考研考博-英語(yǔ)-南通理工學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解3

書(shū)山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-南通理工學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買(mǎi)！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.翻譯題

Onafivetothreevote,theSupremeCourtknockedoutmuchofAmerica’simmigrationlawMondayamodestpolicyvictoryfortheObamaAdministration.ButonthemoreimportantmatteroftheConstitution,thedecisionwasan8-0defeatfortheAdministration’sefforttoupsetthebalanceofpowerbetweenthefederalgovernmentandthestates.

The8-0objectiontoPresidentObamaturnsonwhatJusticeSamuelAlitodescribesinhisobjectionas“ashockingassertionoffederalexecutivepower”.TheWhiteHousearguedthatArizona’slawsconflictedwithitsenforcementpriorities,evenifstatelawscompiledwithfederalstatutestotheletter.Ineffect,theWhiteHouseclaimedthatitcouldinvalidateanyotherwiselegitimatestatelawthatitdisagreeswith.

Somepowersdobelongextensivelytothefederalgovernment,andcontrolofcitizenshipandthebordersisamongthem.ButifCongresswantedtopreventstatesfromusingtheirownresourcestocheckimmigrationstatus,itcould.Itneverdidso.Theadministrationwasinessenceassertingthatbecauseitdidn’twanttocarryoutCongress’simmigrationwishes,nostateshouldbeallowedtodosoeither.EveryJusticerightlyrejectedthisremarkableclaim.（5分）

Howdidthehumanscamp（放浪者）beginhisascenttocivilization?Whatwerethefirstsignsofpromiseinhim,orofhisdevelopingintelligence?Theanswerisundoubtedlytobefoundinman’splayfulcuriosity,inhisfirsteffortstofumblewithhishandsandturneverythinginsideouttoexamineit,asamonkeyinhisidlemomentsturnstheeyelidortheearlobeofafellowmonkey,lookingforliceorfornothingatall—justturningaboutforturningabout’ssake.（4分）

Lookingbacknow,Ifeelasthoughfatehadsetoutthatdaytoteachmealesson.Anditsucceeded.Justafewfeetpasthim,Imanagedtofindtheonlyicepatchonthesidewalk.AsIslipped,Itriedtopositionmyselfsotheimpactwouldoccuronmyhipandthigh,butunfortunatelymyaimwasaboutasgoodasmyjudgmentofcharacter,andImanagedtolandsquareonmyrightknee.（3分）

IndiaisnowbeingcaricaturedasanationofpredatorybrainssetonstealingAmericanjobsandgoodjobs,toboot.ThisstrongreactiontotheshiftingofjobsisspawningpainedfrustrationinIndia,acountrytheUnitedStateswascheeringnotsolongagoasitbegantoopenalargelysocialist,closedeconomyandentertheglobalarena.（3分）

【答案】周一，最高法院以贊成5票，反對(duì)3票的結(jié)果淘汰了許多美國(guó)移民法，這是奧巴馬政府取得的政策上的小勝利。然而，在美國(guó)憲法更為重要的事情上，奧巴馬政府想打亂聯(lián)邦政府與州之間的權(quán)利平衡的努力以8張反對(duì)票落敗。

塞繆爾?阿利托法官反對(duì)說(shuō)“這是對(duì)聯(lián)邦行政權(quán)力令人震驚的斷言”，這使奧巴馬總統(tǒng)獲得了8張反對(duì)票。白宮認(rèn)為，亞利桑那州的法律與其執(zhí)法重點(diǎn)相沖突，即使各州的法律與聯(lián)邦法律完全一致。實(shí)際上，白宮是在宣稱(chēng)，任何它不同意的其他方面合法的州法律，它可以使其失效。

聯(lián)邦政府確實(shí)擁有許多延伸的權(quán)利，比如對(duì)公民權(quán)利的限定和邊界的限制。但是如果國(guó)會(huì)想阻止各州運(yùn)用自己的資源來(lái)檢查移民狀況，它是可以做到的。但它從未這樣做。實(shí)質(zhì)上，奧巴馬政府是在宣稱(chēng)，因?yàn)槁?lián)邦政府不想執(zhí)行國(guó)會(huì)的移民愿望，所以任何州也不被允許這樣做。每一位法官都對(duì)此不同尋常的宣稱(chēng)表示公正地反對(duì)。

人類(lèi)這個(gè)放浪者是如何走向文明的呢？他的前景或他發(fā)展中的智力的最初標(biāo)志是什么？答案無(wú)疑可以從他玩鬧時(shí)產(chǎn)生的好奇心中找到，在他第一次努力笨拙地用手將內(nèi)心的想法付諸實(shí)踐的過(guò)程中。就像一只猴子無(wú)聊時(shí)翻開(kāi)它同伴的眼皮或玩弄它的耳垂一樣，要么是在尋找虱子，要么是什么都沒(méi)干，就只是在翻眼皮或玩弄耳垂而已。

回頭看，我覺(jué)得那天命運(yùn)好像要給我一個(gè)教訓(xùn)。它確實(shí)做到了。就在離他幾英尺遠(yuǎn)的地方，我踩到了人行道上唯一的一塊冰。當(dāng)我滑倒的時(shí)候，我試著調(diào)整自己的姿勢(shì)，想著撞擊只會(huì)發(fā)生在屁股和大腿上，但不幸的是，我的想法和我對(duì)這一行為的判斷一樣‘好’，我的右膝成功地直接著地了。

印度現(xiàn)在正被一幅漫畫(huà)諷刺為一個(gè)有掠奪性頭腦的國(guó)家，它想偷走美國(guó)人的工作——而且是好工作。這種對(duì)工作崗位轉(zhuǎn)換的強(qiáng)烈反應(yīng)讓印度產(chǎn)生了痛苦的挫敗感。就在不久前，美國(guó)還為這個(gè)國(guó)家歡呼雀躍，因?yàn)樗_(kāi)始開(kāi)放大部分的社會(huì)主義的封閉經(jīng)濟(jì)，并進(jìn)入全球市場(chǎng)。放大部分的社會(huì)主義的封閉經(jīng)濟(jì)，并進(jìn)入全球市場(chǎng)。

2.單選題

Hardlyanything____morethanhappinessofseeingsomeoneusinghisdevicefortreatment.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.pleasehim

B.doespleasehim

C.doeshimplease

D.pleaseshim

【答案】D

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.pleasehim使他開(kāi)心B.doespleasehim確實(shí)使他開(kāi)心

C.doeshimplease確實(shí)是他開(kāi)心D.pleaseshim使他開(kāi)心

【答案】D

【考查點(diǎn)】主謂一致

【解題思路】該句的主語(yǔ)為anything“任何事情”，是一個(gè)不定代詞，不定代詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)形式。選項(xiàng)中的please為本句的謂語(yǔ)，其第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)形式為pleases，him為本句的賓語(yǔ)。因此，D選項(xiàng)pleaseshim“使他開(kāi)心”滿足語(yǔ)法要求。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)pleasehim，沒(méi)有使用第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)；

B選項(xiàng)doespleasehim，雖然hardly放在句首時(shí)一般需要部分倒裝，但是，本句沒(méi)有在主語(yǔ)anything的前面挖空，does的位置不對(duì)。另外，hardly放在句首也可以不使用部分倒裝，只是這樣就不表示強(qiáng)調(diào)了；

C選項(xiàng)doeshimplease，與B選項(xiàng)相同，does的位置不對(duì)，另外，him是賓語(yǔ)，應(yīng)在please的后面。

【句意】沒(méi)有什么比看到有人用他的設(shè)備治療更讓他高興的了。

3.單選題

Terroristactivities,inwhateverforms,aretobedenouncedbypeace-lovingpeopleworldwide.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.announced

B.forgiven

C.condemned

D.despised

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。denounce表示“譴責(zé)，公然抨擊”；A項(xiàng)announce“宣布”，B項(xiàng)forgive“原諒”，C項(xiàng)condemn“譴責(zé)，判刑”，D項(xiàng)despise“輕視，鄙視”。句意：任何形式的恐怖主義活動(dòng)都應(yīng)受到全世界愛(ài)好和平的人民的譴責(zé)。根據(jù)句意可知，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Greenmeanshealthyoutsideofhospitals,too.Officeworkerswithnatureviewsaremore（1）abouttheirjobs,lessfrustrated,inbetterhealthandmoresatisfiedwiththeir（2）,accordingtoonestudy.Accordingtoanother,prisoninmateswhosecellslookedoutonfarmfieldsneededfarlesshealthcarethanthosewhosecellsfaceda（3）internalcourtyard.Psychologistshavefoundthatexposure（4）trees,streamsandothernaturalfeaturesimprovesconcentration,creativityandemotionalfunctioning.Inonestudy.FrancesKuo,PhD,apsychologistwho（5）theLandscapeandHumanHealthLaboratoryattheUniversityofIllinois,andhercolleaguesshowedthat20-minutewalksacrossleafycityparkseasesADHD（6）inkids.Afewyearsago,Kuoandherresearchpartnerstestedchildreninahigh-riseChicagopublic-housingprojecttoseeifaviewofnaturefromtheirapartmentshelpedthempsychologically.（7）withgirlswholookedoutonbrickandasphalt,girlswhosawtreesfromtheirwindowsconcentratedbetter,actedless（8）andweremoreabletodelaygratification.That（9）betterself-discipline,Kuosays,whichcouldhelpgirlsbetterhandlethe（10

）thatcometheirwayastheygrowupintheprojects.TheIllinoisresearchersalsoshowedthatareasofthepublic-housingprojectwithtreesandgrasshadlowerlevelsofcrime,（11

）violence,noise,litterandgraffiti(涂鴉).“Whenyouputallthesethingstogether,it’sapictureofahealthierneighborhood,”Kuosay.Greenerneighborhoodsmayevenimprovethe（12

）physicalhealthoftheirresidents.Dutchscientistscrosscheckedtheself-reportedhealthof10,000peoplewiththegreennessoftheirneighborhoods.After（13

）fortheirincome,ageandotherfactorsthataffecthealth,theyfoundthatpeopleingreenerneighborhoodswerehealthier.Inanotherstudy,elderlyTokyoresidentsweresignificantlymorelikelytosurvive（14

）anotherfiveyearsiftheirneighborhood（15

）walkableparksandtree-linedstreets.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.keen

B.eager

C.zealous

D.enthusiastic

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.lives

B.alive

C.live

D.living

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.blight

B.bleak

C.bleach

D.blemished

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.for

B.to

C.from

D.at

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.directs

B.improves

C.helps

D.satisfies

問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)

A.frustration

B.features

C.emotions

D.symptoms

問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)

A.Comparing

B.Compare

C.Compared

D.Tocompare

問(wèn)題8選項(xiàng)

A.inpulsively

B.dispulsively

C.impulsively

D.unpulsively

問(wèn)題9選項(xiàng)

A.amountupto

B.addsupto

C.isupto

D.livesupto

問(wèn)題10選項(xiàng)

A.challenges

B.career

C.professions

D.task

問(wèn)題11選項(xiàng)

A.domestic

B.forensic

C.explicit

D.metropolitan

問(wèn)題12選項(xiàng)

A.totally

B.partial

C.overall

D.whole

問(wèn)題13選項(xiàng)

A.account

B.accounting

C.accounted

D.havingaccounting

問(wèn)題14選項(xiàng)

A.from

B.in

C.up

D.for

問(wèn)題15選項(xiàng)

A.retained

B.attained

C.detained

D.contained

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:B

第5題:A

第6題:D

第7題:C

第8題:C

第9題:D

第10題:A

第11題:A

第12題:C

第13題:B

第14題:D

第15題:D

【解析】（1）固定搭配。beenthusiasticabout為固定搭配，表示“熱衷于,對(duì)...充滿熱情”。keen后面一般接on；eager一般與to搭配；zealous一般與for搭配。所以選項(xiàng)D正確。

（2）名詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)句意可知，這里指對(duì)他們的生活感到更滿意。只有選項(xiàng)A表示生活；alive“活著的”；live“活的，直播的”；living表示“生計(jì)，生活方式，生存之道”。所以選項(xiàng)A正確。

（3）形容詞詞義辨析。blight“枯萎，荒蕪”；bleak“陰冷的,荒涼的”；bleach“漂白”；blemished“有瑕疵的,有污點(diǎn)的”。根據(jù)句意可知填空處應(yīng)為形容詞修飾花園。只有選項(xiàng)B符合原文。

（4）固定搭配。Exposure通常與to搭配,表示“暴露于”。原文指的是處于某種環(huán)境中，所以選項(xiàng)B正確。

（5）動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)原文可知，這里指管理實(shí)驗(yàn)室的心理學(xué)家，選項(xiàng)A符合原文語(yǔ)境。

（6）名詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)句意：在樹(shù)木繁茂的城市公園散步20分鐘可以緩解兒童多動(dòng)癥的癥狀。選項(xiàng)D符合原文語(yǔ)境。

（7）語(yǔ)法知識(shí)。考查comparingwith和comparedwith的區(qū)別。當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)是被比較的對(duì)象時(shí),用comparedwith；當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)是比較動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者時(shí),用comparingwith。句中的主語(yǔ)為girls，為被比較的對(duì)象,所以用compared。選項(xiàng)C正確。

（8）形容詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)原文句意：看到樹(shù)木的女孩們注意力更加集中,行為不那么沖動(dòng)。選項(xiàng)中只有impulsively表示“易沖動(dòng)的”。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)均拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤。所以選項(xiàng)C正確。

（9）動(dòng)詞詞組辨析。amountupto“至多”;addupto“總計(jì)達(dá)”;isupto“從事;忙于”;liveupto“實(shí)現(xiàn),達(dá)到”。根據(jù)原文可知，本句是對(duì)上一句的遞進(jìn)說(shuō)明，表示還會(huì)提高自律性。選項(xiàng)D正確。

（10）名詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)句意：這可以幫助她們更好地處理成長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中遇到的挑戰(zhàn)。選項(xiàng)A符合原文語(yǔ)境。

（11）固定搭配。domesticviolence為固定搭配，表示“家庭暴力”。

（12）形容詞詞義辨析。根據(jù)原文可知，這里指提高居民整體的健康狀況。totally完全地；partial局部地；overall全部的，強(qiáng)調(diào)全面綜合的；whole完整的，強(qiáng)調(diào)事物完好無(wú)缺。所以選項(xiàng)C更恰當(dāng)。

（13）語(yǔ)法知識(shí)。此處考查動(dòng)詞account的各種形式?？崭袂懊媸墙樵~after，所以后面只能接名詞，代詞或動(dòng)名詞，所以空格處應(yīng)該是用動(dòng)名詞形式。選項(xiàng)B正確。

（14）介詞搭配。survive與for搭配使用,表示“存活……”,后一般跟時(shí)間。選項(xiàng)D正確。

（15）語(yǔ)法理解題。retained保留，保存；attained獲得，達(dá)到；detained扣留；contained包含。根據(jù)句意：”如果東京的老年居民所在的社區(qū)有可步行的公園和綠樹(shù)成蔭的街道...”可知，選項(xiàng)D更符合語(yǔ)境。

5.單選題

Itistruethat（

）awildplantintoamajorfoodcropsuchaswheatrequiresmuchresearchtime.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.multiplying

B.breeding

C.magnifying

D.generation

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。multiply意為“乘”；breed意為“飼養(yǎng)，培育(動(dòng)植物)”；magnify意為“放大”；generation作名詞時(shí)，意為“產(chǎn)生，繁殖”。

句意：將野生植物培育成小麥等主要糧食作物需要進(jìn)行大量的研究，這一點(diǎn)是千真萬(wàn)確的。

6.單選題

He（）himselfbitterlyforhismiserablebehaviorthatevening.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.repealed

B.resented

C.replayed

D.reproached

【答案】D

【解析】reproachsb.forsth.為某事斥責(zé)某人。句意：他為那天晚上的卑鄙行為狠狠地責(zé)備了自己。選項(xiàng)D符合句意。

7.單選題

Indescribingthegrandeurandsublimityofthiscountry,theHaitian(海地人)maywellenoughtoadoptthepoeticdescriptionoftheirownproudcountry.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.serenity

B.splendor

C.elegant

D.sight

【答案】B

【解析】句意：在描述這個(gè)國(guó)家的偉大和莊嚴(yán)時(shí)，海地人很樂(lè)意接受對(duì)他們引以為豪的祖國(guó)這樣詩(shī)意的描述。sublimity意為“莊嚴(yán)，崇高”。serenity平靜，寧?kù)o；splendor壯麗，顯赫；elegant優(yōu)美的，講究的；sight視力，見(jiàn)解。選項(xiàng)B與之意思相近。

8.單選題

Eyespots,themostrudimentaryeyes,arefoundinprotozoanflagellates,flatworms,andsegmentedworms.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.principal

B.perceptive

C.primitive

D.persistent

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。rudimentary表示“基本的，退化的，未發(fā)展的”；A項(xiàng)principal“主要的，資本的”，B項(xiàng)perceptive“洞察力強(qiáng)的，思維敏捷的”，C項(xiàng)primitive“原始的，遠(yuǎn)古的”，D項(xiàng)persistent“執(zhí)著的，堅(jiān)持不懈的”。句意：眼斑存在于原生動(dòng)物鞭毛蟲(chóng)、扁蟲(chóng)和分節(jié)蟲(chóng)中，是未發(fā)展的眼睛。根據(jù)句意可知，rudimentary在句子中表示“原始的，未進(jìn)化的”意思，只有C項(xiàng)符合。故該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

9.翻譯題

ReadthefollowingshortparagraphcarefullyandthentranslateitintoEnglish.

宇宙間繁星密布，人們以為這之中有一些如我們的太陽(yáng)一樣為行星環(huán)繞，而在這些行星上可能存在有智能的生物，或許他們比我們更先進(jìn)。所以有可能在百萬(wàn)年左右某些生物乘坐自己的飛船穿越太空時(shí)，會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)我們的某艘“旅行者(Voyager)”號(hào)飛船。星球之間的距離十分遙遠(yuǎn)，這樣的一次相聚可能性極小，但這并不是完全不可能的?？茖W(xué)家希望有機(jī)會(huì)和我們遙遠(yuǎn)的鄰居傳遞信息，讓他們知道我們這個(gè)藍(lán)色的星球曾經(jīng)是相當(dāng)聰明的、多少有點(diǎn)文明的人類(lèi)的家園。

【答案】Amongthestarswhichdottheuniverse,peoplethinkthattherearesomestarsencircledbyplanetslikeoursunandintelligentcreaturesmayliveontheseplanets,maybetheyaremoreadvancedthanus.Soitispossiblethatwhensomecreaturestaketheirownspacecraftthroughspaceaboutonemillionyearslater,theywillfindoneofour“Voyager”spacecraft.Thedistancebetweenplanetsissofarawaythatthechanceofsuchameetingisverysmall,butthisisnotentirelyimpossible.Scientistshopetohavetheopportunitytopassinformationtoourdistantneighbors,lettingthemknowourblueplanetusedtobethehomelandofhumanbeingwhoisveryintelligentandsomewhatcivilized.

10.翻譯題

4.Whenpeoplefaceachallengetheysometimestalkabouttakingadeepbreathtofindcourageorstrength.Infact,theword“inspire”literallymeans“tobreathein”.Butevenwiththeinspirationofothers,it’sunderstandablethatwesometimesthinktheworld’sproblemsaresobigthatwecandolittletohelp.Onourown,wecannotendwarsorwipeoutinjustice,butthecumulativeimpactofthousandsofsmallactsofgoodnesscanbebiggerthanweimagine.

【答案】【參考譯文】

4.遭遇挑戰(zhàn)的人們有時(shí)會(huì)說(shuō)，深吸一口氣，拿出勇氣和力量。事實(shí)上，“鼓舞”的字面意思就是“吸氣”?？杉幢闶艿剿斯奈瑁覀冇袝r(shí)還是發(fā)現(xiàn)，這個(gè)世界的問(wèn)題太大，我們所做的不過(guò)杯水車(chē)薪，這是可以理解的。就我們自己而言，我們無(wú)法結(jié)束戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，掃蕩不公，可成千上萬(wàn)微不足道的善行累加起來(lái)，卻能產(chǎn)生我們想象不到的影響。

11.單選題

Sucheuphemismsmaybestylistically"permissible'"iftheyarekeptwithin.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.boundaries

B.ranges

C.borders

D.limits

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)boundariesn.界限，分界線，邊界；B選項(xiàng)rangesn.里程，范圍；C選項(xiàng)bordersn.邊界，邊緣地區(qū)；D選項(xiàng)limitsn.范圍，限制，領(lǐng)土。句意：這樣的委婉用法在文體結(jié)構(gòu)上是可以的，但前提是要在有限范圍內(nèi)使用。根據(jù)句意可知，D項(xiàng)符合題意。因此，D項(xiàng)是正確答案。

12.單選題

Imust（）youonyourhandlingofaverydifficultsituation.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.meditate

B.complement

C.elaborate

D.compliment

【答案】D

【解析】本題考查動(dòng)詞辨析題。meditate“考慮，計(jì)劃”；complement“補(bǔ)足；補(bǔ)充”；elaborate“詳盡闡述”；compliment“稱(chēng)贊”，根據(jù)“在非常困難情況下做出的處理”這是一件值得表?yè)P(yáng)與稱(chēng)贊的事，此處使用compliment符合語(yǔ)義邏輯，故正確答案為選項(xiàng)D。句意為：我不得不為你在非常困難情況下做出的處理而稱(chēng)贊你。

13.單選題

Youmusthavewaitedhereforalongtime,（）you?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.mustn't

B.didn't

C.haven’t

D.hadn't

【答案】C

【解析】句意:你一定在這里等了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了，對(duì)嗎？

語(yǔ)法題?？疾榉戳x疑問(wèn)句。句中的反意疑問(wèn)句是對(duì)havewaited進(jìn)行反問(wèn)，因陳述句部分中有foralongtime,即完成時(shí)態(tài)，故反意疑問(wèn)句部分要用“haven’t/hasn’t+主語(yǔ)”。

14.單選題

Thefirstpartofthispaperisthe______review.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.literature

B.field

C.study

D.phenomenon

【答案】A

【解析】【試題解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)literature“文學(xué)，文學(xué)作品（literaturereview文獻(xiàn)綜述）”；B選項(xiàng)field“田，地，牧場(chǎng)”；C選項(xiàng)study“學(xué)習(xí)，研究”；D選項(xiàng)phenomenon“現(xiàn)象”。句意：本文的第一部分是______。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境，這里的paper指的是論文，結(jié)合詞組literaturereview，A選項(xiàng)literature符合題意。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

15.單選題

AccordingtoarecentpublicationoftheEqualEmploymentOpportunityCommission,atthepresentrateofprogress,itwilltakeforty-threeyearstoendjobdiscrimination—hardlyareasonabletimetable.

Ifourgoaliseducationalandeconomicequityandparity,itisthenweneedaffirmativeactiontocatchup.Wearebehindasaresultofdiscriminationanddenialofopportunity.Thereisonewhiteattorneyforevery680whites,butonlyoneblackattorneyforevery4,000blacks;onewhitephysicianforevery659whites,butonlyoneblackphysicianforevery5,000blacks;andonewhitedentistforevery1,900whites,butonlyoneblackdentistforevery8,400blacks.Lessthan1percentofallengineersorofallpracticingchemistsisblack.Cruelanduncompassionateinjusticecreatedgapslikethese.Weneedcreativejusticeandcompassiontohelpusclosethem.

Actually,intheU.S.context,“reversediscrimination”isillogicalandacontradictioninterms.Neverinthehistoryofmankindhasamajority,withpower,engagedinprogramsandwrittenlawsthatdiscriminateagainstitself.Theonlythingwhitesaregivingupbecauseofaffirmativeactionisunfairadvantagesomethingthatwasunnecessaryinthefirstplace.

Blacksarenotmakingprogressattheexpenseofwhites,asnewsaccountsmakeitseem.Thereare49percentmorewhitesinmedicalschooltodayand64percentmorewhitesinlawschoolthantherewerewhenaffirmativeactionprogramsbegansomeeightyearsago.

Inarecentcolumn,WilliamRaspberryraisedaninterestingquestion.CommentingontheBakkecase,heasked,“Whatif,insteadofsettingaside16of100slots,weadded16slotstothe100?”That,hesuggested,wouldnotinterferewithwhatwhitesalreadyhave.Hethenwentontopointoutthatthis,infact,isexactlywhathashappenedinlawandmedicalschools.In1968,theyearbeforeaffirmativeactionprogramsbegantogetunderway,9,571whitesand282membersofminoritygroupsenteredU.S.medicalschools.In1976,thefigureswere14,213and1,400respectively.Thus,underaffirmativeaction,thenumberof“whiteplaces”actuallyroseby49percent;whiteaccesstomedicaltrainingwasnotdiminished,butsubstantiallyincreased.Thetrendwasevenmoremarkedinlawschools.In1969,thefirstyearforwhichreliablefiguresareavailable,2,933minority-groupmemberswereenrolled;in1976,thenumberwasupto8,484.Butduringthesameperiod,lawschoolenrollmentforwhitesrosefrom65,453to107,064anincreaseof64percent.Inshort,itisamyththatblacksaremakingprogressatwhiteexpense.

AllanBakkedidnotreallychallengepreferentialtreatmentingeneral,forhemadenochallengetothepreferentialtreatmentaccordedtothechildrenoftherich,thealumniandthefacultyortoathletesortheverytalentedonlytominorities.

1.Theauthorisforaffirmativeaction（）.

2.Itrequires（）toclosethegapsbetweenthewhitesandtheblacksintheU.S.

3.Blacksarenotmakingprogressattheexpenseofwhites,accordingtotheauthor,because（）.

4.WilliamRaspberry,whilecommentingontheBakkecase,suggests（）.

5.WhatAllanBakkechallengedwas（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.becausethereisdiscriminationanddenialofopportunityintheU.S.

B.ifweaimateducationalandeconomicequityandparity

C.becauseitwilltake43yearstoendjobdiscrimination

D.whenthereisnoreasonabletimetableintheU.S.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.oneblackattorneyforever4,000blacks

B.alotmoreblackengineersandchemists

C.educationandeconomicdevelopment

D.creativejusticeandcompassion

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.whatwhitegiveupisonlyunfairadvantage

B.thereare49percentmorewhiteinmedicalschooltodayalready

C.whites,themajorityintheU.S.,willneverdiscriminateagainstthemselves

D.thereare64percentmorewhitesinlawschoolstoday

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.tooffer100slotstowhitesand16toblacks

B.tooffer84slotstowhitesand16toblacks

C.tofollowwhathashappenedinlawandmedicalschools

D.tointerferewithwhatwhitesalreadyhave

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.themyththatblacksaremakingprogressatwhiteexpense

B.unfairtreatmentaccordedtoblacks

C.preferentialtreatmentingeneral

D.preferentialtreatmenttominority-groupmembers

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:A

第5題:A

【解析】1.根據(jù)第二段第一句“Ifourgoaliseducationalandeconomicequityandparity,itisthenweneedaffirmativeactiontocatchup.”如果我們的目標(biāo)是教育和經(jīng)濟(jì)公平與平等，那么我們就需要積極地開(kāi)展平權(quán)行動(dòng)。選項(xiàng)B符合原文。

2.根據(jù)第二段最后兩句“Cruelanduncompassionateinjusticecreatedgapslikethese.Weneedcreativejusticeandcompassiontohelpusclosethem.”殘酷無(wú)情的不公正造成了這樣的差距。我們需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造性的公正和同情來(lái)消除差距。選項(xiàng)D符合原文。

3.根據(jù)第三段最后一句“Theonlythingwhitesaregivingupbecauseofaffirmativeactionisunfairadvantagesomethingthatwasunnecessaryinthefirstplace.”白人因?yàn)槠綑?quán)法案而放棄的唯一一件事是不公平的優(yōu)勢(shì)，這在一開(kāi)始是不必要的。選項(xiàng)A符合原文。

4.根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“WilliamRaspberry”定位到倒數(shù)第二段，根據(jù)“Whatif,insteadofsettingaside16of100slots,weadded16slotstothe100?”“如果我們不是在100個(gè)位置中留出16個(gè)位置，而是在100個(gè)位置中增加16個(gè)位置，那會(huì)怎么樣?”他表示，這不會(huì)影響白人已經(jīng)擁有的東西。所以選項(xiàng)A正確。

5.根據(jù)原文內(nèi)容可知，AllanBakke挑戰(zhàn)的是“itisamyththatblacksaremakingprogressatwhiteexpense.”選項(xiàng)A正確。

16.單選題

Oneofthemostdifficultaspectsofdecidingwhethercurrentclimaticeventsrevealevidenceoftheimpactofhumanactivitiesisthatitishardtogetameasureofwhatconstitutesthenaturalvariabilityoftheclimate.Weknowthatoverthepastmillenniatheclimatehasundergonemajorchangeswithoutanysignificanthumanintervention.Wealsoknowthattheglobalclimatesystemisimmenselycomplicatedandthateverythingisinsomewayconnected,andsothesystemiscapableoffluctuatinginunexpectedways.Weneedthereforetoknowhowmuchtheclimatecanvaryofitsownaccordinordertointerpretwithconfidencetheextenttowhichrecentchangesarenaturalasopposedtobeingtheresultofhumanactivities.

Instrumentalrecordsdonotgobackfarenoughtoprovideuswithreliablemeasurementsofglobalclimaticvariabilityontimescaleslongerthanacentury.Whatwedoknowisthatasweincludelongertimeintervals,therecordshowsincreasingevidenceofslowswingsinclimatebetweendifferentregimes.Tobuildupabetterpictureoffluctuationsappreciablyfurtherbackintimerequiresustouseproxyrecords.

Overlongperiodsoftime,substanceswhosephysicalandchemicalpropertieschangewiththeambientclimateatthetimecanbedepositedinasystematicwaytoprovideacontinuousrecordofchangesinthosepropertiesovertime,sometimesforhundredsorthousandsofyears.Generally,thelayeringoccursonanannualbasis,henceheobservedchangesintherecordscanbedated.Informationontemperature,rainfall,andotheraspectsoftheclimatethatcanbeinferredfromthesystematicchangesinpropertiesisusuallyreferredtoasproxydata.ProxytemperaturerecordshavebeenreconstructedfromicecoredrilledoutofthecentralGreenlandicecap,calciteshellsembeddedinlayeredlakesedimentsinWesternEurope,oceanfloorsedimentcoresfromthetropicalAtlanticOcean,icecoresfromPeruvianglaciers,andicecoresfromeasternAntarctica.Whiletheserecordsprovidebroadlyconsistentindicationsthattemperaturevariationscanoccuronaglobalscale,therearenonethelesssomeintriguingdifferences,whichsuggestthatthepatternoftemperaturevariationsinregionalclimatescanalsodiffersignificantlyfromeachother.

Whattheproxyrecordsmakeabundantlyclearisthattherehavebeensignificantnaturalchangesintheclimateovertimescaleslongerthanafewthousandyears.Equallystriking,however,istherelativestabilityoftheclimateinthepast10,000years(theHoloceneperiod).

Totheextentthatthecoverageoftheglobalclimatefromtheserecordscanprovideameasureofitstruevariability,itshouldatleastindicatehowallthenaturalcausesofclimatechangehavecombined.Theseincludethechaoticfluctuationsoftheatmosphere,theslowerbutequallyerraticbehavioroftheoceans,changesinthelandsurfaces,andtheextentoficeandsnow.Alsoincludedwillbeanyvariationsthathavearisenfromvolcanicactivity,solaractivity,and,possibly,humanactivities.

1.Whichofthefollowingmustwefindoutinordertodeterminetheimpactofhumanactivitiesuponclimate?

2.Scientistsareabletoreconstructproxytemperaturerecordsby（

）.

3.ProxydatahavesuggestedallofthefollowingabouttheclimateEXCEPT:

（

）.

4.Theword‘‘erratic”intheparagraph5isclosestinmeaningto（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Themajorchangesinclimateoverthepastmillennia.

B.Thedegreetowhichtheclimatevariesnaturally.

C.Thebestmethodformeasuringclimaticchange.

D.Themillenniumwhenhumansbegantointerferewiththeclimate.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.studyingregionaldifferencesintemperaturevariations.

B.studyinganddatingchangesinthepropertiesofsubstances.

C.observingchangesinpresentdayclimateconditions.

D.inferringpastclimateshiftsfromobservationsofcurrentclimaticchanges.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Regionalclimatesmaychangeovertime.

B.Theclimatehaschangedverylittleinthepast10,000years.

C.Globaltemperaturesvarymorethanregionaltemperatures.

D.Importantnaturalchangesinclimatehaveoccurredoverlargetimescales.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.dramatic

B.important

C.unpredictable.

D.common

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:C

【解析】1.推理判斷題。題目提問(wèn)‘為了確定人類(lèi)活動(dòng)對(duì)氣候的影響，我們必須找出以下哪一項(xiàng)？根據(jù)文章第一段中“Oneofthemostdifficultaspectsofdecidingwhethercurrentclimaticeventsrevealevidenceoftheimpactofhumanactivitiesisthatitishardtogetameasureofwhatconstitutesthenaturalvariabilityoftheclimate.要判斷當(dāng)前的氣候事件是否揭示了人類(lèi)活動(dòng)影響的證據(jù)，最困難的一個(gè)方面是很難衡量是什么構(gòu)成了氣候的自然變化?！保_定判斷人類(lèi)對(duì)氣候的影響之前必須確定自然的影響，所以B選項(xiàng)“氣候自然變化的程度”正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目提問(wèn)‘科學(xué)家能通過(guò)什么重建替代溫度記錄？’根據(jù)文章第三段中第三句“ProxytemperaturerecordshavebeenreconstructedfromicecoredrilledoutofthecentralGreenlandicecap,calciteshellsembeddedinlayeredlakesedimentsinWesternEurope,oceanfloorsedimentcoresfromthetropicalAtlanticOcean,icecoresfromPeruvianglaciers,andicecoresfromeasternAntarctica.從格陵蘭島中部冰冠鉆出的冰芯、嵌在西歐分層湖泊沉積物中的方解石殼、熱帶大西洋洋底沉積物的冰芯、秘魯冰川的冰芯和南極洲東部的冰芯重建了代理溫度記錄。”。原文談及很多重建溫度的方法，無(wú)論是冰川，沉積物還是碳酸鹽，都屬“substance物質(zhì)”，所以B選項(xiàng)“研究和測(cè)定物質(zhì)性質(zhì)的變化”正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題目提問(wèn)‘代理數(shù)據(jù)表明了如下所有關(guān)于氣候的內(nèi)容，除了……？’根據(jù)第四段第一句“Whattheproxyrecordsmakeabundantlyclearisthattherehavebeensignificantnaturalchangesintheclimateovertimescaleslongerthanafewthousandyears.代理記錄充分表明，在超過(guò)幾千年的時(shí)間跨度內(nèi)，氣候發(fā)生了重大的自然變化?！笨膳懦鼳選項(xiàng)‘隨著時(shí)間的推移，地區(qū)氣候可能會(huì)發(fā)生變化’和D選項(xiàng)‘氣候的重要自然變化是在大的時(shí)間尺度上發(fā)生的’。根據(jù)第二句“Equallystriking,however,istherelativestabilityoftheclimateinthepast10,000years(theHoloceneperiod).然而，同樣令人驚訝的是在過(guò)去的一萬(wàn)年（全新世）中氣候變化的相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)很穩(wěn)定。”可排除B選項(xiàng)‘在過(guò)去的一萬(wàn)年里，氣候變化非常小?！虼?，C項(xiàng)‘全球氣溫的變化比地區(qū)氣溫的變化更大’在文中沒(méi)有體現(xiàn)，符合題意。

4.詞義猜測(cè)題。題目提問(wèn)‘第五段中"erratic”最接近什么意思？’根據(jù)上下文，“erratic行為古怪，反復(fù)無(wú)常”與前文中“chaoticfluctuationsoftheatmosphere變化多端的大氣波動(dòng)”的“chaotic混沌的；一團(tuán)糟的”相對(duì)應(yīng)，因此，C選項(xiàng)“無(wú)法預(yù)言的；不可預(yù)測(cè)”符合語(yǔ)境。

17.填空題

ProfessorReich’splaneis（1）at2:30.Canyougototheairportto（2）himup?

【答案】1.arriving

2.pick

【解析】1.語(yǔ)義題。Arriveat到達(dá)。

2.固定搭配。picksb.up接某人。

18.問(wèn)答題

Yettohaveafamilynowadays—(A)withbirthcontrolreadilyavailable,and(B)inflationagoodeconomicargumentagainsthavingchildren—isnearlyanexpressionofambitionitself.Thoughambitionwasonce(C)thedomainchieflyofmonarchsandaristocrats,ithas,inmorerecenttimes,increasinglybecomethedomainofthemiddleclass.Working,saving,planning—these,thedailyaspectsofambition—havealwaysbeen(D)thedistinguishedmarksofarisingmiddleclass.

【答案】D；改成thedistinguishingmarks。distinguishing有區(qū)別的；distinguished卓越的，著名的。句意：工作,儲(chǔ)蓄,雄心壯志的計(jì)劃這些,每日方面——一直是崛起的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的區(qū)分標(biāo)志。

19.單選題

Duringhis10yearsofserviceinTibetheworkedmuchmorethanwhichwasgoodforhishealthandnowheisvirtuallyaninvalid.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.yearsofservice

B.thanwhich

C.for

D.virtually

【答案】B

【解析】考查語(yǔ)法。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，than引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)比較狀語(yǔ)從句，表示的是“他工作遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)了對(duì)他健康有益的范圍/程度”，which是指“哪一個(gè)”，在這里應(yīng)該改為what，指“什么”。句意：在西藏服務(wù)的10年里，他的工作遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了對(duì)健康有益的范圍，他實(shí)際上是一個(gè)殘疾人。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)。

20.單選題

Fromchildhoodtooldage,wealluselanguageasameansofbroadeningourknowledgeofourselvesandtheworldaboutus.Whenhumansfirst（1）,theywerelikenewbornchildren,unabletousethis（2）tool.Yetoncelanguagedeveloped,thepossibilitiesforhumankind’sfuture（3）andculturalgrowthincreased.

Manylinguistsbelievethatevolutionis（4）forourabilitytoproduceanduselanguage.They（5）thatourhighlyevolvedbrainprovidesuswitha(n)（6）languageabilitynotfoundinlowerorganisms.Supportersofthisinnatenesstheorysaythatour（7）forlanguageisinborn,butthat

languageitselfdevelopsgradually,asafunctionofthegrowthofthebrainduringchildhood.Thereforetherearecritical（8）timesforlanguagedevelopment.

Current（9）ofinnatenesstheoryaremixed;however,evidence（10）theexistenceofsome

innateabilitiesisundeniable.Indeed,moreandmoreschoolsarediscoveringthatforeignlanguagesarebesttaughtin（11）grades.Youngchildrenoftencanlearnseverallanguagesbybeing（12）to

them,whileadultshaveamuch（13）timelearninganotherlanguageoncetherulesoftheirfirstlanguagehavebecomefirmlyfixed.

（14）someaspectsoflanguageareundeniablyinnate,languagedoesnotdevelopautomaticallyin

avacuum.Childrenwhohavebeen（15）fromotherhumanbeingsdonotpossesslanguage.This

demonstratesthat（16）withotherhumanbeingsisnecessaryforproperlanguagedevelopment.Somelinguistsbelievethatthisisevenmorebasictohumanlanguage（17）thananyinnatecapacities.

Thesetheoristsviewlanguage（18）imitative,learnedbehavior.（19）,childrenlearnlanguage

fromtheirparentsbyimitatingthem.Parentsgraduallyshapetheirchild’slanguageskillsby（20）reinforcingpreciseimitationsandnegativelyreinforcingimpreciseones.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.generated

B.evolved

C.born

D.originated

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.valuable

B.appropriate

C.convenient

D.favorite

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.attainments

B.feasibility

C.entertainments

D.evolution

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.essential

B.available

C.reliable

D.responsible

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.confirm

B.inform