版權說明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權,請進行舉報或認領
文檔簡介
書山有路勤為徑,學海無涯苦作舟!住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-北京科技職業(yè)學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解(圖片大小可自由調(diào)整)全文為Word可編輯,若為PDF皆為盜版,請謹慎購買!第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題
Inthe19th-century,thereusedtobeamodelofhowtobeagoodperson.Thereareallthesetorrentsofpassionflowingthroughyou.Yourjob,ascaptainofyoursoul,istoerectdamstokeepthesepassionsincheck.Yourjobistojustsaynotolaziness,lust,greed,druguseandtheothersins.
Thesedaysthatmodelisoutoffashion.Youusuallycan’tchangeyourbehaviorbysimplyresolvingtodosomething.Knowingwhattodoisnotthesameasbeingabletodoit.Yourwillpowerisnotlikeadamthatcanblockthetorrentofself-indulgence.It’smorelikeamuscle,whichtireseasily.Moreover,you’reasocialbeing.Ifeverybodyaroundyouisovereating,you’llprobablydoso,too.
The19th-centurycharactermodelwasbasedonanunderstandingoffreewill.Today,weknowthatfreewillisbounded.Peoplecanchangetheirlives,butorderingchangeisnotsimplebecausemanythings,evenwithinourselves,arebeyondourdirectcontrol.Muchofourbehaviour,forexample,isguidedbyunconscioushabits.ResearchersatDukeUniversitycalculatedthatmorethan40percentoftheactionswetakearegovernedbyhabit,notactualdecisions.Researchershavealsocometounderstandthestructureofhabits—cue,routine,reward.
Youcanchangeyourownpersonalhabits.Ifyouleaverunningshortsontheflooratnight,that’llbeacuetogorunninginthemorning.Don’ttrytoignoreyourafternoonsnackcraving.Everytimeyoufeelthecueforasnack,insertanotherroutine.Takeawalk.
Theirresearchthusimpliesadifferentcharactermodel,whichissupposedtomanipulatetheneuralnetworksinside.
Tobeaneffectiveperson,underthismodel,youaresupposedtocoollyexamineyourownunconscioushabits,andthehabitsofthoseunderyourcare.Youaresupposedtodevisestrategiestoalterthecuesandroutines.Everyrelationshipbecomeslightlymanipulative,includingyourrelationshipwithyourself.You’retryingtoarousecertainresponsesbyimplantingcertaincues.
Thisisabitdisturbing,becausetheimportanthabitualneuralnetworksarenotformedbymereroutine,norcantheybereversedbyclevercues.Theyareburnedinbyemotionandstrengthenedbystrongyearnings,liketheyearningsforadmirationandrighteousness.
Ifyouthinkyoucanchangeyourlifeinacleverway,thewayanadvertisercangetyoutobuyanairfreshener,you’reprobablywrong.AstheVictoriansunderstood,ifyouwanttochangeyourlife,don’tjustlookforaclevercue.Committosomelargerglobalbelief.
21.Whichofthefollowingisakeyelementinthe19th-centurycharactermodel?
22.The19th-centurymodelsupposedlydoesnotworkbecause______.
23.WhatisthemainimplicationoftheresearchatDukeUniversity?
24.Accordingtothenewcharactermodel,personalbehaviourcouldbealteredthrough______.
25.Welearnfromthepassagethatthenewcharactermodel______.
問題1選項
A.Passion.
B.Determination.
C.Capability.
D.Action.
問題2選項
A.ithasworkedunsatisfactorilymostofthetime
B.thecomparisonoffreewilltoadamisgroundless
C.whatonewishestodoshouldbeconsideredcarefully
D.thereweremanyotherfactorsbeyondone’scontrol
問題3選項
A.Habitiskeytoone’sbehaviour.
B.One’sbehaviourisdifficulttochange.
C.Bothhabitandwillpowerareimportant.
D.Habithasanunidentifiedstructure.
問題4選項
A.cuestomanipulatethehabitualneuralresponses
B.cuestostopalltheformerunconscioushabits
C.techniquestodevisedifferentphysicalcues
D.techniquestosupplementoldroutines
問題5選項
A.hasbeenusedchangebehavioursuccessfully
B.dealsbetterwithemotionalaspectsofbehaviour
C.stressestheneuralandpsychologicalaspectsofhabitchange
D.canbringaboutchangesinone’slifelikewhatadvertisersdo
【答案】第1題:B
第2題:D
第3題:A
第4題:C
第5題:C
【解析】21.【選項釋義】
21.Whichofthefollowingisakeyelementinthe19th-centurycharactermodel?21.以下哪一項是19世紀性格模范的關鍵因素?
A.Passion.A.激情,熱情
B.Determination.B.決心
C.Capability.C.能力
D.Action.D.行動
【考查點】推理判斷題。
【解題思路】根據(jù)關鍵詞the19th-centurycharactermodel定位第一段倒數(shù)第二句“作為靈魂的船長,你的工作就是建立水壩來控制這些激情(keepthesepassionsincheck)”,以及最后一句“你的工作就是對懶惰、欲望、貪婪、吸毒和其他罪惡說不(sayno)”,可知,在19世紀,最首要的性格模范就是“決心”,B項正確。
【干擾項排除】
A選項屬于出處錯位,性格模范的關鍵因素就是決心控制激情;
C、D選項在該處沒有提及,屬于無中生有。
22.【選項釋義】
22.The19th-centurymodelsupposedlydoesnotworkbecause______.22.19世紀的性格模范被認為是行不通的,原因是______。
A.ithasworkedunsatisfactorilymostofthetimeA.它在大多數(shù)時候都沒有令人滿意地發(fā)揮作用
B.thecomparisonoffreewilltoadamisgroundlessB.將自由意志比作大壩是毫無根據(jù)的
C.whatonewishestodoshouldbeconsideredcarefullyC.人們應該仔細考慮自己想做什么
D.thereweremanyotherfactorsbeyondone’scontrolD.還有許多其他因素超出了一個人的控制
【考查點】推理判斷題。
【解題思路】定位第三段第二句“今天,我們知道自由意志是有限的”,以及第三句“人們可以改變自己的生活,但有序的改變并不簡單,因為很多事情(manythings),甚至是我們自身的事情,都超出了我們的直接控制(beyondourdirectcontrol)”,可知,因為很多因素都超出了直接的控制,所以難以有序的改變生活,D項正確。
【干擾項排除】
A選項沒有提及,屬于無中生有;
B選項定位第二段第四句“你的意志力不像水壩,不能阻擋任性的洪流”,可知,文中并沒有提到將自由意志比作大壩是groundless,該項曲解原文;
C選項表述與原文不符,屬于曲解原文。
23.【選項釋義】
23.WhatisthemainimplicationoftheresearchatDukeUniversity?23.杜克大學的這項研究的主要意義是什么?
A.Habitiskeytoone’sbehaviour.A.習慣是一個人行為的關鍵。
B.One’sbehaviourisdifficulttochange.B.一個人的行為很難改變。
C.Bothhabitandwillpowerareimportant.C.習慣和意志力都很重要。
D.Habithasanunidentifiedstructure.D.習慣有一個未知的結構。
【考查點】推理判斷題。
【解題思路】根據(jù)關鍵信息DukeUniversity定位第三段第四句“例如,我們的許多行為都是由潛意識習慣引導的(guidedbyunconscioushabits)”,以及第五句“杜克大學的研究人員計算出,超過40%的行為是由習慣決定的(governedbyhabit),而不是實際的決定”,可知,很多的行為都是習慣導致的,A項正確。
【干擾項排除】
B選項沒有提及,屬于無中生有;
C選項屬于反向干擾,杜克大學的研究就是“大部分行為由習慣決定”,所以該項中的willpower不符合原文;
D選項在第三段最后一句有提到,“習慣的結構是:線索、例行公事和獎勵”,該項屬于反向干擾。
24.【選項釋義】
24.Accordingtothenewcharactermodel,personalbehaviourcouldbealteredthrough______.24.根據(jù)新的性格模范,個人行為可以通過______改變。
A.cuestomanipulatethehabitualneuralresponsesA.通過暗示來操縱習慣性的神經(jīng)反應
B.cuestostopalltheformerunconscioushabitsB.通過暗示停止所有之前無意識的習慣
C.techniquestodevisedifferentphysicalcuesC.通過技巧來設計不同的身體暗示
D.techniquestosupplementoldroutinesD.通過技巧來補充舊的習慣
【考查點】事實細節(jié)題。
【解題思路】根據(jù)題干定位第六段第二句“你應該設計策略來改變暗示和慣例(devisestrategiestoalterthecuesandroutines)”,可知,新的性格典范是通過設計策略提供暗示改變自己的行為習慣,所以C項正確。
【干擾項排除】
A選項定位第五段“因此,他們的研究暗示了一種不同的性格典范,該典范被認為可以操縱內(nèi)部的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(manipulatetheneuralnetworksinside)”,可知A項中的neuralresponses和neuralnetworks并不相符,該項曲解原文;
B選項中的stop和原文中的alter并不相符,屬于曲解原文;
D選項中的supplement和原文中的alter并不相符,也屬于曲解原文。
25.【選項釋義】
25.Welearnfromthepassagethatthenewcharactermodel______.25.從文章中我們得知,新的性格典范______。
A.hasbeenusedchangebehavioursuccessfullyA.已經(jīng)成功地改變了行為
B.dealsbetterwithemotionalaspectsofbehaviourB.更好地處理行為的情感方面
C.stressestheneuralandpsychologicalaspectsofhabitchangeC.強調(diào)習慣改變的神經(jīng)和心理方面
D.canbringaboutchangesinone’slifelikewhatadvertisersdoD.可以給人的生活帶來改變,就像廣告商做的那樣
【考查點】事實細節(jié)題。
【解題思路】定位倒數(shù)第二段,第一句“這有點令人不安,因為重要的習慣性神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡不僅僅是由慣例形成的(notformedbymereroutine),也不可能由聰明的暗示逆轉(zhuǎn)”,以及第二句“它們被情感所燃燒(burnedinbyemotion),被強烈的渴望所強化(strengthenedbystrongyearnings),就像對贊美和正義的渴望一樣”,可知,新的性格典范重視習慣改變的神經(jīng)和心理的方面,C項正確。
【干擾項排除】
A選項文中并沒有提到成功改變了行為,屬于無中生有;
B選項也沒有提到,屬于無中生有;
D選項定位到最后一段第一句“如果你認為你可以用一種聰明的方式改變你的生活,就像廣告商讓你買空氣清新劑那樣,你可能錯了”,可知,該項與原文相反,屬于反向干擾。
2.單選題
Thegovernmentisseekingto(
)itselffromthelatestfinancialcrisis.
問題1選項
A.detach
B.extract
C.derive
D.ease
【答案】A
【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。detach“使擺脫;派遣;使超然”;extract"提??;提煉;摘錄”;derive“源于;得自;獲得”;ease“減輕;使安心”。句意:政府正在尋求方法擺脫最近的金融危機。選項A符合題意。
3.單選題
Iamcautiously()thatanewgovernmentwillbeconcernedandawareabouttheenvironment.
問題1選項
A.optimistic
B.hostile
C.cynical
D.doubtful
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。optimistic“樂觀的”;hostile“敵對的”;cynical“憤世嫉俗的”;doubtful“可疑的”。句意:對于新政府是否會關注環(huán)境問題,我持謹慎的______態(tài)度。根據(jù)關鍵信息cautiously可知選項A符合題意,“樂觀態(tài)度”。
4.單選題
Thelocalpeoplewerejoyfullysurprisedtofindthepricesofvegetablesnolonger()accordingtotheweather.
問題1選項
A.evaluated
B.converted
C.fluctuated
D.modified
【答案】C
【解析】evaluated評估,估價;converted轉(zhuǎn)變,改變;fluctuated波動;modified修改。句意:當?shù)厝税l(fā)現(xiàn)蔬菜的價格不再隨天氣而波動,感到非常高興和驚訝。選項C符合句意。
5.單選題
Ifshe(
)herefforts,shewillsucceed
問題1選項
A.goeson
B.retains
C.holdsinto
D.maintains
【答案】D
【解析】近義詞辨析題。A選項goon“繼續(xù)”;B選項retain“保持”;C選項holdinto搭配不當;D選項maintain“持續(xù),保持”。句意:如果她持續(xù)努力,她會成功的。這里強調(diào)的是持續(xù)性,所以選項D更符合語境。
6.不定項選擇題
Wesometimesthinkhumansareuniquelyvulnerabletoanxiety,butstressseemstoaffecttheimmunedefensesofloweranimalstoo.Inoneexperiment,forexample,behavioralimmunologist(免疫學家)MarkLaudenslagerattheUniversityofDenver,gavemildelectricshocksto24rats.Halftheanimalscouldswitchoffthecurrentbyturningawheelintheirenclosure,whiletheotherhalfcouldnot.Theratsinthetwogroupswerepairedsothateachtimeoneratturnedthewheelitprotectedbothitselfanditshelplesspartnerfromtheshock.Laudenslagerfoundthattheimmuneresponsewasdepressedbelownormalinthehelplessratsbutnotinthosethatcouldturnofftheelectricity.Whathehasdemonstrated,hebelieves,isthatlackofcontroloveranevent,nottheexperienceitself,iswhatweakenstheimmunesystem.
Otherresearchersagree.JayWeiss,apsychologistatDukeUniversitySchoolofMedicine,hasshownthatanimalswhoareallowedtocontrolunpleasantstimulidon’tdevelopsleepdisturbancesorchangesinbrainchemistrytypicalofstressedrats.Butiftheanimalsareconfrontedwithsituationstheyhavenocontrolover,theylaterbehavepassivelywhenfacedwithexperiencestheycancontrol.Suchfindingsreinforcepsychologists’suspicionsthattheexperienceorperceptionofhelplessnessisoneofthemostharmfulfactorsindepression.
Oneofthemoststartlingexamplesofhowthemindcanaltertheimmuneresponsewasdiscoveredbychance.In1975psychologistRobertAderattheUniversityofRochesterSchoolofMedicineconditioned(使形成條件反射)micetoavoidsaccharin(糖精)bysimultaneouslyfeedingthemthesystemscausedstomachupsets.Associatingthesaccharinwiththestomachpains,themicequicklylearnedtoavoidthesweetener.Inordertoextinguishthisdislikeforthesweetener,Aderre-exposedtheanimalstosaccharin,thistimewithoutthedrug,andwasastonishedtofindthatthosemicethathadreceivedthehighestamountofsweetenerduringtheirearlierconditioningdied.Hecouldonlyspeculatethathehadsosuccessfullyconditionedtheratsthatsaccharinalonenowservedtoweakentheirimmunesystemsenoughtokillthem.
1.Laudenslager’sexperimentshowedthattheimmunesystemofthoseratswhocouldturnofftheelectricity________.
2.Accordingtothepassage,theexperienceofhelplessnesscausesratsto________.
3.ThereasonwhythemiceinAder’sexperimentavoidedsaccharinwasthat________.
4.ThepassagetellsusthatthemostprobablereasonforthedeathofthemiceinAder’swasthat________.
問題1選項
A.wasaltered
B.wasstrengthened
C.wasweakened
D.wasnotaffected
問題2選項
A.behavepassivelyincontrollablesituations
B.trytocontrolunpleasantstimuli
C.becomeabnormallysuspicious
D.turnofftheelectricity
問題3選項
A.itledtostomachpains
B.theydislikeditstaste
C.theyassociateditwithstomachaches
D.itaffectedtheirimmunesystems
問題4選項
A.theirimmunesystemshadbeenalteredbythemind
B.theyhadbeenweakenedpsychologicallybythesaccharin
C.theyhadtakentoomuchsweetenerduringearlierconditioning
D.thesweetenerwaspoisonoustothemexperiment.
【答案】第1題:D
第2題:A
第3題:C
第4題:A
【解析】第1題:事實細節(jié)題。題干:勞登斯拉格的實驗表明,那些能夠切斷電源的老鼠的免疫系統(tǒng)……。A選項“被改動”;B選項“被加強”;C選項“被削弱”;D選項“不受影響”.根據(jù)題干定位到第一段“勞登斯拉格發(fā)現(xiàn),無助的大鼠的免疫反應低于正常水平,而那些能夠切斷電源的大鼠則沒有(butnotinthosethatcouldturnofftheelectricity)?!庇纱丝芍鸢高xD。
第2題:事實細節(jié)題。題干:根據(jù)文章,那些無助的經(jīng)歷會導致老鼠……。A選項“在可控的情況下被動地表現(xiàn)”;B選項“努力控制不愉快的刺激”;C選項“變得異常多疑”;D選項“斷電”。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段第三段話Butiftheanimalsareconfrontedwithsituationstheyhavenocontrolover,theylaterbehavepassivelywhenfacedwithexperiencestheycancontrol.“但是,如果動物面對它們無法控制的情況,它們以后在面對它們可以控制的情況時就會表現(xiàn)得被動?!彼赃@里答案選A。
第3題:事實細節(jié)題。題干:為什么在安德爾的實驗里老師會躲避糖精。A選項“因為糖精會導致肚子痛”;B選項“他們不喜歡這個味道”;C選項“他們把糖精和肚子痛聯(lián)系起來了”;D選項“糖精影響了他們的免疫系統(tǒng)”。根據(jù)題干定位到最后一段第二、三句In1975psychologistRobertAderattheUniversityofRochesterSchoolofMedicineconditioned(使形成條件反射)micetoavoidsaccharin(糖精)bysimultaneouslyfeedingthemthesystemscausedstomachupsets.Associatingthesaccharinwiththestomachpains,themicequicklylearnedtoavoidthesweetener.(1975年心理學家羅伯特?阿德在羅切斯特大學醫(yī)學院通過同時喂食造成胃不舒服的系統(tǒng)使老鼠形成躲避糖精的條件反射。老鼠將糖精與胃痛聯(lián)系起來,很快就學會了避開這種甜味劑。)由此可知并不是糖精讓人不舒服,是科學家有意讓老鼠認為吃了糖精就會造成肚子不舒服,所以答案選C。
第4題:事實細節(jié)題。題干:這段話告訴我們,在阿德實驗里,老鼠死亡的最可能的原因是……。A選項“他們的免疫系統(tǒng)被思維改變了”;B選項“他們的心理被糖精削弱了”;C選項“他們在之前的條件反射中攝入了太多的甜味劑”;D選項“甜味劑對他們有害”。根據(jù)題干定位到第三段第一句Oneofthemoststartlingexamplesofhowthemindcanaltertheimmuneresponsewasdiscoveredbychance.(關于大腦如何改變免疫反應的一個最令人吃驚的例子是偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)的)和最后一段第四,五句Inordertoextinguishthisdislikeforthesweetener,Aderre-exposedtheanimalstosaccharin,thistimewithoutthedrug,andwasastonishedtofindthatthosemicethathadreceivedthehighestamountofsweetenerduringtheirearlierconditioningdied.Hecouldonlyspeculatethathehadsosuccessfullyconditionedtheratsthatsaccharinalonenowservedtoweakentheirimmunesystemsenoughtokillthem(為了消除這種對甜味劑的厭惡,阿德再次讓這些老鼠接觸糖精,但這次沒有藥物,他驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn),那些在早期條件作用中攝入了最高量甜味劑的老鼠死亡了。他只能推測,他已經(jīng)成功地對老鼠進行了條件反射,現(xiàn)在單用糖精就可以削弱它們的免疫系統(tǒng),足以殺死它們。)從這三句可以看出答案選A。
7.單選題
Thechildrencouldnot(
)laughingatthesightofthemonkeyssittingcross-leggedwithacigaretteinhismouth.
問題1選項
A.preventfrom
B.refrainfrom
C.leaveoff
D.holdonto
【答案】B
【解析】句意:看見猴子嘴刁香煙盤腿而坐的時候,孩子們?nèi)滩蛔《夹α恕?/p>
考查短語辨析。preventfrom防止,阻止,預防;refrainfrom忍住,抑制;leaveoff停止,中斷;holdonto保持住,抓住不放。因此B符合句意。
8.翻譯題
TheentryoftheAnglo-SaxonpeoplesintoBritain,andtheircenturies-longsuccessfulstruggletoestablishGermanickingdomsthere,isamongthemostfamousventuresoftheAgeofMigrations,butlikeotherhistoricaleventsofthetimeitisobscureinmuchofitsdetail:theidentityandplaceoforiginofthepeoplestakingpart,theneedsanddesiresthatmovedthemtoentry"andconquest,thelinesofinvasion,thedurationofnativeresistance,thehistoricityoftheBritishArthur(亞瑟王).
【答案】盎格魯薩克遜民族進入英國,并經(jīng)過幾百年的斗爭,最終在那里建立起日耳曼王國,那是移民時代最為著名的冒險故事。但是和其他同時期的歷史事件一樣,這些事跡的很多細節(jié)模糊不清:如參與遷移民族的發(fā)源地以及他們的身份,他們處于什么樣的需求和愿望進入并征服大不列顛,入侵的路線,當?shù)厝说挚沟臅r間持續(xù)了多久,以及亞瑟王傳說的真實性。
9.單選題
TheUnitedStatesisconfrontedbymanyeconomicproblems—forexample,inflation,unemployment,pollution,poverty,decliningproductivity,andrapidlyincreasingenergycost.Inrecentyears,Americanshavebecomeincreasinglyawareofthefundamentaleconomicproblemfacinghumanity;scarceresourceswithwhichtomeettheneedsofevergrowingnumbersofpeople.Forallpracticalpurposes,humanwantsmayberegardedaslimitless.Scarcityhasalwaysbeenofmajorconcerntoeconomists.
Agivenquantityofresourcesusedtomeetoneneedcannotsimultaneouslybeusedtomeetanother.Achoicemustbemade:Whichneedwillprevail?Whatwillbeproduced?Fillingoneurgentneedoftenmeanssacrificingtheopportunitytosatisfyanother.Hence,theveryimportanteconomicconceptofopportunitycostarises.Everytimeoneisforcedbyscarcitytomakeachoice,oneisincurring(承受)opportunitycosts.Thesecostsaremeasuredintermsofforgone(放棄的)alternatives.
Howarethese,difficultchoicesofprioritiesandforgoneopportunitiesarrivedatinasociety?Theanswertothisquestionisthesubjectmatterofmicroeconomic,orthestudyofresourceallocationamongindividualsectorsadgroupswithintheeconomicsystem.Microeconomics,analysisdealswiththeprinciplesandguidelinesthathelpdeterminewhatandhowmuchisproduced,themethodofproductionused,andthedivisionoftheresultingoutput(asincome)amongthemembersofthesociety.Thecombinedeffectofalltheseindividualdecisionsprovidestheanswertothemacroeconomicquestionsofwhetherthereisfullemployment,whetherpricesingeneralarerising,andwhethertheeconomyasawholeisgrowing.
Itisimportanttounderstandfromtheverystorythateconomicsisregardinggovernmenteconomicpolicymaking,policymakers(usuallyelectedofficials)causethegovernmenttointervene(ornottointervene)intheeconomyaccordingtocertainpolitical,social,oreconomicgoalswithwhicheconomistsmayormaynotagree.Theeconomist’srolethenistopointoutthefulleconomiceffectsofsuchactionssothatpolicydecisionscanbemademoreintelligently.
1.Thefundamentalproblemofeconomicsis,inshort,().
2.Opportunitycost().
3.Evengovernmentpolicymeasureshave“opportunitycosts”whichmeans().
4.Thecausesofgeneralunemploymentandinflationaretopicsstudiedin().
5.Economicanalysisofapolicyproposalusuallydoesnotallow().
問題1選項
A.toomanypoorpeople
B.findingjobsforall
C.thescarcityofresourcesrelativetowants
D.constantlyrisingprices
問題2選項
A.ismeasuredbyhowmuchofonecommodityyouhavetoforgoinordertogetsomestatedamountofanothercommodity
B.measureshowmanydifferentopportunitiesyouhavetospendyourmoney
C.measuresopportunitiesintermsoftheirrelativeprices
D.isalwaysthesameasmoneycost
問題3選項
A.highertaxeswillbenecessary
B.movingtowardonepolicygoalmayrequiremovingawayfromanotherpolicygoal
C.governmentactionisusuallyinefficient
D.governmentactionprovidesnewopportunities
問題4選項
A.resourceallocation
B.macroeconomics
C.opportunitycast
D.productionpossibilities
問題5選項
A.estimationofthecostsoftheproposal
B.determinationofwhetheraparticularpolicymeasurewillcontributetoitsstatedgoal
C.considerationofthesideeffectsofthepolicy
D.a“scientific"choicebetweenalternativegoal
【答案】第1題:C
第2題:A
第3題:B
第4題:B
第5題:D
【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。由第一段“Inrecentyears,Americanshavebecomeincreasinglyawareofthefundamentaleconomicproblemfacinghumanity;scarceresourceswithwhichtomeettheneedsofevergrowingnumbersofpeople.近年來,美國人越來越意識到人類面臨的根本經(jīng)濟問題——用來滿足日益增長的人口所需求的資源很稀缺??芍?jīng)濟的根本問題是資源稀缺。故C項正確。
2.推理判斷題。由第二段“Hence,theveryimportanteconomicconceptofopportunitycostarises.Everytimeoneisforcedbyscarcitytomakeachoice,oneisincurringopportunitycosts.Thesecostsaremeasuredintermsofforgonealternatives.因此,機會成本這一非常重要的經(jīng)濟學概念應運而生。每一次,當一個人因為稀缺而被迫做出選擇時,他就會付出機會成本。這些成本是用放棄的替代品來衡量的。”可知機會成本是指放棄一些替代品來衡量的。故A項正確。
3.推理判斷題。題干意為“甚至政府的政策措施也存在機會成本”意味著什么?這道題主要考查對機會成本的理解,上一題已經(jīng)得知機會成本表示放棄一些替代品??v觀四個選項,只有B項“朝著一個政策目標前進可能需要遠離另一個政策目標”符合機會成本的含義。故B項正確。
4.細節(jié)事實題。由題干定位到第三段Thecombinedeffectofalltheseindividualdecisionsprovidestheanswertothemacroeconomicquestionsofwhetherthereisfullemployment,whetherpricesingeneralarerising,andwhethertheeconomyasawholeisgrowing.所有這些個人決策的綜合效應為宏觀經(jīng)濟問題提供了答案,這些問題包括:是否存在充分就業(yè),總體物價是否在上漲,以及整體經(jīng)濟是否在增長??芍I(yè),通貨膨脹是宏觀經(jīng)濟的研究范疇。故B項正確。
5.推理判斷題。由最后一段Theeconomist’srolethenistopointoutthefulleconomiceffectsofsuchactionssothatpolicydecisionscanbemademoreintelligently.因此,經(jīng)濟學家的作用是指出這些行動的全部經(jīng)濟影響,以便更明智地作出決策。可知經(jīng)濟學家只是指出政策可能帶來的經(jīng)濟影響,最終做決策的人是政策制定者。故D項不是經(jīng)濟學家要做的事。ABC三項都是經(jīng)濟學家該做的事。
10.單選題
Althoughnotaneconomisthimself,Dr.Smithhaslongbeenaseverecriticofthegovernment’s—(
)policies.
問題1選項
A.economical
B.economic
C.economy
D.economics
【答案】B
【解析】考查形近詞辨析。A選項economical“經(jīng)濟的,實惠的,節(jié)儉的”;B選項economic“經(jīng)濟上的,經(jīng)濟學的,有利可圖的”;C選項economy“經(jīng)濟,經(jīng)濟情況”;D選項economics“經(jīng)濟學”。空格處為形容詞作定語修飾名詞policies,B選項符合邏輯搭配。句意:史密斯博士本人雖然不是經(jīng)濟學家,但長期以來一直嚴厲批評政府的經(jīng)濟政策。
11.翻譯題
Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)
ThehealthprofilesofmanyracialandethnicminoritiesreflectthesocialinequalityevidentintheUnitedStates.(46)ThepooreconomicandenvironmentalconditionsofgroupssuchasAfricanAmericans,Hispanics,andNativeAmericansaremanifestedinhighmorbidityandmortalityratesforthesegroups.Itistruethatsomeafflictions,suchassingle-cellanemiaamongBlacks,haveacleargenericbasis.Butinmostinstances,environmentalfactorscontributetothedifferentialratesofdiseaseanddeath.
Inmanyrespects,themortalityratesforAfricanAmericansaredistressing.ComparedwithWhites,Blackshavehigherdeathratesfromheartdisease,pneumonia,diabetes,andcancer.ThedeathratefromstrokeistwiceashighamongAfricanAmericans.(47)SuchepidemiologicalfindingsreflectinpartthefactthatahighproportionofBlacksarefoundamongthenation’slowerclass.AccordingtotheNationalCenterofHealthStatistics,Whitescanexpecttolive77.7years.Incontrast,lifeexpectancyforBlacksis72.3years(Arias2004).
Asnotedearlier,infantmortalityisregardedasaprimaryindicatorofhealthcare.ThereisasignificantgapintheUnitedStatesbetweentheinfantmortalityratesofAfricanAmericansandWhites.Generally,therateofinfantdeathismorethantwiceashighamongBlacks.AfricanAmericansaccountfor15percentofalllivebirthsinthenationbut29percentofinfantdeaths.PertoRicansandNativeAmericanshavemortalityratesthatarelowerthanAfricanAmericans’buthigherthanWhites’(MacDormanetal.2005).
Themedicalestablishmentisnotexemptfromracism.(48)Unfortunately,themediaoftenfocusonobviousformsofracism,suchashatecrimes,whileoverlookingmoreinsidiousformsinsocialinstitutionslikethemedicalestablishment.Onereviewofmorethan100studiesconductedoverthelastdecadeconcludedthatminoritiesreceiveinferiorcareevenwhentheyareinsured.(49)Despitehavingaccesstocare,Blacks,Latinos,andAmericanIndiansaretreatedunequallyasaresultofracialprejudiceanddifferencesintheequalityofvarioushealthcareplans.Furthermore,nationalclinicalstudieshaveshownthatevenallowingfordifferencesinincomeandinsurancecoverage,racialandethnicminoritiesarelesslikelythanothergroupstoreceivebothstandardhealthcareandlife-savingtreatmentforconditionssuchasHIVinfection(CaesarandWilliams2002;Smedleyetal.2002;Steyerbergetal.2005).
Drawingontheconflictperspective,sociologistHowardWaitzkin(1986)suggeststhatracialtensionsalsocontributetothemedicalproblemsofBlacks.Inhisview,thestressthatresultsfromracialprejudiceanddiscriminationhelpstoexplainthehigherratesofhypertensionfoundamongAfricanAmericans(andHispanics)comparedtoWhites.(50)Hypertension—twiceascommoninBlacksasinWhites—isbelievedtobeacriticalfactorinBlacks’highmortalityratesfromheartdisease,kidneydisease,andstroke(MorehouseMedicalTreatmentandEffectivenessCenter1999).
SomeMexicanAmericansandmanyotherLatinosadheretoculturalbeliefsthatmakethemlesslikelytousetheestablishedmedicalsystem.TheymayinterprettheirillnessaccordingtotraditionalLatinofolkmedicine,orcuranderismo—aformofholistichealthcareandhealing.
【答案】【參考譯文】
46.非洲裔、西班牙裔和美洲土著等群體的經(jīng)濟和環(huán)境條件惡劣表現(xiàn)在這些群體有很高的發(fā)病率和死亡率。
47.這樣的流行病學調(diào)查結果在一定程度上反映了這樣一個事實,即在美國的底層人群中,黑人比例較高。
48.不幸的是,媒體往往關注的是明顯的種族主義形式,如仇恨犯罪,而忽視了社會機構中存在的更隱蔽的形式,如醫(yī)療機構。
49.盡管有醫(yī)療保障,黑人、拉丁裔和美洲印第安人在不同的醫(yī)療保險計劃的平等程度上受到種族歧視和差異的影響。
50.黑人的高血壓發(fā)病率是白人的兩倍,這被認為是黑人患心臟病、腎病和中風高死亡率的關鍵因素。
12.單選題
Ifyoukeepgettingwrongnumbers,yourphonecouldbe().
問題1選項
A.deficient
B.deceptive
C.defective
D.ineffective
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項deficient“不足的;有缺陷的;不充分的”,尤指數(shù)量不足;B選項deceptive“欺詐的;迷惑的;虛偽的”;C選項defective“有缺陷的;不完美的”,尤指質(zhì)量不佳;D選項ineffective“失效的,不起作用的,無效的”。句意:如果你總是打錯電話,你的電話可能是無效的。因此D選項正確。
13.單選題
AProfessorstoodbeforehisphilosophyclassandhadsomeitemsinfrontofhim.Whentheclassbegan,wordlessly,hepickedupaverylargeandemptymayonnaisejarandproceededtofillitwithgolfballs.Hethenaskedthestudentsifthejarwasfull.Theyagreedthatitwas.
SotheProfessorthenpickedupaboxofpebblesandpouredthemintothejar.Heshookthejarlightly.Thepebblesrolledintotheopenareasbetweenthegolfballs.Hethenaskedthestudentsagainifthejarwasfull.Theyagreeditwas.
TheProfessornextpickedupaboxofsandandpoureditintothejar.Ofcourse,thesandfilledupeverythingelse.Heaskedoncemoreifthejarwasfull.Thestudentsrespondedwithaunanimous"Yes".
TheProfessorthenproducedtwocansofbeerfromunderthetableandpouredtheentirecontentsintothejar,effectivelyfillingtheemptyspacebetweenthesand.Thestudentslaughed.
“Now,”saidtheProfessor,asthelaughtersubsided,“Iwantyoutorecognizethatthisjarrepresentsyourlife.”
Thegolfballsaretheimportantthings—yourfamily,yourchildren,yourhealth,yourfriends,yourfavoritepassions―thingsthatifeverythingelsewaslostandonlytheyremained,yourlifewouldstillbefull.
Thepebblesaretheotherthingsthatmatterlikeyourjob,yourhouse,yourcar.Thesandiseverythingelse—thesmallstuff."
“Ifyouputthesandintothejarfirst”,hecontinued,"thereisnoroomforthepebblesorthegolfballs.Thesamegoesforlife.Ifyouspendallyourtimeandenergyonthesmallstuff,youwillneverhaveroomforthethingsthatareimportanttoyou.Payattentiontothethingsthatarecriticaltoyourhappiness.Playwithyourchildren.Taketimetogetmedicalcheckups.Takeyourpartnerouttodinner.Playanother18.Therewillalwaysbetimetocleanthehouse,andfixthedisposal.Takecareofthegolfballsfirst,thethingsthatreallymatter.Setyourpriorities.Therestisjustsand."
Whenhehadfinished,therewasaprofoundsilence.Thenoneofthestudentsraisedherhandandwithapuzzledexpression,inquiredwhatwasthebeerrepresented.
TheProfessorsmiled."I’mgladyouasked.Itjustgoestoshowyouthatnomatterhowfullyourlifemayseem,there'salwaysroomforacoupleofbeers."
Lesson:Whenthingsinyourlifeseemalmosttoomuchtohandle,when24hoursinadayarenotenough,rememberthemayonnaisejar...andthebeer.
1.Theprofessorillustratedhispointby()
.
2.Whentheprofessorpouredthebeerintothejar,thestudentsmostprobablywouldnot().
3.Theauthortendstocomparehousecleaningto(
).
4.Theprofessoremployedthebeertosignify().
5.Bywritingthestory,theauthorintendstobe().
問題1選項
A.analogy
B.exemplifying
C.punning
D.personification
問題2選項
A.finditunexpected
B.beamazedbyhim
C.appreciatehiswisdom
D.understandhisintension
問題3選項
A.thegolfballs
B.thepebbles
C.thesand
D.thebeer
問題4選項
A.trickstomakelifemorebeautiful
B.relaxationnomatterhowfulllifeis
C.thingsthatareunnecessaryfor
溫馨提示
- 1. 本站所有資源如無特殊說明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
- 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權益歸上傳用戶所有。
- 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容里面會有圖紙預覽,若沒有圖紙預覽就沒有圖紙。
- 4. 未經(jīng)權益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文庫網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲空間,僅對用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護處理,對用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對任何下載內(nèi)容負責。
- 6. 下載文件中如有侵權或不適當內(nèi)容,請與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
- 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準確性、安全性和完整性, 同時也不承擔用戶因使用這些下載資源對自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。
最新文檔
- 酒店精裝修設計施工合同
- 物業(yè)公司綠色裝修協(xié)議樣本
- 航空航天項目居間存款合同
- 電子產(chǎn)品物流配送合同樣本
- 游泳池翻新項目補充條款
- 特殊藥品專車運輸協(xié)議
- 甜品店裝修合作協(xié)議
- 液態(tài)藥品罐車運輸協(xié)議范本
- 服裝貿(mào)易居間合作協(xié)議范本
- 2024年抗瘧藥項目建議書
- 《網(wǎng)絡工程實訓》課程簡介與教學大綱
- 勞保用品自查報告
- 01759藥物化學二(四川)201804【含答案】
- 聚氨酯發(fā)泡培訓課件
- 因為后裔測定成績是種畜優(yōu)秀性狀遺傳性能的活證據(jù)課件
- 機房業(yè)務系統(tǒng)應急演練方案
- 家校共育教案5
- 物業(yè)公司戰(zhàn)略梳理報告課件
- 食品生產(chǎn)監(jiān)督檢查要點表(完整版)
- 青島版五年級上冊科學15 材料的漂浮能力
- 101個蝌蚪寶寶-課件
評論
0/150
提交評論