考研考博-英語-中原工學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解3

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-中原工學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.翻譯題

國(guó)際間的禮品贈(zèng)予已經(jīng)成了文化的危險(xiǎn)區(qū)域。各種文化中的禁忌都有所不同。要贈(zèng)送他人得當(dāng)?shù)亩Y品就必須了解對(duì)方的文化。

在某些文化中，適時(shí)贈(zèng)予符合時(shí)尚的合適的禮品，不僅會(huì)增進(jìn)個(gè)人之間的關(guān)系，也能提高公司和個(gè)人的形象。合適的禮品可以表達(dá)對(duì)他人的尊重，同樣也表現(xiàn)出公司和個(gè)人的形象，以及實(shí)現(xiàn)全球化的技能和實(shí)力。在人際關(guān)系十分重要的文化中，禮品反映公司的形象和意圖。同時(shí)，潛在的合作伙伴可以進(jìn)一步領(lǐng)會(huì)你以及你公司的想法和未來可能采取的行動(dòng)。然而，贈(zèng)予禮品的主要目的是，向接受者表示敬意，讓他們感到愉快。如果把這一點(diǎn)牢記在心，你就不可能贈(zèng)送他人不合適的禮品。你的禮品就更不可能會(huì)侮辱對(duì)方。

國(guó)際間禮品贈(zèng)予的基本經(jīng)驗(yàn)是：你贈(zèng)送的禮品最好是本國(guó)生產(chǎn)的。要特別細(xì)心，弄清禮品的生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)地，以避免對(duì)接受禮品的人造成任何無禮的后果。

【答案】Internationalgift-givinghasbecomeadangerouszoneofculture,andeachculturehasitsowntaboos.Togivepropergiftstoothers,onemustunderstandthecultureofthereceivers.

Insomecultures,givingtheappropriateandfashionablegifttimely,notonlyadvancespersonalrelationships,butcanenhancetheimageofthecompanyandtheindividual.Therightgiftcanshowrespectforothers,andindicatetheimageofacompanyoranindividual,aswellastheskillsandstrengthtoachieveglobalization.Inaculturewhererelationshipsareimportant,giftsreflectacompany’simageandintentions.Atthesametime,potentialpartnerscangaininsightintowhatyouandyourcompanyarethinkingandwhatyoumightdointhefuture.However,themainpurposeofgift-givingistoshowyourhonortotherecipientsandmakethemfeelhappy.Ifyoukeepthisinmind,itwillbeimpossibleforyoutogiveothersinappropriategifts,letaloneinsultinggifts.

Thebasicexperienceininternationalgift-givingis:yourgifthadbettertobemanufacturedinyourhomecountry.Takespecialcaretomakesurewherethegiftwasmadesoasnottocauseanyrudenesstotherecipient.

2.單選題

Whichofthefollowingitalicizedpartsisusedasanobject?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.doyouthinkhashappenedforher?

B.doyouthinkthevisitingprofessoris?

C.doyouthinkheearnseverymonth?

D.wouldyousayhewouldcome?

【答案】C

【解析】考查句子成分。題干：下面哪個(gè)斜體部分被用作賓語？

A選項(xiàng)what作主語；B選項(xiàng)who作表語；C選項(xiàng)howmuch作賓語；D選項(xiàng)howquickly作狀語。

3.單選題

Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroubleinpublic.Behindthescenes,theyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelse:theaccountingstandard-setters.Theirrules,moanthebanks,haveforcedthemtoreportenormouslosses,andit’sjustnotfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch.

Unfortunately,banks’lobbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetailsmaybeunknowable,buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised.And,unlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult.

AfterabruisingencounterwithCongress,America’sFinancialAccountingStandardsBoard(FASB)rushedthroughrulechanges.Thesegavebanksmorefreedomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong-termassetsintheirincomestatements.BobHerz,theFASB’schairman,criedoutagainstthosewho“questionourmotives”.Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbyinggrouppolitelycalls“theuseofjudgmentbymanagers.”

EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(IASB)dolikewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallplanning,butthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitsreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrong.CharlieMcGreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warmedtheIASBthatitdid“notliveinapoliticalvacuum”but“intherealworld”andthatEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules.

Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanet,withaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets.Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,becausetheylargelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarkets,notthelikelyextentofbaddebts.Thetruthwillnotbeknownforyears.Butbanks’sharestradebelowtheirbookvalue,suggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical.Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses,yetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains.

Togetthesystemworkingagain,lossesmustberecognizedanddealtwith.America’snewplantobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetstolevelswhichbuyersfindattractive.Successfulmarketsrequireindependentandevencombativestandard-setters.TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythat,cleaninguprulesonstockoptionsandpensions,forexample,againsthostilityfromspecialinterests.Butbygivingintocriticsnowtheyareinvitingpressuretomakemoreconcessions.

31.Bankerscomplainedthattheywereforcedto________.

32.Accordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmayresultin________.

33.AccordingtoParagraph4,McGreevyobjectstotheIASB’sattemptto________.

34.Theauthorthinksthebankswere“onthewrongplanet”inthatthey________.

35.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsstandard-settersistheoneof________.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.followunfavorableassetevaluationrules

B.collectpaymentsfromthirdparties

C.cooperatewiththepricemanagers

D.reevaluatesomeoftheirassets

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.thediminishingroleofmanagement

B.therevivalofthebankingsystem

C.thebanks’long-termassetlosses

D.theweakeningofitsindependence

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.keepawayfrompoliticalinfluences

B.evadethepressurefromtheirpeers

C.actontheirowninrule-setting

D.takegradualmeasuresinreform

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.misinterpretedmarkedpriceindicators

B.exaggeratedtherealvalueoftheirassets

C.neglectedthelikelyexistenceofbaddebts

D.deniedbookinglossesintheirsaleofassets

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.satisfaction

B.skepticism

C.objectiveness

D.sympathy

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】31.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch.（這些規(guī)則規(guī)定，他們必須以第三方愿意支付的價(jià)格對(duì)某些資產(chǎn)進(jìn)行估價(jià)，而不是按照管理者和監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)希望他們獲得的價(jià)格。），可知銀行家的主要問題是不能按照正常方式估價(jià)，所以A選項(xiàng)“遵循不良資產(chǎn)評(píng)估規(guī)則”正確。B選項(xiàng)“從第三方收取款項(xiàng)”，C選項(xiàng)“配合價(jià)格經(jīng)理”和D選項(xiàng)“重新評(píng)估他們的某些資產(chǎn)”不符合題意。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

32.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第二段第二句buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised.（但對(duì)資本市場(chǎng)正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)至關(guān)重要的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制定者的獨(dú)立性正在受到損害。），可知D選項(xiàng)“削弱其獨(dú)立性”正確。A選項(xiàng)“削弱管理層的作用”：根據(jù)第三段最后一句Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbyinggrouppolitelycalls“theuseofjudgmentbymanagers.”（然而，銀行股票上漲加強(qiáng)了游說團(tuán)所敬稱的“管理者決斷權(quán)”。），可知FASB的變化加強(qiáng)了管理層權(quán)力，故錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)“恢復(fù)銀行系統(tǒng)”：根據(jù)第二段最后一句unlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult.（除非銀行以吸引買家的價(jià)格持有有毒資產(chǎn)，否則恢復(fù)銀行體系將會(huì)很困難），可知FASB變化不會(huì)恢復(fù)銀行體系，故錯(cuò)誤。C選項(xiàng)“銀行損失長(zhǎng)期資產(chǎn)”：根據(jù)第三段第二句moreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong-termassetsintheirincomestatements（也給銀行在損益表中確認(rèn)長(zhǎng)期資產(chǎn)損失時(shí)更大的靈活性），可知并沒有導(dǎo)致長(zhǎng)期資產(chǎn)損失，故錯(cuò)誤。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

33.語義推測(cè)題。根據(jù)第四段第二句TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallplanning,butthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitsreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrong.（IASB表示它不想沒有完整計(jì)劃就貿(mào)然行動(dòng)，但它在今年下半年完成規(guī)則修訂時(shí)必須屈服的壓力十分巨大。），可知C選項(xiàng)“自己制定規(guī)則”正確；沒有要逃避壓力，故B選項(xiàng)“規(guī)避來自同行的壓力”錯(cuò)誤。A選項(xiàng)“遠(yuǎn)離政治影響”：根據(jù)第四段第三句CharlieMcGreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warmedtheIASBthatitdid“notliveinapoliticalvacuum”（歐盟委員CharlieMcGreevy稱贊IASB“不是生活在政治的真空中”。），可知這只是CharlieMcGreevy的看法，故錯(cuò)誤。D選項(xiàng)“逐步改革措施”：文章沒有提到，故錯(cuò)誤。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

34.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第五段第一句Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanet,withaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets.（銀行在錯(cuò)誤的星球上，他們的賬戶資產(chǎn)被大大高估了。），可知B選項(xiàng)“夸大他們資產(chǎn)的實(shí)際價(jià)值”正確。A選項(xiàng)“錯(cuò)誤解讀標(biāo)價(jià)價(jià)格指標(biāo)”，C選項(xiàng)“忽視了可能存在的壞賬”和D選項(xiàng)“否認(rèn)其出售資產(chǎn)的賬面損失”不符合題意，故錯(cuò)誤。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

35.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)第二段第二句buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised.（但對(duì)資本市場(chǎng)正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)至關(guān)重要的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制定者的獨(dú)立性正在受到損害。），隨后對(duì)此進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步說明，所以作者認(rèn)為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制定者的獨(dú)立性正在受到損害，所以D選項(xiàng)“同情”正確，A選項(xiàng)“滿意”，B選項(xiàng)“懷疑”和C選項(xiàng)“客觀”不符合題意。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

FamiliaritywithWesternweapons,theassistanceofEuropeanofficers,relianceuponsteamships,allgavehisarmygreatsuperiority（）theotherarmiesoftheperiod,includingthoseofthegovernment.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.to

B.better

C.over

D.of

【答案】C

【解析】固定搭配辨析。superiorityoversth.“比優(yōu)越；比……優(yōu)越”。句意：熟悉西方武器，歐洲官員的幫助以及蒸汽船的使用使得他的軍隊(duì)……當(dāng)時(shí)的包括政府軍隊(duì)在內(nèi)的其他軍隊(duì)。本句表達(dá)“他的軍隊(duì)比其他軍隊(duì)優(yōu)越”。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

Thoughheviewshimselfasarealist,Cetronsayshisfindingsmakehimvery（

）

aboutfuture.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.optimistic

B.sympathetic

C.objective

D.precautious

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。optimistic“樂觀的”；sympathetic“有同情心的”；objective“客觀的”；precautious“警惕的，謹(jǐn)慎的”。句意：盡管認(rèn)為自己是一個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者，Cetron稱他的發(fā)現(xiàn)讓自己對(duì)未來非常樂觀。由轉(zhuǎn)折詞Though及realist“現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者”可知空格處所填單詞意思應(yīng)與realist相反，現(xiàn)實(shí)主義者一般對(duì)未來不持樂觀態(tài)度，故選項(xiàng)中“樂觀的”正確，答案A

6.單選題

Overthelastfifteenyears,jogginghasbecomeapopular（）for30millionparticipantsofallages.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.fantasy

B.pastime

C.symposium

D.penalty

【答案】B

【解析】句意:在最近的十五年里，慢跑己成為三千萬所有年齡層參與者所喜歡的一種消遣。

考查名詞辨析。fantasy幻想，想象，想象產(chǎn)物;；pastime消遣，休閑活動(dòng);symposium討論會(huì)，座談會(huì);penalty罰款，處罰。因此B符合句意。

7.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingpassagefromEnglishintoChinese

Thedebateaboutgovernment’ssuccessesandfailuresdemonstratesagainthatdrawingtheboundarybetweenmarketandgovernmentisanenduringproblem.Thetoolsofeconomicsareindispensabletohelpsocietiesfindthegoldenmeanbetweenlaissez-fairemarketmechanismsanddemocraticrulesoftheroad.Thegoodmixedeconomyis,perforce,thelimitedmixedeconomy.Butthosewhowouldreducegovernmenttotheconstableplusafewlighthousesarelivinginadreamworld.Anefficientandhumanesocietyrequiresbothhalvesofthemixedsystem—marketandgovernment.Operatingamodemeconomywithoutbothisliketryingtoclapwithonehand.

【答案】關(guān)于政府的成功與失敗的討論再次表明，劃清市場(chǎng)與政府之間的界限是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期存在的問題。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)工具是幫助社會(huì)找到自由放任的市場(chǎng)機(jī)制和民主的道路規(guī)則之間中庸之道不可缺少的。良好的混合經(jīng)濟(jì)必然是有限的混合經(jīng)濟(jì)。但是那些把政府降為警察和幾座燈塔的人正生活在一個(gè)夢(mèng)幻世界里。一個(gè)高效的、人道的社會(huì)需要混合系統(tǒng)的兩部分—市場(chǎng)和政府。在沒有兩者的情況下經(jīng)營(yíng)現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)，就像試圖用一只手鼓掌一樣。

8.單選題

AcenturyagointheUnitedStates,whenanindividualbroughtsuitagainstacompany,publicopiniontendedtoprotectthatcompany.Butperhapsthisphenomenonwasmoststrikinginthecaseoftherailroads.Nearlyhalfofallnegligencecasesdecidedthrough1896involvedrailroads.Andtherailroadsusuallywon.

Mostofthecasesweredecidedinstatecourts,whentherailroadshadtheclimateofthetimesontheirsides.Governmentsupportedtherailroadindustry;theprogressrailroadsrepresentedwasnottobesloweddownbyrequiringthemoftentopaydamagestothoseunluckyenoughtobehurtworkingforthem.

Courtdecisionsalwayswentagainstrailroadworkers.Mr.Farwell,anengineer,losthisrighthandwhenaswitchman’snegligenceranhisengineoffthetrack.ThecourtreasonedthatsinceFarwellhadtakenthejobofanengineervoluntarilyatgoodpay,hehadacceptedtherisk.Thereforetheaccident,thoughavoidablehadtheswitchmenactedcarefully,wasa“pureaccident”.Ineffectarailroadcouldneverbeheldresponsibleforinjurytooneemployeecausedbythemistakeofanother.

InonecasewhereaPennsylvaniaRailroadworkerhadstartedafireatawarehouseandthefirehadspreadseveralblocks,causingwidespreaddamage,ajuryfoundthecompanyresponsibleforallthedamage.Butthecourtoverturnedthejury’sdecisionbecauseitarguedthattherailroad’snegligencewastheimmediatecauseofdamageonlytothenearestbuildings.Beyondthemtheconnectionwastooremotetoconsider.

Asthecenturyworeon,publicsentimentbegantoturnagainsttherailroads—againsttheireconomicandpoliticalpowerandhighfaresaswellasagainsttheircallousness（無情）towardindividuals.

1.Whatdoestheword“negligence”meaninthepassage?

2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueinFarwell’scase?

3.Whatmusthavehappenedafterthefirecasewassettledincourt?

4.ThefollowingarousedpublicresentmentEXCEPT（）.

5.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.ignorance

B.arrogance

C.carelessness

D.depression

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Farwellwouldnothavebeeninjurediftheswitchmanhadbeenmorecareful.

B.Thecourtarguedthatthevictimhadacceptedtherisksincehehadwillinglytakenhisjob.

C.Thecourtdecidedthattherailroadshouldnotbeheldresponsible.

D.Farwellwasinjuredbecausehenegligentlyranhisengineoffthetrack.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Therailroadcompensatedforthedamagetotheimmediatebuildings.

B.Therailroadcompensatedforallthedamagebythefire.

C.Therailroadpaidnothingforthedamagedbuilding.

D.Therailroadworkerpaidforthepropertydamagehimself.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.politicalpower

B.highfares

C.economicloss

D.indifference

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.RailroadoppressingindividualsintheUS.

B.HistoryoftheUSrailroads.

C.Railroadworkers’workingrights.

D.Lawcasesconcerningtherailroads.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.根據(jù)題干“negligence”定位至第三段：Mr.Farwell,anengineer,losthisrighthandwhenaswitchman’snegligenceranhisengineoffthetrack（法威爾先生是鐵路公司的一名工程師，由于一名扳道工因negligence而導(dǎo)致機(jī)車脫離軌道，法威爾失去了右手）。由此推測(cè)negligence意為疏忽，過失。ignorance無知，愚昧，arrogance傲慢，carelessness粗心，疏忽，depression沮喪；經(jīng)濟(jì)大蕭條。據(jù)此可知，C項(xiàng)正確。

2.文章第三段指明是一位扳道工由于疏忽而導(dǎo)致機(jī)車脫離軌道，法威爾失去了右手，而非法威爾本人。D項(xiàng)的說法錯(cuò)誤。

3.題干問的是法院對(duì)火災(zāi)案的判決結(jié)果。第四段指出：ajuryfoundthecompanyresponsibleforallthedamage.Butthecourtoverturned...Beyondthemtheconnectionwastooremotetoconsider（陪審團(tuán)裁決鐵路公司負(fù)責(zé)全部損失，但法院推翻了陪審團(tuán)的決定，認(rèn)為鐵路公司的疏忽只是直接導(dǎo)致最鄰近的建筑物受到損失，因而只對(duì)此負(fù)責(zé)任，而離得較遠(yuǎn)的房屋的損失則不在賠償范圍）。因此，鐵路公司只賠償最鄰近的建筑物受到的損失。

4.根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞resentment定位至最后一段：Publicsentimentbegantoturnagainsttherailroads—againsttheireconomicandpoliticalpowerandhighfaresaswellasagainsttheircallousnesstowardindividuals（公眾輿論開始反對(duì)鐵路公司——反對(duì)他們?cè)诮?jīng)濟(jì)和政治上的權(quán)力、高票價(jià)以及他們對(duì)個(gè)人的冷漠無情。據(jù)此可知，C選項(xiàng)“經(jīng)濟(jì)損失”不包括在里面。

5.本文主要討論的是與鐵路公司有關(guān)的法律案件。

9.單選題

Indeed,almosteveryscientistnowfindsitimpossibletoreadalltheworksrelevanttohissubject,（）extensivelyoutsideofit.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.muchmoretoread

B.muchlesstoread

C.stillmorereading

D.muchlessreading

【答案】B

【解析】考查語法結(jié)構(gòu)。因題干中謂語動(dòng)詞find的真正賓語為toread...，所以選項(xiàng)中也應(yīng)有不定式。因此可排除含有動(dòng)名詞reading的C項(xiàng)和D項(xiàng)。A項(xiàng)中的muchmore意為“更加，何況”，與題干語意相矛盾。B項(xiàng)muchless意為“更不用說，更何況”，符合題意。

10.單選題

Thediscussionwassoprolongedandexhaustingthat_______thespeakersstoppedforrefreshments.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.atlarge

B.atintervals

C.atease

D.atrandom

【答案】B

【解析】介詞詞組辨析。atlarge“整個(gè)地”；atintervals“不時(shí)”；atease“不緊張”；atrandom“隨機(jī)”。句意：討論太長(zhǎng)并且令人筋疲力盡，以至于說話的人時(shí)不時(shí)停下來吃點(diǎn)點(diǎn)心。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

11.單選題

IfIhadseenthemovie,I______youallaboutitnow.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.wouldtell

B.willtell

C.havetold

D.wouldhavetold

【答案】A

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.wouldtell將告訴B.willtell將告訴

C.havetold已經(jīng)告訴D.wouldhavetold本將告訴

【考查點(diǎn)】虛擬語氣。

【解題思路】根據(jù)hadseen可知，從句表示對(duì)過去的虛擬，而主句用了now，可知主句是與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，結(jié)構(gòu)要用would/should/could/might+do，所以該題選擇A項(xiàng)。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

B項(xiàng)在虛擬語氣中，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞不用will；

C、D項(xiàng)不符合虛擬語氣的語法。

【句意】如果我看了那部電影，我現(xiàn)在就告訴你。

12.單選題

In1910over600,000Blackworkers,ortenpercentoftheBlackworkforcereportedthemselvestobeengagedin“manufacturingandmechanicalpursuits”,thefederalcensuscategoryroughly（

）theentireindustrialsector.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.motivating

B.encompassing

C.enticing

D.undercutting

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)motivate“激勵(lì)；刺激”；B選項(xiàng)encompass“包含；包圍”；C選項(xiàng)entice“慫恿；誘使”；D選項(xiàng)undercut“削（價(jià)）競(jìng)爭(zhēng)；削弱”。句意：1910年，超過60萬的黑人工人，或者說10%的黑人工人報(bào)告說他們從事“制造業(yè)和機(jī)械制造業(yè)”，這一聯(lián)邦人口普查類別大致……整個(gè)工業(yè)部門。綜合句意與選項(xiàng)可知B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

13.單選題

Manyofthesametechniqueswerethesolutionofindustrial,scientificandmedicalproblems.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.appliedfor

B.appliedto

C.applyingfor

D.applyingto

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組辨析。applyfor申請(qǐng)；applyto適用于，應(yīng)用于；技術(shù)應(yīng)該是運(yùn)用于某些解決方案中，故先排除AC兩項(xiàng)。技術(shù)與解決方案之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，B項(xiàng)正確。句意：許多相同的技巧被運(yùn)用到工業(yè)，科技和醫(yī)療問題的解決方案里。

14.單選題

Theybothwatchedasthecrimescenetechnicianstooksamplesofvariousfibersandbaggedthem,dustedforfingerprints,tookpicturesandtriedto（）whatcouldhavehappened.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.rehearse

B.reiterate

C.reinforce

D.reenact

【答案】D

【解析】考查形似詞辨析。rehearse“排練”；reiterate“重申”；reinforce“增強(qiáng)”；reenact“重新定制，再扮演”。句意：他們倆都注視著犯罪現(xiàn)場(chǎng)技術(shù)人員對(duì)各種纖維取樣、裝袋、去除灰塵、提取指紋、拍照，并且試圖重現(xiàn)當(dāng)時(shí)發(fā)生的事情。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

15.翻譯題

Employersneedtobetterunderstandpeoplewhoaredisabled.MostofustakeoffenceattheassumptionthatcollectingSocialSecurityIncomecanprovideuseverythingweneed.Unemploymentishumiliatingandawfullyboring,andthere’snomeaningthere.Excludingsomeonebecauseheorshehasadisabilitythatdoesnotaffectperformanceisequivalenttowrongssuchashiringbasedonrace.Everyonedeservestohavetheopportunitytodoagoodjob,andasaresulthaveasenseofprideinbeingapartofsociety.

【答案】【參考譯文】雇主需要更好地了解身體有障礙的人。一想到領(lǐng)取社會(huì)保障收入就能提供我們所需要的一切，我們大多數(shù)人都感到很生氣。失業(yè)是恥辱的，而且非常無聊，沒有任何意義。一個(gè)人的殘疾并不影響他或她的工作表現(xiàn)，但是卻因?yàn)檫@個(gè)而將他或她排除在外，這是錯(cuò)誤的做法，這種錯(cuò)誤無異于種族歧視。每個(gè)人都應(yīng)該有機(jī)會(huì)做好工作，并因此對(duì)成為社會(huì)的一份子而感到自豪。

16.單選題

Wecanbesure,however,thatcitieswillremainthegroundzeroofconvergence.Althoughforestclearanceandexportmonocultureshaveplayedfundamentalrolesinthetransitiontoanewgeologicalepoch,theprimemoverhasbeenthealmostexponentialincreaseinthecarbonfootprintsofurbanregionsinthenorthernhemisphere.Heatingandcoolingtheurbanbuiltenvironmentaloneisresponsibleforanestimated35to45percentofcurrentcarbonemissions,whileurbanindustriesandtransportationcontributeanother35to40percent.Inasense,citylifeisrapidlydestroyingtheecologicalnicheHoloceneclimatestabilitywhichmadeitsevolutionintocomplexitypossible.

Yetthereisastrikingparadoxhere.Whatmakesurbanareassoenvironmentallyunsustainablearepreciselythosefeatures,eveninthelargestmegacities,thataremostanti-urbanorsuburban.Firstamongtheseismassivehorizontalexpansion,whichcombinesthedegradationofvitalnaturalservicesaquifers,watersheds,truckfarms,forests,coastaleco-systemswiththehighcostsofprovidinginfrastructuretosprawl.Theresultisgrotesquelyoversizedenvironmentalfootprints,withaconcomitantgrowthoftrafficandairpollutionand,mostoften,thedownstreamdumpingofwaste.Whereurbanformsaredictatedbyspeculatorsanddevelopers,bypassingdemocraticcontrolsoverplanningandresources,thepredictablesocialoutcomesareextremespatialsegregationbyincomeorethnicity,aswellasunsafeenvironmentsforchildren,theelderlyandthosewithspecialneeds;inner-citydevelopmentisconceivedasgentrificationthrougheviction,destroyingworking-classurbancultureintheprocess.Tothesewemayaddthesocio-politicalfeaturesofthemegapolisunderconditionsofcapitalistglobalization:thegrowthofperipheralslumsandinformalemployment,theprivatizationofpublicspace,low-intensitywarfarebetweenpoliceandsubsistencecriminals,andbunkeringofthewealthyinsterilizedhistoricalcentersorwalledsuburbs.

Bycontrast,thosequalitiesthataremost‘classically’urban,evenonthescaleofsmallcitiesandtowns,combinetogenerateamorevirtuouscircle.Wheretherearewell-definedboundariesbetweencityandcountryside,urbangrowthcanpreserveopenspaceandvitalnaturalsystems,whilecreatingenvironmentaleconomiesofscaleintransportationandresidentialconstruction.Accesstocitycentersfromtheperipherybecomesaffordableandtrafficcanberegulatedmoreeffectively.Wasteismoreeasilyrecycled,notexporteddownstream.Inclassicurbanvisions,publicluxuryreplacesprivatizedconsumptionthroughthesocializationofdesireandidentitywithincollectiveurbanspace.Largedomainofpublicornon-profithousingreproduceethnicandincomeheterogeneityatfractalscalesthroughoutthecity.Egalitarianpublicservicesandcityscapesaredesignedwithchildren,theelderlyandthosewithspecialneedsinmind.Democraticcontrolsofferpowerfulcapacitiesforprogressivetaxationandplanning,withhighlevelsofpoliticalmobilizationandcivicparticipation,thepriorityofcivicmemoryoverproprietaryiconsandthespatialintegrationofwork,recreationandhomelife.

1.Astheauthordiscussestheissuesinthispassage,hesounds（）.

2.Whyinmanybigcitiesthereareextremespatialsegregationbyincomeorethnicity,aswellasunsafeenvironmentsforchildren,theelderlyandthosewithspecialneeds?

3.Whatdoestheword“these”inthesecondparagraphreferto?

4.Whichofthefollowingwordsisnotsynonymoustotheword“virtuous”inthelastparagraph?

5.Whichofthefollowingwillnotbetheoutcomeundertheconditionthattherearewell-definedboundariesbetweencityandcountryside?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.critical

B.neutral

C.optimistic

D.pessimistic

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Becausetheegalitarianaspectsofcitylifeconsistentlyprovidethebestsociologicalandphysicalsupportsforresourceconservationandcarbonmitigation.

B.Becausemassivehorizontalexpansioncombinesthedegradationofvitalnaturalserviceswiththehighcostsofprovidinginfrastructuretosprawl.

C.Becauseurbanformsaredictatedbyspeculatorsanddevelopers,bypassingdemocraticcontrolsoverplanningandresources.

D.Becausetherearegrotesquelyoversizedenvironmentalfootprints,withaconcomitantgrowthoftrafficandairpollutionand,mostoften,thedownstreamdumpingofwaste.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.urbanareas.

B.Thosefeatures.

C.Thelargestmegacities

D.Vitalnaturalservices

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.wholesome

B.righteous

C.efficacious

D.pernicious

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Wasteismoreeasilyrecycled,notexporteddownstream.

B.Urbangrowthcancreateenvironmentaleconomiesofscaleintransportationandresidentialconstruction.

C.Accesstocitycentersfromtheperipherybecomesunaffordableandtrafficcanberegulatedmoreineffectively.

D.Urbangrowthcanpreserveopenspaceandvitalnaturalsystems.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.作者態(tài)度題。整篇文章作者都是客觀地闡述了大城市的城市化對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境的破壞，但是小城市、小鎮(zhèn)的城市化和生態(tài)環(huán)境結(jié)合起來就會(huì)產(chǎn)生良性循環(huán)。其中沒有作者過多個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)的表達(dá)。所以對(duì)文中的問題作者持中立的態(tài)度。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段，“Whereurbanformsaredictatedbyspeculatorsanddevelopers,bypassingdemocraticcontrolsoverplanningandresources”，可知城市形態(tài)是由投機(jī)者和開發(fā)商決定的，繞過了對(duì)規(guī)劃和資源的民主監(jiān)督，這造成了空間隔離和環(huán)境問題。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段第一句，“Whatmakesurbanareassoenvironmentallyunsustainablearepreciselythosefeatures,eveninthelargestmegacities,thataremostanti-urbanorsuburban.”，可知使城市地區(qū)在環(huán)境上的問題正是因?yàn)檫@些特點(diǎn)，即使在最大的大城市也是反城市的?？膳袛喑鰐hese指代的就是上文提到的features，選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

4.詞義理解題。wholesome“健全的”；righteous“正義的”；efficacious“有效的”；pernicious“有毒的，惡性的”。句意：相比之下，那些最典型的城市特征，與一些小城市或城鎮(zhèn)結(jié)合起來也會(huì)形成一個(gè)更良性的循環(huán)。所以virtuous意思為良性的，只有pernicious不是它的同義詞。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

5.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段，“Accesstocitycentersfromtheperipherybecomesaffordableandtrafficcanberegulatedmoreeffectively.”，可知從郊區(qū)進(jìn)入市中心的交通費(fèi)用降低了，交通也可以得到更有效的管理。所以C選項(xiàng)中的unaffordable與文意相反。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

17.單選題

Theletterwasperemptoryintone.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.temperate

B.moderate

C.arbitrary

D.percussive

【答案】C

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.temperate氣候溫和的；心平氣和的B.moderate溫和的，適度的

C.arbitrary任意的；專橫的，專制的D.percussive打擊聲的

【答案】C

【考查點(diǎn)】形容詞辨析。

【解題思路】劃線單詞peremptory表示“強(qiáng)制的，絕對(duì)的，專橫的”，C選項(xiàng)含義最為接近。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、B、D項(xiàng)與劃線單詞意思不符合。

【句意】這封信語氣堅(jiān)決。

18.單選題

Inhiswill,themillionaire（）nearlyallhisfortunestothehousemaidwhotookcareofhiminhislastdays.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.inherited

B.bequeathed

C.owed

D.remitted

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。inherit“繼承（遺產(chǎn)）等”；bequeath“將（財(cái)物等）遺贈(zèng)給”；owe“感恩；虧欠”；remit“寬?。粎R款”。句意：在他的遺囑中，這個(gè)百萬富翁將他幾乎全部的財(cái)產(chǎn)留給了在他最后日子里照顧他的女傭。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

19.單選題

Sheisawomanof（）whohasneverabandonedherprinciplesforthesakeofherownbenefits.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.dignity

B.scarcity

C.integrity

D.stability

【答案】C

【解析】名詞辨析題。dignity尊嚴(yán)，高貴；scarcity不足，缺乏；integrity正直，誠(chéng)實(shí)，指道德健全，尤其表現(xiàn)在考驗(yàn)?zāi)繕?biāo)的堅(jiān)定、責(zé)任心和信任感的行為中；stability堅(jiān)定，恒心。句意：她是一個(gè)正直的女人，從不為了自己的利益而放棄自己的原則。選項(xiàng)C更恰當(dāng)。

20.單選題

Duringthesummervacation,kidsareoftenseenhanging_____inthestreets.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.about

B.on

C.over

D.out

【答案】D

【解析】詞組辨析。hangabout徘徊，閑蕩；hangon堅(jiān)持下去，不掛斷；hangover掛在...之上；hangout閑逛，鬼混。hangout側(cè)重于跟朋友出去玩；hangabout一般指無所事事，游手好閑。句意：暑假期間，經(jīng)?？吹胶⒆觽?cè)诮稚祥e逛。選項(xiàng)D更符合語境。

21.翻譯題

Thequestionof“identity”isbeingvigorouslydebatedinsocialtheory.Inessence,theargumentisthattheoldidentitieswhichstabilizedthesocialworldforsolongareindecline,givingrisetonewidentitiesandfragmentingthemodemindividualasaunifiedsubject.(1)Thisso-called“crisisofidentity”isseenaspartofawiderprocessofchangewhichisdislocatingthecentralstructuresandprocessesofmodernsocietiesandunderminingtheframeworkswhichgaveindividualsstableanchorageinthesocialworld.

OuraimistoexploresomeofthesequestionsaboutculturalidentityinIate-modernityandtoassesswhethera“crisisofidentities”exists,whatitconsistsof,andinwhichdirectionsitismoving.Weshouldaddresssuchquestionsas:Whatdowemeanbya“crisisofidentity”？Whatrecentdevelopmentsinmodernsocietieshaveprecipitatedit?Whatformdoesittake?Whatareitspotentialconsequences?Definitely,weai.ewillingtodevelopourargumentwithrespecttothoseaspectsofourculturalidentitieswhicharisefromour“belonging”todistinctiveethnic,racial,linguistic，religiousand，aboveall,nationalcultiii.es.(2)Webelievethatmodernidentitiesarebreakingup.Adistinctivetypeofstructuralchangeistransformingmodernsocietiesinthelatetwentiethcentury.Thisisfragmentingtheculturallandscapesofclass,gender,sexuality,ethnicity,raceandnationalitywhichgaveusfirmlocationsassocialindividuals.Thesetransformationsarealsoshiftingourpersonalidentities,undenniningoui.senseofourselvesasintegratedsubjects.(3)

Thislossofastable“senseofself’issomethingcalledthedislocationorde-centringofthesubject.Thissetofdoubledisplacements——decentringindividualsbothfromtheirplacesinthesocialandculturalworld,andfromthemselves—constitutesa“crisisofidentity”fortheindividual.Astheculturalcritic,KobenaMercerobserves,“identitynowbecomesanissuewhenitisincrisis,whensomethingassumedtobefixed,coherentandstableisdisplacedbvtheexperienceofdoubtanduncertainty.’’(4)

Thepost-modernsubjectandidentityareconceptualizedashaving,nofixed，essentialorpermanentones.Inthiswav,identitybecomesa“moveablefeast’’，andthefullvunified，completed,secureandcoherentidentityinthiscontextisafantasy.(5)Instead,asthesystemsofmeaningandculturalrepresentationmultiply,weareconfrontedbyabewildering,fleetingmultiplicityofpossibleidentities.Atthesametime,afurtheraspectoftheissueofidentityrelatestothecharacterofchangeinIate-modernity,inparticular,tothatprocessofchangeknownasglobalization.

【答案】1.從本質(zhì)上講,我們的爭(zhēng)論是,長(zhǎng)久以來維持社會(huì)穩(wěn)定的舊的同一性正在衰退,導(dǎo)致了新的同一性的產(chǎn)生且分裂了作為統(tǒng)一主體的現(xiàn)代社會(huì)個(gè)體。

2.當(dāng)然,我們?cè)敢饩臀幕恍韵嚓P(guān)的這些問題進(jìn)行討論,并且這些問題產(chǎn)生于我們對(duì)不同的民族、種族、語言和宗教,特別是不同民族文化的歸屬感。

3.這些轉(zhuǎn)變也正改變著我們的人格同一性,逐漸侵蝕著我們視自己為一個(gè)完整個(gè)體的想法。

4.當(dāng)同一性處于危機(jī)之中,當(dāng)被認(rèn)為是不變的、一致的和穩(wěn)定的東西被懷疑和不確定的經(jīng)歷取代吋,同一性就變成了一個(gè)問題。

5.后現(xiàn)代主體和同一性被概念化為非固定的,非本質(zhì)的,或非永恒的。這樣,同一性就變?yōu)橐环N“流動(dòng)的盛宴”,而在這種情況下,這種完全統(tǒng)一的、完整的、穩(wěn)固且一致的同一性就成了一種幻想。

22.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

MotorolaInc.,theworld’ssecond-largestmobilephonemake,willbeginsellingal