdisappointsyou,itshouldn’t.“Thebrainchangesthroughoutourlivesaccordingtowhatwedowithit.”saysabiologist.

1.Thepassagemainlytellsus（

）.

2.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirstparagraph?

3.Whatcanweinferfromthesecondandthirdparagraphs?

4.Whichofthefollowingdoyouagreewithaccordingtothefourthparagraph?

5.Whatisthewriter’sattitudeinwritingthispassage?

問題1選項

A.thedifferencesbetweenmen’sandwomen’sbrains

B.thechangesinbrainthroughoutourlives

C.thatmenarebetteratspatialtasks

D.thatbraindifferencesarerelatedtoourancestors

問題2選項

A.Women’sbrainis10%lessthanmen’s.

B.Greymatterplaysthesameroleaswhitematter.

C.Greymattercontrolsthinkinginthebrain.

D.Bothsexeshavethesameamountofwhitematter.

問題3選項

A.Womenpreferdoingmanythingsatatime.

B.Mendobetterdealingwithonejobatatime.

C.Womendonotneedtotelldirections.

D.Menhaveweakerspatialabilities.

問題4選項

A.Youngboysmaybestrongerthanyounggirls.

B.Morewomentakeupjobsrequiringspeechskills.

C.Womenmayhavestrongerfeelingsthanmen.

D.Ourancestorsneededmorespatialskills.

問題5選項

A.Defensive

B.Persuasive

C.Supportive

D.Objective

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。文章首先通過否定腦袋越大的動物越聰明，所以男性一定比女性聰明的論斷來引出文章的中心論點，即男女性在智利方而是沒有什么差異的，是他們的大腦構(gòu)造的不同導致了知識的掌握以及行為等方面的不同。因此選項A“男女性大腦的不同”比較能概括全文。

2.判斷推理題。選項A“女性的大腦比男性輕10%”，根據(jù)文章第一段Theaveragewomen'sbrainweights10%lessthanmen’s.中的關(guān)鍵詞average“平均”可知選項A表述不夠準確，不是所有的女性的大腦都比男性輕10%；根據(jù)文章第一段中的Thebrainconsistsof“greymatter”and“whitematter”.Whilemenhavemoreofthelatter,theamountof“thinking”brainisalmostexactlythesameinbothsexes.“大腦包括‘大腦灰質(zhì)”和‘白質(zhì)’，盡管男性有更多的白質(zhì)，但男女‘思維’幾乎是相同的”可以推斷出大腦灰質(zhì)是“思維型”，而根據(jù)文章第三段中的Aswhitematteristhekeytospatialtasks...“由于對于完成需要空間思維的任務(wù)至關(guān)道要……”可知白質(zhì)是“空間想象型”，故選項B“灰質(zhì)和白質(zhì)所起到的作用相同”和選項D“男女性擁有等量的白質(zhì)”錯誤，而選項C“大腦灰質(zhì)控制思維”正確。

3.判斷推理題。根據(jù)文章第二段中的womencanunderstandsortsofinformationfromdifferentsourcesatthesametime.“女性大腦可以同吋處理來自不同地方的多種信息”可以推斷出選項A“女性愿意同時做多件事”正確；選項B“男性能更好地在一個吋間內(nèi)處理—件事情”在文章中沒有體現(xiàn)；根據(jù)文章第三段中的whymenrefusetoaskfordirections...andwomenoftenneedto!“為什么男性不會去詢問有關(guān)方向的問題，而女性卻常常問這樣的問題”可知選項C“女性不需要辨別方向”和選項D“男性的空間思維能力更弱”錯誤，故選A。

4.判斷推理題。根據(jù)第四段的Thesebraindifferencesalsoexplainthefactthatmorementakeupjobsthatrequiregoodspatialskillswhilemorewomenspeechskills(這些大腦的區(qū)別解釋了一種實際現(xiàn)象一一大部分男性都會從事需要很好的空間思維能力的工作而女性卻從事需要語言技巧的工作),可推斷出選項B“更多的女性從事需要語言技巧的工作”正確。

5.觀點態(tài)度題。這是一篇具有科普類性質(zhì)的文章，科普類的一般是客觀的，故答案選項為D“客觀的”。

11.單選題

Astheheadofthedepartmentwasawayonabusinesstrip,Iwasaskedto（

）theweeklystaffmeeting.

問題1選項

A.chair

B.introduce

C.preside

D.dominate

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項chair“擔任（會議、討論等的）主席，主持（會議、討論等）”，是及物動詞；B選項introduce“介紹，引入”；C選項preside“主持，指揮，擔任會議主席”，是不及物動詞，后面不能直接跟賓語，故排除；D選項dominate“支配，控制”。由theweeklystaffmeeting（每周員工會議）可知A選項符合語境。句意：由于部門主管出差，我被要求主持每周的員工會議。

12.單選題

TheEuropeanonlinefashionbusinessisfierce.Justaskbackersofone-timehighflierslike,theurbansportswearretailerthattankedlastyear,andD,thestrugglingmen’swearspecialist.Thoseoncestellaronlinebrandsexpandedtoofast,spentmuchmorethantheyearned,andthenlosttheirinvestorsupportafterInternetstocksbeganplummetinglastApril.Themarketss