考研考博-英語-內(nèi)蒙古北方職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解3

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-內(nèi)蒙古北方職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

Unfortunately,hisdamagingattacksontheramificationsoftheeconomicpolicyhavebeen（）byhiswholeheartedacceptanceofthatpolicy’sunderlyingassumptions.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.supplemented

B.undermined

C.redeemed

D.diverted

【答案】B

【解析】動(dòng)詞辨析。句意：不幸的是，他對(duì)這項(xiàng)政策基本假設(shè)的衷心接受

了他之前對(duì)其分支的猛烈抨擊。supplemented增補(bǔ)，補(bǔ)充；undermined破壞，削弱；redeemed救贖，贖回，彌補(bǔ)；di-verted呼叫轉(zhuǎn)移，釋放。選項(xiàng)B“破壞”符合句意。

2.單選題

Morethan85percentofFrenchCanada'spopulationspeaksFrenchasamothertongueand（

）totheRomanCatholicfaith.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.caters

B.adheres

C.ascribes

D.subscribes

【答案】B

【解析】考察動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。cater“迎合；提供飲食及服務(wù)”；adhere“追隨，堅(jiān)持，粘附”；ascribe“把...歸因于”;subscribes“訂閱，簽署”。句意：85%以上的法裔加拿大人把法語作為自己的母語，并且信仰天主教。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

3.單選題

UncleGeorge’sconditionlooksveryseriousanditisdoubtfulifhewillrecover.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.pullup

B.pullback

C.pullout

D.pullthrough

【答案】D

【解析】考查詞義辨析。recover表示“恢復(fù)”；A項(xiàng)pullup“拔起，阻止”，B項(xiàng)pullback“拉回，撤回”，C項(xiàng)pullout“離開，撤離”，D項(xiàng)pullthrough“渡過難關(guān)，恢復(fù)健康”。句意：?jiǎn)讨问迨宓那闆r看來很嚴(yán)重，他能否康復(fù)很難說。因此D項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Thegovernmentdecidedtotakea(n)（）actiontostrengthenthemarketmanagement.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.diverse

B.durable

C.epidemic

D.drastic

【答案】D

【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。diverse多樣的，變化多的；durable持久的，耐用的；epidemic流行的,傳染的；drastic激烈的,大刀闊斧式的。句意:政府應(yīng)該采取（）措施加強(qiáng)市場(chǎng)管理。takeadrasticaction意為“進(jìn)行大刀闊斧的改革”。

5.單選題

GiladShalit,anIsraelisoldierheldformorethanfiveyearsbyHamas,theIslamistPalestiniangroupthatrunsGaza,wasfreedinexchange（）1,027Palestinianprisoners.Thefirstbatchof477ofthemwasreleasedthisweek;theremainderareexpectedtobelet（）nextmonth.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.for,out

B.for,off

C.of,out

D.of,off

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞短語辨析。inexchangefor“用……交換(物品間交換)”；inexchangeof“換取”；let(sb)off“寬恕，使爆炸/爆發(fā)”；let(sb)out“釋放/放出，泄露，出租”。句意：吉拉德?沙利特，一名被管理加沙的巴勒斯坦伊斯蘭組織哈馬斯關(guān)押了5年多的以色列士兵，以交換1027名巴勒斯坦囚犯為條件后獲釋。其中的477人已于本周獲釋，其余的人預(yù)計(jì)將于下月獲釋。由題意可知第一空應(yīng)該填inexchangeof，第二空應(yīng)填letout，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

"Ifwefailtoactnow."saidTom,"We'llfindourselves（）inactionlateron."

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.paidback

B.paidfor

C.paidup

D.paidoff

【答案】B

【解析】句意:“假如我們不現(xiàn)在采取行動(dòng)”，湯姆說，“我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在以后的行動(dòng)中付出代價(jià)”。

考查短語辨析。payback回報(bào)，報(bào)答；payfor為……付出代價(jià)；payup全部付清；payoff還清債務(wù)，清償欠（某人）的債務(wù)。

7.填空題

Papouseknoticedthatababywhohadhadenoughtodrinkwouldrefusethemilkbutwouldstillgoon

makingthelearnedresponsewithclearsignsofpleasure.Sohebegantostudythechildren’sresponsesinsituationswhennomilk

A

B

C

D

wasprovided.

【答案】Dwhen改為where

【解析】【考查點(diǎn)】從句。

【解題思路】D部分到句尾是修飾situations的定語從句，situations意思為“情況，狀況”表示地點(diǎn)，因此D部分應(yīng)為where。

【句意】帕普塞克注意到，嬰兒喝夠了牛奶，就會(huì)拒絕牛奶，但仍會(huì)繼續(xù)做出習(xí)得性反應(yīng)，并帶有明顯的快樂跡象。因此，他開始研究在不提供牛奶的情況下孩子們的反應(yīng)。

8.單選題

TheLondonMarathonisadifficultrace,（

）thousandsofrunnersparticipateeveryyear.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Therefore

B.Furthermore

C.Accordingly

D.Nevertheless

【答案】D

【解析】考查副詞辨析。therefore“因此，所以”；furthermore“此外，而且”；accordingly“因此，于是”；nevertheless“然而”。句意：倫敦馬拉松賽是一場(chǎng)艱難的比賽，然而每年有數(shù)千人參加。根據(jù)前后句關(guān)系可知D項(xiàng)正確，答案D

9.單選題

Itmakesherveryangrywhenhesaysthatmenareintrinsically（）towomen.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.meticulous

B.applicable

C.superior

D.inferior

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。meticulous“一絲不茍的，小心翼翼的”；applicable“可適用的，可應(yīng)用的”；superior“優(yōu)越，優(yōu)秀”；inferior“差的；自卑的”。句意：當(dāng)聽到他說男人在本質(zhì)上優(yōu)于女人這個(gè)說法時(shí)，她很生氣。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

10.單選題

Ididn'tsayanythinglikethatatall.Youarepurposely（）myideastoproveyourpoint.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.revising

B.distorting

C.distracting

D.contradicting

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。revise“修訂”；distort“扭曲”;distract“轉(zhuǎn)移，分心”；contradict“反駁，否定”。根據(jù)Ididn’tsayanythinglikethatatall“我根本沒有說過那樣的話”可知“為了證明你的觀點(diǎn)，將我的想法扭曲了”符合語境，因此選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

11.單選題

Thelivelihoodofeachspeciesinthevastandintricateassemblageoflivingthingsdependsontheexistenceofotherorganisms.Thisinterdependenceissometimessubtle,sometimesobvious.Perhapsthemoststraightforwarddependenceofonespeciesonanotheroccurswithparasites,organismsthatliveonorinotherlivingthingsandderivenutrientsdirectlyfromthem.Theparasiticwayoflifeiswidespread.Amultitudeofmicroorganisms(includingvirusesandbacteria)andanarmyofinvertebrates—orcreatureslackingaspinalcolumn(includingcrustaceans,insects,andmanydifferenttypesofworms)—maketheirlivingsdirectlyattheexpenseofothercreatures.Inthefaceofthisonslaught,livingthingshaveevolvedavarietyofdefensemechanismsforprotectingtheirbodiesfrominvasionbyotherorganisms.

Certainfungiandevensomekindsofbacteriasecretesubstancesknownasantibioticsintotheirenvironment.Thesesubstancesarecapableofkillingorinhibitingthegrowthofvariouskindsofbacteriathatalsooccupythearea,therebyeliminatingorreducingthecompetitionfornutrients.Thesameprincipleisusedindefenseagainstinvadersinothergroupsoforganisms.Forexample,whenattackedbydisease-causingfungiorbacteria,manykindsofplantsproducechemicalsthathelptowardofftheinvaders.

Membersoftheanimalkingdomhavedevelopedavarietyofdefensemechanismsfordealingwithparasites.Althoughthesemechanismsvaryconsiderably,allmajorgroupsofanimalsarecapableofdetectingandreactingtothepresenceof“foreign”cells.Infact,throughouttheanimalkingdom,fromspongestocertaintypesofworms,shellfish,andallvertebrates(creaturespossessingaspinalcolumn),thereisevidencethattransplantsofcellsorfragmentsoftissuesintoananimalareacceptedonlyiftheycomefromgeneticallycompatibleorcloselyrelatedindividuals.

Theabilitytodistinguishbetween“self”and“non-self”,whilepresentinallanimals,isroostefficientamongvertebrates,whichhavedevelopedanimmunesystemastheirdefensemechanism.Theimmunesystemrecognizesandtakesactionagainstforeigninvadersandtransplantedtissuesthataretreatedasforeigncells.

31.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

32.Theword“intricate”inline1isclosestinmeaningto______.

33.Accordingtothepassage,someorganismsproduceantibioticsinorderto______.

34.Accordingtothepassage,atransplantoftissuebetweengeneticallyincompatibleorganismswillresultinthetransplantedtissue______.

35.Accordingtothepassage,theabilitytodistinguishbetween“self”and“non-self”enablesvertebratesto______.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Howparasitesreproduce.

B.Howorganismsreacttoinvaders.

C.Howantibioticsworktocuredisease.

D.Howtheimmunesystemofvertebratesdeveloped.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.difficult

B.widespread

C.critical

D.complex

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.preventdiseaseinhumans

B.aiddigestion

C.fightoffotherorganisms

D.createnewtypesofnutrients

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.becomingaparasite

B.beingtreatedasaninvader

C.alteringitsgeneticmakeup

D.developinganewimmunesystem

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.accepttransplantedcells

B.detectandreacttoinvasion

C.weakentheirimmunesystem

D.getridofantibiotics

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:B

【解析】31.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

31.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?31.這篇文章主要討論什么？

A.Howparasitesreproduce.A.寄生蟲如何繁殖。

B.Howorganismsreacttoinvaders.B.生物體如何對(duì)入侵者做出反應(yīng)。

C.Howantibioticsworktocuredisease.C.抗生素是如何治療疾病的。

D.Howtheimmunesystemofvertebratesdeveloped.D.脊椎動(dòng)物的免疫系統(tǒng)是如何發(fā)展的。

【考查點(diǎn)】主旨大意題。

【解題思路】首先，根據(jù)首段最后一句“生物進(jìn)化出了各種各樣的防御機(jī)制來保護(hù)自己的身體免受其他生物的入侵”，和末段第一句“區(qū)分‘自我’和‘非自我’的能力，雖然存在于所有動(dòng)物中，但在脊椎動(dòng)物中是非常有效的，它們已經(jīng)發(fā)展出一種免疫系統(tǒng)作為它們的防御機(jī)制”；從中可知文章首段和尾段討論的都是生物體的防御機(jī)制；然后看到文章行為結(jié)構(gòu)是總分結(jié)構(gòu)，開頭介紹引發(fā)生物進(jìn)化出防御機(jī)制的原因，后面三段分別討論這種防御機(jī)制的作用。綜上所述，可以得知這篇文章主要討論的是生物體如何對(duì)入侵者做出反應(yīng)。所以B選項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“寄生蟲如何繁殖”和D選項(xiàng)“脊椎動(dòng)物的免疫系統(tǒng)是如何發(fā)展的”屬于以偏概全；

C選項(xiàng)“抗生素是如何治療疾病的”沒提及，無中生有。

32.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

32.Theword“intricate”inline1isclosestinmeaningto______.32.第一行中的“intricate”一詞的意思最接近______。

A.difficultA.困難的

B.widespreadB.廣泛的

C.criticalC.批判的

D.complexD.復(fù)雜的

【考查點(diǎn)】詞義推測(cè)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干定位至第一段第一句“在這個(gè)龐大而intricate的生物群落中（inthevastandintricateassemblageoflivingthings），每個(gè)物種的生存都依賴于其他生物的存在”，由所修飾的assemblage（群落），以及并列的定語vast（龐大的）可推測(cè)，intricate應(yīng)該表示“復(fù)雜”的意思，所以D項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A選項(xiàng)“困難的”、B選項(xiàng)“廣泛的”和C選項(xiàng)“批判的”不符合原文意思，曲解原文。

33.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

33.Accordingtothepassage,someorganismsproduceantibioticsinorderto______.33.根據(jù)這篇文章，一些生物產(chǎn)生抗生素是為了______。

A.preventdiseaseinhumansA.預(yù)防人類疾病

B.aiddigestionB.有助消化

C.fightoffotherorganismsC.抵抗其他生物

D.createnewtypesofnutrientsD.創(chuàng)造新的營(yíng)養(yǎng)類型

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】定位原文第二段前兩句“某些真菌，甚至是某些種類的細(xì)菌會(huì)向環(huán)境中分泌抗生素。這些物質(zhì)能夠殺死或抑制同樣占據(jù)該區(qū)域的各種細(xì)菌的生長(zhǎng)，從而消除或減少對(duì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)（eliminatingorreducingthecompetitionfornutrients）?！?，從中可知，一些生物產(chǎn)生抗生素是為了消除或減少其他生物對(duì)自身營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，故C項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A選項(xiàng)“預(yù)防人類疾病”、B選項(xiàng)“有助消化”和D選項(xiàng)“創(chuàng)造新的營(yíng)養(yǎng)類型”沒有提到，無中生有。

34.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

34.Accordingtothepassage,atransplantoftissuebetweengeneticallyincompatibleorganismswillresultinthetransplantedtissue______.34.根據(jù)這篇文章，在基因不相容的生物體之間移植組織將導(dǎo)致移植的組織______。

A.becomingaparasiteA.成為寄生蟲

B.beingtreatedasaninvaderB.被視為入侵者

C.alteringitsgeneticmakeupC.改變其基因組成

D.developinganewimmunesystemD.發(fā)展出新的免疫系統(tǒng)

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】首先定位第三段最后一句，文章對(duì)此有描述：“事實(shí)上，在整個(gè)動(dòng)物界，從海綿動(dòng)物到某些種類的蠕蟲、貝類和所有的脊椎動(dòng)物，只有來自基因相容或親緣關(guān)系密切的個(gè)體的細(xì)胞或組織碎片移植到動(dòng)物體內(nèi)，才會(huì)被接受”，從中可知在基因不相容的生物體之間移植組織將導(dǎo)致移植的組織不被接受；而該段前面提到“動(dòng)物王國(guó)的成員已經(jīng)發(fā)展出了對(duì)付寄生蟲的各種防御機(jī)制。盡管這些機(jī)制差別很大，但所有主要的動(dòng)物群體都能夠檢測(cè)到外來細(xì)胞的存在并做出反應(yīng)?！?，綜合理解可推斷，不相容的組織會(huì)被認(rèn)為是外來入侵細(xì)胞，使得生物體對(duì)該組織做出防御機(jī)制。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“成為寄生蟲”表述錯(cuò)誤，不是成為寄生蟲，而是會(huì)被生物體視為寄生蟲一樣的外來組織，該項(xiàng)曲解原文；

C選項(xiàng)“改變其基因組成”和D選項(xiàng)“發(fā)展出新的免疫系統(tǒng)”沒提到，無中生有。

35.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

35.Accordingtothepassage,theabilitytodistinguishbetween“self”and“non-self”enablesvertebratesto______.35.根據(jù)這篇文章，區(qū)分“自我”和“非自我”的能力使脊椎動(dòng)物能夠______。

A.accepttransplantedcellsA.接受移植的細(xì)胞

B.detectandreacttoinvasionB.檢測(cè)并應(yīng)對(duì)入侵

C.weakentheirimmunesystemC.削弱它們的免疫系統(tǒng)

D.getridofantibioticsD.擺脫抗生素

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干定位到最后一段的內(nèi)容：區(qū)分“自我”和“非自我”的能力，雖然存在于所有動(dòng)物中，但在脊椎動(dòng)物中是非常有效的，它們已經(jīng)發(fā)展出一種免疫系統(tǒng)作為它們的防御機(jī)制（developedanimmunesystemastheirdefensemechanism）。免疫系統(tǒng)會(huì)識(shí)別被視為外來細(xì)胞的移植組織和外來入侵者并采取行動(dòng)（recognizesandtakesaction）。從中可知，區(qū)分“自我”和“非自我”的能力能夠使脊椎動(dòng)物產(chǎn)生一種免疫系統(tǒng)，而這種免疫系統(tǒng)能夠識(shí)別并對(duì)入侵者采取防御措施。這與B項(xiàng)“檢測(cè)并應(yīng)對(duì)入侵”意思相一致，故B項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“接受移植的細(xì)胞”與原文相反，免疫系統(tǒng)先會(huì)對(duì)移植組織進(jìn)行識(shí)別，該項(xiàng)反向干擾；

C選項(xiàng)“削弱他們的免疫系統(tǒng)”和D選項(xiàng)“擺脫抗生素”沒提到，無中生有。

12.單選題

26-30

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Vegetativepatientsaremoreaware.

B.Vegetativepatientsretainsomecontroloftheireyemovement.

C.EEGscansmayhelpuscommunicatewiththevegetativepatients.

D.Weusuallycommunicatewiththebrain-deadpeoplebybrain-wave.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Theleft-handsideofthebrain.

B.Theright-handsideofthebrain.

C.Thecentralpartofthebrain.

D.Thefrontpartofthebrain.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.31

B.6

C.4

D.1

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Thepatientwasbrain-dead.

B.Thepatientwasn’tbrain-dead.

C.Thepatienthadsomecontroloverhiseyemovements.

D.Thepatientknewthemovementheorshewasmaking.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Thepatientisnotechnicallyvegetative.

B.Thepatientcancommunicateinsomeway.

C.Wecantrainthepatientofspeak.

D.Thefamilymembersanddoctorscanprovidebettercare.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】(26)Brainwavescannersmightmakeitpossibletocommunicatewithpeoplewhoareconsideredbrain-dead,accordingtoanewstudyreportedintheEconomist.

Acoupleofrecentstudieshaveshownthatasmallminorityofvegetativepatientsmightbemoreawarethantheyseem.Now,DamienCruse,withtheMedicalResearchCouncilsCognitionandBrainSciencesUnitinCambridge,UK,thinksEEGmachineswillbeabletohelpthesepatientscommunicate.

Theteamasked6healthyvolunteerstowearEEGdevices,whichconnectelectrodestoaperson’shead.Theywereaskedtorespondtoanaudibletonebyimaginingthattheyweresqueezingtheirrighthandsorwigglingthetoesofbothfeet.(27)Theresearchersfoundthatthevolunteers’brainresponseswereclearlydifferent-thehand-squeezingactivatedtheleft-handsideofthebrain,andthetoewigglingproducedaresponseinthecenterofthebrain.

Thentheytestedtheprocedureonapatientwithlocked-insyndrome,whowasalmostcompletelyparalyzedbutretainssomecontrolofhiseyemovements.Hisbrainresponseswerethesame.Finally,(29)theytestedtheprocedureonapatientwhohadbeendeclaredvegetative2yearsearlier.TheywatchedtheEEGsignalsandwereabletodeducewhichmovementthepatientwasimagining.

(28)Thesameteamhadstudied23vegetativepatientsover4yearsandfound4patientswereabletoconsistentlyrespondtoyes-or-noquestionsbychangingtheirbrainactivity.Theywereaskedtoimagineplayingtenniswhentheywantedtogiveoneresponse,orwalkingaroundthehousewhentheywantedtogivetheother.

(30)Sincethepatientswereresponsive,they’renottechnicallyvegetative,theresearcherssay.Proofthattheycancommunicatethatthey’renotbrain-deadwouldhavemajorimplicationsforfamilymembers’anddoctors’decisionsabouttheircare.

26.Whatdoesthistalkmainlytellus?

【解析】文章提到：腦波掃描可能使得人們與腦死亡病人交流成為可能。故選C。

27.Forthe6healthyvolunteers,whichpartofthebraindidthehand-squeezingimaginationactivate?

【解析】根據(jù)文章可知實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果大為不同：攥拳頭激發(fā)了大腦的左半部，而動(dòng)腳趾激發(fā)了大腦的中部。故選A。

28.Ofthe23vegetativepatients,howmanywerefoundtobeabletoconsistentlyrespondtoyesor-noquestions?

【解析】原文信息是…studied23vegetativepatients...found4patientswereabletoconsistentlyrespondtoyes-or-noquestionsbychangingtheirbrainactivity，即參加實(shí)驗(yàn)的23個(gè)植物人病人中有4個(gè)被發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)問題有持續(xù)反應(yīng)。故選C。

29.Whatcanwelearnfromthestudyonthepatientdeclaredvegetative2yearsearlier?

【解析】根據(jù)文章描述，研究者通過EEG信號(hào)觀察，那些兩年前被診斷為植物人的病人，即可以知道病人在想些什么，證明那些是有大腦活動(dòng)的，并不是真正的腦死亡。故選B。

30.WhenEEGsignalsindicatethatavegetativepatientisresponsive,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

【解析】通過對(duì)第26題與第29題的解答，可知A和B選項(xiàng)的表述正確。文章最后提到這一研究結(jié)果對(duì)于家屬和醫(yī)生護(hù)理有很好的的借鑒意義，所以D項(xiàng)正確。文章沒有提到C項(xiàng)。

13.寫作題

Directions:Inthispart,youarerequiredtowriteanessayofnolessthan200wordson“Isitworthwhileforyoutomakeeffortsinordertoachieveyourfuturesuccess?”Theessayshouldbebasedontheoutlinesbelow:

Outline:

1)Somepeoplebelievethatmakingeffortsisuselessifyoudon’thaveaparentwithpowerormoneytohelpyouwithyourfuturesuccess.

2)Othersmaintainthatsuchpracticewouldbeharmful,especiallyforyoungpeopleandmakingeffortsiscrucialandshouldbeencouraged.

3)Youropinions.

【答案】【參考范文】

Isitworthwhileforyoutomakeeffortsinordertoachieveyourfuturesuccess?14.單選題

ACyborgManifestoisanessaywrittenbyDonnaHaraway,inwhichtheconceptofthecyborgisarejectionofrigidboundaries,notablythoseseparating“human”from“animal”and“human”from“machine”.Shewrites:“Thecyborgdoesnotdreamofcommunityonthemodeloftheorganicfamily,thistimewithouttheoedipalproject.ThecyborgwouldnotrecognizetheGardenofEden;itisnotmadeofmudandcannotdreamofreturningtodust.”TheManifestocriticizestraditionalnotionsoffeminism,particularlyfeministfocusesonidentitypolitics,andencouraginginsteadcoalitionthroughaffinity.Sheusesthemetaphorofacyborgtourgefeministstomovebeyondthelimitationsoftraditionalgender,feminism,andpolitics.MarisaOlsonsummarizedHaraway'sthoughtsasabeliefthatthereisnodistinctionbetweennaturallifeandartificialman-mademachines.HarawaybeginstheManifestobyexplainingthreeboundarybreakdownssincethe20thCenturythathaveallowedforherhybrid,cyborgmyth:thebreakdownofboundariesbetweenhumanandanimal,animal-humanandmachine,andphysicalandnon-physical.Evolutionhasblurredthelinesbetweenhumanandanimal;20thCenturymachineshavemadeambiguousthelinesbetweennaturalandartificial;andmicroelectronicsandthepoliticalinvisibilityofcyborgshaveconfusedthelinesofphysicality.HarawayhighlightstheproblematicuseandjustificationofWesterntraditionslikepatriarchy,colonialism,essentialism,andnaturalism(amongothers).ThesetraditionsinturnallowfortheproblematicformationsoftaxonomiesandwhatHarawayexplainsasantagonisticdualismsthatorderWesterndiscourse.Thesedualisms,Harawaystates,haveallbeensystematictothelogicsandpracticesofdominationofwomen,

peopleofcolor,nature,workers,animals...allthoseconstitutedasothers.However,high-techcultureprovidesachallengetotheseantagonisticdualisms.Haraway'scyborgtheoryrejectsthenotionsofessentialism,proposinginsteadachimeric,monstrousworldoffusionsbetweenanimalandmachine.Cyborgtheoryreliesonwritingas“thetechnologyofcyborgs”,as“cyborgpoliticsisthestruggleforlanguageandthestruggleagainstperfectcommunication,againsttheonecodethattranslatesallmeaningperfectly,thecentraldogmaofphallogocentrism”.Instead,Haraway'scyborgcallsforanon-essentialized,material-semioticmetaphorcapableofunitingdiffusepolitical

coalitionsalongthelinesofaffinityratherthanidentity.FollowingLacanianfeministssuchasLuceIrigaray,Haraway'sworkaddressesthechasmbetweenfeministdiscoursesandthedominantlanguageofWesternpatriarchy.AsHarawayexplains,“grammarispoliticsbyothermeans,”andeffectivepoliticsrequirespeakinginthelanguageofdomination.AsshedetailsinachartoftheparadigmaticshiftsfrommoderntopostmodernepistemologywithintheManifesto,theunifiedhumansubjectofidentityhasshiftedtothehybridizedposthumanoftechnoscience,from“representation”to“simulation,”“bourgeoisnovel”to“sciencefiction,”“reproduction”to“replication,”and“whitecapitalistpatriarchy”to“informaticsofdomination.”WhileHaraway's“ironicdreamofacommonlanguage”isinspiredbyIrigaray'sargumentforadiscourseotherthanpatriarchy,sherejectsIrigaray'sessentializingconstructionofwoman-as-not-maletoargueforalinguisticcommunityofsituated,partialknowledgesinwhichnooneisinnocent.AlthoughHaraway'smetaphorofthecyborghasbeenlabelledasapost-genderstatement,Harawayhasclarifiedherstanceonpost-genderisminrecentinterviews.SheacknowledgesthatherargumentintheManifestoseekstochallengethenecessityforcategorizationofgender,butdoesnotcorrelate

thisargumenttopost-genderism.Sheclarifiesthisdistinctionbecausepost-genderismisoftenassociatedwiththediscourseoftheutopianconceptofbeingbeyondmasculinityandfemininity.

Harawaynotesthatgenderconstructsarestillprevalentandmeaningful,butaretroublesomeandshouldthereforebeeliminatedascategoriesforidentity.

1.Accordingtothetext,acyberneticorganismorcyborgmustbeunderstoodas（

）.

2.Harawayposesthatgenderconstructsshouldbeeliminatedascategoriesforidentitybecause

（

）.

3.AccordingtoHarawaymanicheismsareincompetitionwithoneanother,creatingparadoxicalrelationsofdomination,particularly

（

）.

4.Thecyborgisa

（

）.

5.Asonographicfetuswouldinmanywaysbetheultimatecyborgbecause（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.agender-neutralconstruct

B.arobot

C.aposthumanspeculativebeing

D.neitherorganicnorinorganic

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.theparadigmaticshiftsfrommoderntopostmodernepistemology

B.post-genderismisoftenassociatedwiththediscourseoftheutopianconcept

C.theyposeanantagonisticdualism

D.theyposeanon-essential,material-semioticmetaphor

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.God/man

B.right/wrong

C.self/other

D.one/other

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.metaphor

B.mechanicalproduct

C.animisticconcept

D.organichybrid

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.itis“created”inaspaceofvirtuality

B.itisneithermalenorfemale

C.itissimultaneouslyhumanandanimal

D.itispoliticallyinvisible

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:A

【解析】第1題:1.推理判斷題。由文中“ACyborgManifestoisanessaywrittenbyDonnaHaraway，inwhichtheconceptofthecyborgisarejectionofrigidboundaries...《電子人宣言》是唐娜?哈拉維所寫的一本散文書籍，在該書中電子人的概念是拒絕僵硬的界線······”與“TheManifestocriticizestraditionalnotionsoffeminism,particularlyfeministfocusesonidentitypolitics,andencouraginginsteadcoalitionthroughaffinity《電子人宣言》一書批評(píng)傳統(tǒng)的女權(quán)主義概念（尤其是女權(quán)主義專注于身份認(rèn)同政治），取而代之的是通過親和力支持結(jié)合?！焙皖}干中“······mustbeunderstoodas可以被理解成”可推知A項(xiàng)“一個(gè)不分性別的概念”正確。

第2題:2.推理判斷題。由文中“Harawaynotesthatgenderconstructsarestillprevalentandmeaningful,butaretroublesomeandshouldthereforebeeliminatedascategoriesforidentity.哈拉維指出，性別概念仍然普遍且有意義，但卻是令人煩惱的，因此應(yīng)該被當(dāng)成身份類別而被根除?！笨芍狢項(xiàng)“它們引起對(duì)立的二元論”正確。

第3題:3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干中“manicheisms善惡對(duì)立說”與文中“Thesedualisms,Harawaystates,haveallbeensystematictothelogicsandpracticesofdominationofwomen,peopleofcolor,nature,workers,animals…allthoseconstitutedasothers.哈拉維稱，對(duì)女性、有色人種、自然、工人、動(dòng)物······等所有那些構(gòu)成其他人的控制邏輯和實(shí)施而言，這些二元論是系統(tǒng)化的。”可知D項(xiàng)“一類人/其他人”正確。

第4題:4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文中“ACyborgManifestoisanessaywrittenbyDonnaHaraway,inwhichtheconceptofthecyborgisarejectionofrigidboundaries,notablythoseseparating‘human’from‘a(chǎn)nimal’and‘human’from‘machine’《電子人宣言》是唐娜?哈拉維所寫的一本散文書籍，在該書中電子人的概念是拒絕僵硬的界線（尤其是那些將人類和動(dòng)物、人類和機(jī)械區(qū)分開的界線）”與“ThecyborgwouldnotrecognizetheGardenofEden;itisnotmadeofmudandcannotdreamofreturningtodust.電子人將不會(huì)認(rèn)可‘伊甸園’，它不是泥土做成的，從而不能向往回歸塵上?！笨芍狝項(xiàng)“比喻說法”正確。

第5題:5.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文中“ACyborgManifestoisanessaywrittenbyDonnaHaraway,inwhichtheconceptofthecyborgisarejectionofrigidboundaries,notablythoseseparating‘human’from‘a(chǎn)nimals’and‘human’from‘machine’.《電子人宣言》是唐娜?哈拉維所寫的一本散文書籍，在該書中電子人的概念是拒絕僵硬的界線（尤其是那些將人類和動(dòng)物、人類和機(jī)械區(qū)分開的界線）?！迸c題目中“sonographicfetus聲像圖的胎兒”可知A項(xiàng)“它是在一個(gè)虛擬的空間中‘被創(chuàng)造的’”正確。

15.單選題

NineofthetencampusesoftheUniversityofCalifornia—ledbyBerkeley―onceagainmadeitintoanannualrankingoftheworld’sleadinguniversities.All’swellinCaliforniahighereducation,itmightseem.

ButthatisnotwhatPatBrownorClarkKerrwouldsay,weretheyalivetoday.Theywere,respectively,governorofthestateandpresidentoftheUniversityofCaliforniain1960,whenCaliforniaadopteda“masterplan''thatbecameaninternationalmodel.Theiraimwasnotonlytohaveexcellentpublicuniversities,buttogivethestate’spopulationnearlyuniversalandfreeaccesstothem.Somepupilswouldso-calledcommunitycollegesforatwo-yearvocationalprogramme,othersoneofthe(now23)campusesoftheCaliforniaStateUniversity,andthebestmightgotoaUCcampus.

Inordertoassureaccessforall,tuitionchargeswerebanned—only“fees”forsomecostsotherthaneducationwereallowed.Mostfundingwastocomefromtaxpayers.Thepremisewasthathighereducationwasapublicgoodforthestate,whichwasnursingitsownfutureentrepreneursandtaxpayers.AsMr.Kerrputit,theuniversitieswere“bait”tobehunginfrontofindustry,withdrawingpowergreaterthanlowtaxesorcheaplabor.’’

Thatconsensushasbeenoverturned.In1990,thestatepaid78%ofthecostofeducatingeachstudent.Thatratiodroppedto47%lastyear,andwillfallevenmoreduringthecurrentacademicyear,afterthelatestroundofbudgetcuts,overseenbyJerryBrown,thecurrentgovernorandsonofPatBrown.Insomeways,CaliforniahasnowinvertedtheprioritiesoftheolderBrown’sera.Spendingonprisonspassedspendingonuniversitiesinaround2004.

Thishasledtoconcernsthatpublicuniversitiesmightlosetheirexcellence.Ittakesmoneytoattractthebestprofessors,andthebeststudentsfollowthem.Analternativetoworsepublicuniversities,however,isquasi-privatizedones.ThatseemstobetheroutetakeninCalifornia.

Thusstudentswillthisyear,forthefirsttime,paymorefortuitionthanthestategivesinfunding.ThisfollowsyearsoftuitionfeeincreasesfarsteeperthantheaverageatAmericanpublicuniversities.AplaceataUCcampuscaneasilynowcost$13,000,or$31000includinghousing,givenCalifornia’shighcosts.

Toraiseotherrevenues,thevariouscampusesalsoadmitevermoreout-of-statestudents(whopaythreetimesmore)and,targetrichgraduatesformoredonations.Ledbythebusinessandlawschools,theybehaveincreasinglylikeprivateuniversities,inotherwords.Thisstrategyretainspocketsofexcellence.Butitalsorunscountertothephilosophyofthemasterplan,bypricingevermoreCalifornianfamiliesoutofaplace.Thestatenowranks41stinthenumberofcollegedegreesawardedforevery100ofitshighschoolgraduates.

1.PatBrownandClarkKerrattemptedtosetupexcellentpublicuniversities,aswellas（

）.

2.WhatdoesMr.Kerrimplybysaying“bait”tobehunginfrontofindustry(Line4,Para.3)?

3.Whatistheconcernonthepublicuniversitiessincethestatespendingonuniversitieshasdropped?

4.CampusesinCaliforniareceivestudentsfromotherstatesforthepurposeof

（

）.

5.WhatcanweinferfromthepassageabouthighereducationinCalifornia?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.buildinganinternationalmodelofuniversitiesaroundtheworld

B.competingwiththeso-calledcommunitycollegesinthestate

C.offeringcommonandfreeaccesstouniversitiestothestate'spopulation

D.providingatwo-yearvocationalprogramforthestate'spopulation

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Theuniversitiesfosterto-beelitesforindustry

B.Thetuitionfeesarebannedintheuniversities

C.Thehighereducationisastatewelfare

D.Theuniversitiesaremoreattractivethanlowtaxesorcheaplabor.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Tobeunabletoattractthebestprofessors

B.Tobeunabletomaintaintheirexcellence

C.Tobehigh-priced

D.Tobequasi-privatized

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.gettingmoredonations

B.behavinglikeprivateuniversities

C.makingupshortageofgraduates

D.improvingotherearnings

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.ChildrenfromCalifornianfamiliescan’tobtaintheeducationduetothehighcosts.

B.Ithasmovedtowardsprivateuniversitiesalongwithitsdevelopment.

C.Itisonlynursingitsownfutureentrepreneursandtaxpayers.

D.Itproducesfewercompanyfounders,inventorsandtaxpayers.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“PatBrownandClarkKerr”定位到第二段的內(nèi)容“Theiraimwasnotonlytohaveexcellentpublicuniversities,buttogivethestate’spopulationnearlyuniversalandfreeaccesstothem.他們的目標(biāo)不僅是擁有優(yōu)秀的公立大學(xué)，而且要讓該州的人口幾乎可以免費(fèi)進(jìn)入這些大學(xué)。”選項(xiàng)C符合原文。

2.判斷推理題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“bait”所在句子的上文“Thepremisewasthathighereducationwasapublicgoodforthestate,whichwasnursingitsownfutureentrepreneursandtaxpayers.前提是高等教育是全州的一種公共利益，為未來培養(yǎng)自己的企業(yè)家和納稅人?！币簿褪钦f，大學(xué)是掛在工業(yè)面前的“誘餌”指的是大學(xué)培養(yǎng)工業(yè)精英。選項(xiàng)A符合原文。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段首句“Thishasledtoconcernsthatpublicuniversitiesmightlosetheirexcellence.”這導(dǎo)致人們擔(dān)心公立大學(xué)可能會(huì)失去它們的優(yōu)勢(shì)。也就是無法保持自己的優(yōu)勢(shì)，選項(xiàng)B符合原文。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)最后一段第一句“Toraiseotherrevenues,thevariouscampusesalsoadmitevermoreout-of-statestudents.為了增加其他收入，各個(gè)校區(qū)還招收了越來越多的外州學(xué)生?！边x項(xiàng)D符合原文。

5.判斷推理題。根據(jù)最后一段第二句“Ledbyt