考研考博-英語-吉林農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)考試押題三合一+答案詳解3

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-吉林農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

Thedoorclosedandthehelicopterimmediately______verticallyto1000feet.

問題1選項

A.floated

B.raised

C.heaved

D.ascended

【答案】D

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A項float“漂浮”，B項raise“抬高，舉起”，C項heave“舉起，使起伏”，D項ascend“上升”。根據(jù)helicopter“直升機”可知，空格部分表示“上升”；只有D項符合。句意：門關(guān)上了，直升機立即垂直上升到1000英尺的高度。因此，該題選擇D項正確。

2.單選題

Thefinancialproblemofthiscompanyisfurther（）bytheriseininterestrates.

問題1選項

A.increased

B.strengthened

C.reinforced

D.aggravated

【答案】D

【解析】increase增加；strengthen加強；reinforce増強，加固；aggravate惡化，加劇。句意：利率的上升使這家公司的財務(wù)問題進一步惡化。選項D符合句意。

3.單選題

9.Ifthereisanyendeavourwhosefruitsshouldbefreelyavailable,thatendeavourissurelypubliclyfinancedscience.Morally,taxpayerswhowishtoshouldbeabletoreadaboutitwithoutfurtherexpense.Andscienceadvancesthroughcross-fertilizationbetweenprojects.Barrierstothatexchangeslowitdown.

10.Thereisawidespreadfeelingthatthejournalpublisherswhohavemediatedthisexchangeforthepastcenturyormorearebecominganimpedimenttoit.OneofthelatestconvertsistheBritishgovernment.OnJuly16itannouncedthat,from2013,theresultsoftaxpayer-financedresearchwouldbeavailable,freeandonline,foranyonetoreadandredistribute.

11.Britain’sgovernmentisnotalone.OnJuly17theEuropeanUnionfollowedsuit.Itproposesmakingresearchpaidforbyitsnextscientific-spendinground-whichrunsfrom2014to2020,andwillhandoutabout€80billion,or$100billion,ingrants-similarlyeasytogetholdof.InAmerica,theNationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH,thesinglebiggestsourceofcivilianresearchfundsintheworld)hasrequiredopen-accesspublishingsince2008.AndtheWellcomeTrust,aBritishfoundationthatistheworld'ssecond-biggestcharitablesourceofscientificmoney,aftertheBillandMelindaGatesFoundation,alsoinsiststhatthosewhoreceiveitssupportmaketheirworkavailablefree.

12.Criticismofjournalpublishersusuallyboilsdowntotwothings,Oneisthattheirprocessestakemonths,whentheinternetcouldallowthemtotakedays,Theotheristhatbecauseeachpaperislikeamini-monopoly,whichworkersinthefieldhavetoreadiftheyaretoadvancetheirownresearch,thereisnoincentivetokeepthepricedown.Thepublishersthushavescientists?or,moreaccurately,theiruniversities,whichpaythesubscriptions-inanarmlock.That,combinedwiththefactthattherawmaterial(manuscriptsofpapers)isfree,leadstogenerousreturns.In2011Elsevier,alargeDutchpublisher,madeaprofitof￡768monrevenuesof￡2.06billion-amarginof37%.Indeed,Elsevier'sprofitsarethoughtsoegregiousbymanypeoplethat12,000researchershavesigneduptoboycottthecompany’sjournals.

13.Publishersdoprovideaservice.Theyorganizepeerreview,inwhichpapersarecriticizedanonymouslybyexperts(thoughthoseexperts,liketheauthorsofpapers,areseldompaidforwhattheydo).Theyalsosortthescientificsheepfromthegoats,bydecidingwhatgetspublished,andwhere.Thatgivesthepublishershugepower.Sinceresearchers,administratorsandgrant-awardingbodiesalltakenoteofwhichworkhasgotthroughthisfilteringmechanism,thecompetitiontopublishinthebestjournalsisintense,andthesystembecomesself-reinforcing,increasingthevalueofthosejournalsstillfurther.

14.Butnot,perhaps,formuchlonger.Supporthasbeenswellingforopen-accessscientificpublishing:doingitonline,inawaythatallowsanyonetoreadpapersfreeofcharge.Themovementstartedamongscientiststhemselves,butgovernmentsarenow,asBritain'sannouncementmakesclear,payingattentionandaskingwhethertheytoomightbenefitfromthechange.

15.TheBritishannouncementfollowedthepublicationofareportbyDameJanetFinch,asociologistattheUniversityofManchester,whichrecommendsencouragingabusinessmodeladoptedbyoneofthepioneersofopen-accesspublishing,thePublicLibraryofScience.Thisorganization,acharitybasedinSanFrancisco,chargesauthorsafee(between$1,350and$2,900,thoughitiswaivedincasesofhardship)andthenmakestheirpapersavailableovertheinternetfornothing.ForPLoS,asthecharityiswidelyknown,thisworkswell.Ithaslaunchedsevenwidelyrespectedelectronicjournalssinceitsfoundationin2000.Forreasonslostinhistory,thisisknownasthegoldmodel.

16.TheNIH’sapproachisdifferent.Itletsresearcherspublishintraditionaljournals,butonconditionthat,withinayear,theyposttheirpapersonafree"repository"websitecalledPubMed.Journalshavetoagreetothis,orbeexcludedfromtheprocess.Thisisknownasthegreenmodel.

17.Bothgoldandgreenmodelsinvolvepre-publicationpeerreview.Butathirddoesawaywitheventhat.Manyscientists,physicistsinparticular,nowuploaddraftsoftheirpapersintopublicarchivespaidforbynetworksofuniversitiesforthegeneralgood.(Themostpopularisknownas"arXivn,themiddleletterbeingaGreekchi.)Here,manuscriptsaresubjecttoaruthlessprocessofopenpeerreview,ratherthanthesecretsorttraditionalpublishersemploy.AnarXivedpapermayendupinatraditionaljournal,butthatismerelytoprovideapublicmarkofapprovalfortheresearchteamwhowroteit.Itsactualpublicationanditsvaluetootherscientistsdatefromitsoriginalarrivalonline.

18.ThesuccessofPLoS,andthepoliticalshifttowardsopenaccess,isencouragingothernewventurestoo.Seeingthewritingonthewall,severalcommercialpublishersareexperimentingwithgold-modelpublishing.Meanwhile,laterthisyearacoalitionoftheWellcomeTrust,theMaxPlanckInstitute(whichrunsmanyofGermany'sleadinglaboratories)andtheHowardHughesMedicalInstitutewillpublishthefirsteditionofeLife,anopen-accessjournalwithambitionstorivalthemostfamousjournalofthelot,Nature.Thedeeppocketsoftheseorganizationsmeanthat,forthefirstfewyearsatleast,thisjournalwillnotevenrequireapublicationfee.

19.Muchremainstobeworkedout.Somefearthelossofthetraditionaljournals*curationandverificationofresearch.EvenSirMarkWalport,thedirectoroftheWellcomeTrustandafierceadvocateofopen-accesspublication,worriesthatasystembasedonthegreenmodelcouldbecomefragmented.ThatmighthappenifthenewlyliberatedpapersendedupindifferentplacesratherthanbeingconsolidatedinthewaytheNIHinsistson.ButresearchjustpublishedinBMCMedicine(anopen-accessjournalfromSpringer)suggestspapersinopen-accessjournalsareaswidelycitedasthoseintraditionalpublications.

20.Arevolution,then,hasbegun.Technologypermitsit;researchersandpoliticianswantit.

Ifscientificpublishersarenottremblingintheirboots,theyshouldbe.

1.TheopeningparagraphsoftextBseemtoindicatethat（

）

2.AccordingtotextB,theBillandMelindaGatesFoundation（

）.

3.TextBstatesthatpeoplewhoareunhappywithpublishersofscientificjournals（

）.

4.Whenscientificpaperspassthroughpeerreview,（

）.

5.Thewordegregiousinparagraph12means（

）.

6.InthepublicationmodelsdescribedintextB,peerreviewoccurs（

）.

7.Paragraph18（

）.

8.TowardstheendoftextB,theauthormentionstheconcernsofSirMarkWalport,who（

）.

9.IfonecomparestextAandtextB,onecanseethat（

）.

問題1選項

A.scientistsareangeredbythepublicationpracticesthattheyconfrontintheirwork.

B.commercialpublishersareincreasinglyseenasanegativefactorinscience.

C.commercialpublishersareneededmorethaneverinordertoseparategoodresearchfrompoorresearch.

D.lessgoodresearchisappearingasaresultofthecontrolexercisedbyjournalpublishers.

問題2選項

A.isaveryimportantprovideroffundingforscientificresearch.

B.requiresthatresearcherssupportedbytheFoundationmaketheirfindingsfreelyavailabletothepublic.

C.followstheexamplesetbytheNIHinAmerica.

D.hasamonopolyonanyresearchresultsproducedbyscientistsitsupports.

問題3選項

A.objecttotheirslownessandthehighcostofthejournals.

B.thinkthatsuchjournalsshouldbeabolishedasanobstacletofreespeech.

C.criticizeabovealltheunfairnessofchoosingsomearticlesforpublicationandnotothers.

D.blamethemfortheslowpaceofscientificprogressinrecentyears.

問題4選項

A.theyarebeinggradedandassignedtodifferentlevelsofpublication.

B.governmentofficialsdecidewhatresearchisworthyofpublication.

C.researchersarebeingpaidtocriticizetheworkoffellowresearchers.

D.scientistsareevaluatingtheworkofotherscientistsintheirfield

問題5選項

A.somewhatunfavorable

B.quiteunnecessary

C.strikinglyunreasonable

D.clearlybizarre

問題6選項

A.beforepublicationinthefirsttwo,afterpublicationinthethird

B.insecretandwithoutthenameofthereviewersbeingknown

C.forpapersinsomescientificfieldsbutnotinothers

D.inexactlythesameway.Peerreviewisnotanissue

問題7選項

A.seemstoindicatethatmostjournalpublishersareresistinganychange.

B.makesitclearthatthepresentpublishingarrangementsaredoomed

C.providessupportforthestrongassertionsinthefinalparagraphofthetext.

D.ineffectpredictsthatthecommercialpublisherswillwininthestrugglewithfreeopen-accesspublication.

問題8選項

A.fearsthatthequalityofscientificpublishingiscurrentlyindecline.

B.stronglysupportsthegreenmodelovercurrentarrangementsandotherpublishingmodels.

C.believesthattheweaknessesofthegreenmodelcaneasilyberemediedbytheuseofopen-accessrepositorywebsitesforresearch.

D.worriesthatgoodpaperspublishedinopen-accessjournalsandrepositoriesmaynotreceivetheattentionthattheydeserve.

問題9選項

A.bothtextsarestraightforwardreports,i.e.objectivepresentationsoffacts.

B.textBisbasicallyadiscussionessayadvancingcertainopinions,whiletextAisasimplereport.

C.bothtextsareintendedtowinthereaderovertocertainviews.

D.textAisintendedtowinsupportforacertaindirectioninresearch,whereastextBexplainsadilemmainstraightforwardterms,withouttakingapositionofanysort

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:C

第6題:A

第7題:C

第8題:D

第9題:B

【解析】1.推理判斷題。題干意思為“文章B開始的段落似乎為了指出……”。第十段指出:Thereisawidespreadfeelingthatthejournalpublisherswhohavemediatedthisexchangeforthepastcenturyormorearebecominganimpedimenttoit(人們普遍認為,在過去一個世紀或更多時間調(diào)停這個交換（即科研成果）的期刊出版商正成為該調(diào)停的障礙?？芍狟項“商業(yè)出版商正越來越被看成是科學(xué)的消極因素”正確。

2.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干定位至第11段:AndtheWelcomeTrust,aBritishfoundationthatistheworld'ssecond-biggestcharitablesourceofscientificmoney,aftertheBillandMelindaGatesFoundation,alsoinsiststhatthosewhoreceiveitssupportmaketheirworkavailablefree(另外，僅次于比爾和梅林達蓋茨基金會，作去世界上第二大慈善科研資金來源的英國維康信托基金會，也堅持要求那些接受它支持的對象必須公開科研成果)。由此可知A項“一個重要的科研資金提供者”正確.。

3.細節(jié)事實題。由第十二段第一句指出:Criticismofjournalpublishersusuallyboilsdowntotwothings,Oneisthattheirprocessestakemonths,whentheinternetcouldallowthemtotakedays,Theotheristhatbecauseeachpaperislikeamini-monopoly,whichworkersinthefieldhavetoreadiftheyaretoadvancetheirownresearch,thereisnoincentivetokeepthepricedown(對期刊出版商的批評通常歸結(jié)為兩件事，一是他們的過程需要幾個月，當互聯(lián)網(wǎng)允許他們花上幾天的時間時，另一個是因為每一份報紙都像一個小的壟斷，如果他們想提高自己的閱讀水平，這一領(lǐng)域的工作人員必須閱讀,沒有降價的空間),可知A項“抗議他們（出版商）的速度慢和期刊的高價格”正確。

4.細節(jié)事實題。題干說“當科學(xué)論文通過同行評審時…”。第十三段:Theyorganizepeerreview,inwhichpapersarecriticizedanonymouslybyexperts（thoughthoseexperts,liketheauthorsofpapers,areseldompaidforwhattheydo）(他們（即出版商）組織同行評審，在該評審中專家們不具名地對論文進行評論（但是這些專家如論文的作者樣很少為自己的工作而得到報酬）)。由此可知D項“科學(xué)家將評價自己領(lǐng)域其它科學(xué)家的工作”正確。

5.詞義題。根據(jù)題干定位至第十二段:Indeed,Elsevier'sprofitsarethoughtsoegregiousbymany

peoplethat12,000researchershavesigneduptoboycottthecompany'sjournals(的確，愛思唯爾（世界領(lǐng)先的科技及醫(yī)學(xué)出版公司）的利潤被許多人認為是如此……，以致1.2萬名研究者簽名去聯(lián)合抵制這家公司的期刊)。由此推測egregious的意思為“非常不合理的；過分的”。

6.細節(jié)事實題。由第17段中“Bothgoldandgreenmodelsinvolvepre-publicationpeerreview.Butathirddoesawaywitheventhat.金色和綠色模式涉及出版前同行評審，但是第三種模式經(jīng)常不用在出版前進行同行評審”知A項“在前兩種（出版模式）中發(fā)生在出版前，在第三中（出版模式）發(fā)生在出版后”正確

7.推理判斷題。第十八段:Thedeeppocketsoftheseorganizationsmeanthat,forthefirstfewyearsatleast,thisjournalwillnotevenrequireapublicationfee(這些組織的雄厚財力意味著至少在前幾年這個期刊將甚至不需要出版費)及第二句:severalcommercialpublishersareexperimentingwithgold-modelpublishing(幾個商業(yè)出版商正在試用金色模式的出版)?？赏浦白髡邔鹘y(tǒng)的科學(xué)期刊出版商的擔憂”，這為第二十段中的“Ifscientificpublishersarenottremblingintheirboots,theyshouldbe.如果科學(xué)出版商沒有覺得擔心的話，那么他們應(yīng)該開始擔心了”提供了論據(jù)支持，故C項“為文章最后一段中的有力的斷言提供了支持”正確。

8.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位至文章后面第十九段:ButresearchjustpublishedinBMCMedicine（anopen-accessjournalfromSpringer）suggestspapersinopen-accessjournalsareaswidelycitedasthoseintraditionalpublications(但是《BMC醫(yī)學(xué)》（斯普林格的一個開放閱覽期刊）最近公布的調(diào)查顯示開放閱覽期刊被引用的廣泛程度和傳統(tǒng)期刊一樣多)中的but“但是”表轉(zhuǎn)折的對應(yīng)可推測“MarkWalport先生擔心開放閱覽期刊相比傳統(tǒng)期刊可能收不到應(yīng)有的關(guān)注”，由此知D項“擔心發(fā)布在開放閱覽期刊和存放處上的好論文可能受不到它們應(yīng)有的關(guān)注”正確。

9.主旨大意題。文章A中最后一段引用教授JamesHorne的話來對教授Dijk的研究進行評價及文章A全文都在用報告的方式進行敘述,因此文章A是一個簡單的報告文章，而文章B中大多數(shù)段落如第13段首句“Publishersdoprovideaservice.出版商確實也提供服務(wù)”、第19段首句“Muchremainstobeworkedout.還需要解決很多事情”等提出觀點后再論證”知文章B基本上是提出某些觀點的一個議論文，由此知B項“文章B基本上是提出某些觀點的一個議論文，而文章A是一篇簡單的報告文章”正確；

4.單選題

Weshouldmaintainourcultural（），whichrepresentsthedeepmemoryofournation.

問題1選項

A.agency

B.tendency

C.legacy

D.fancy

【答案】C

【解析】句意:我們應(yīng)該維護好代表我們民族最深刻記憶的文化遺產(chǎn)。

考查名詞辨析。Agency服務(wù)機構(gòu),(尤指)代理機構(gòu);tendency偏好,性情,趨勢;legacy遺產(chǎn),遺贈財物,遺留;fancy想象的事物,想象(力)。故C符合句意。

5.單選題

Toforgivemaybedivine,butnooneeversaiditwaseasy.Whensomeonehasdeeplyhurtyou,itcanbeextremelydifficulttoletgoofyourgrudge.Butforgivenessispossible-—anditcansurprisinglybeneficialtoyourphysicalandmentalhealth.

“Peoplewhoforgiveshowlessdepression,angerandstressandmorehopefulness,”saysFrederic,Ph.D.,authorofForgiveforGood.“Soitcanhelpsaveonthewearandtearonourorgans,reducethewearingoutoftheimmunesystemandallowpeopletofeelmorevital.”

Sohowdoyoustartthehealing?Tryfollowingthesesteps:

Calmyourself.Todefuseyouranger,tryasimplestress-managementtechnique.“Takeacoupleofbreathsandthinkofsomethingthatgivesyoupleasure:abeautifulsceneinnature,someoneyoulove,”Fredericsays.

Don’twaitforanapology.“Manytimesthepersonwhohurtyouhasnointentionofapologizing,”Fredericsays.“Theymayhavewantedtohurtyouortheyjustdon’tseethingsthesameway.Soifyouwaitforpeopletoapologize,youcouldbewaitinganawfullylongtime.”Keepinmindthatforgivenessdoesnotnecessarilymeanreconciliationwiththepersonwhoupsetyouorcondoningofhisorheraction.

Takethecontrolawayfromyouroffender.Mentallyreplayingyourhurtgivespowertothepersonwhocausedyoupain.“Insteadoffocusingonyourwoundedfeelings,learntolookforthelove,beautyandkindnessaroundyou,”Fredericsays.

Trytoseethingsfromtheotherperson’sperspective.Ifyouempathizewiththatperson,youmayrealizethatheorshewasactingoutofignorance,fear,evenlove.Togainperspective,youmaywanttowritealettertoyourselffromyouroffender’spointofview.

Recognizethebenefitsofforgiveness.Researchhasshownthatpeoplewhoforgivereportmoreenergy,betterappetiteandbettersleeppatterns.

Don’tforgettoforgiveyourself.“Forsomepeople,forgivingthemselvesisthebiggestchallenge,”Fredericsays.“Butitcanrobyouofyourself-confidenceifyoudon’tdoit.”

1.Forgivenessis（）

2.Whatdoes“wearandtear”mean?

3.WhichisNotthetechniqueofhealing?

4.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

5.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

問題1選項

A.easytodo

B.noble

C.onlybeneficialtophysicalhealth

D.impossibletogetyourgrudgego

問題2選項

A.Damageresultingfromordinaryuse.

B.Energy.

C.Friction.

D.Moisture.

問題3選項

A.Inhaledeeply.

B.Mentallyreplayyourhurtoften.

C.Distractyourattention.

D.Thinkinanotherpointofview.

問題4選項

A.Thepersonwhohurtyouissuretomakeanapologytoyoulateron.

B.Youmaycondoneothers’wrongdoings.

C.Forgivenessdoesn’tequalobeyance.

D.Youshouldnegotiatewiththepersonwhoupsetyou.

問題5選項

A.Waystogetwellfromyourhurt.

B.Toforgivemaybedivine,butnooneeversaiditwaseasy.

C.Forgivenessbenefitstoyourphysicalandmentalhealth.

D.AnintroductiontothebookForgiveforGood.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:C

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)第一段的第一句可知選項A錯誤；而divine與noble同義,所以選項B正確；根據(jù)第一段的最后一句“forgivenesscansurprisinglybeneficialtoyourphysicalandmentalhealth”可知選項C錯誤；根據(jù)第一段的第二句“itcanbeextremelydifficulttoletgoofyourgrudge.”可知選項D也錯誤。所以本題選B。

2.語義題。damageresultingfromordinaryuse日常中的損傷；friction摩擦力；moisture水分,濕度。根據(jù)原文可知,這里指可以幫助我們減少器官的磨損。選項A符合原文。

3.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)第六段的第二句“Mentallyreplayingyourhurtgivespowertothepersonwhocausedyoupain.”在心里重演你的傷痛,只會給予傷害你的人力量。所以選項B并不是治療的好方法。

4.判斷推理題。根據(jù)第五段的最后一句“forgivenessdoesnotnecessarilymeanreconciliationwiththepersonwhoupsetyouorcondoningofhisorheraction.”寬恕并不一定意味著與讓你心煩的人和解,也不意味著寬恕他或她的行為。選項C符合原文。

5.主旨大意題。forgiveness為本文的關(guān)鍵詞,再結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可知,本文主要是講如何寬恕以及寬恕的益處。選項C更符合原文。其他選項都太片面。

6.填空題

Adebatehaseruptedwithinmedicineoverhowtoensurethatphysiciansmaintaintheirclinicalskillsthroughouttheircareers.TheAmericanBoardofInternalMedicine(ABIM)haslongrequiredinterniststopassMaintenanceofCertificationexamsevery10yearstokeeptheirboard-certifiedstatus.(71)Inresponse,theABIMannounceditwouldofferanewassessmentoptionstartinginJanuary2018,allowingdoctorstoberecertifiedthroughshorter,butmorefrequent,assessments.(72)Infact,itraisesacoupleofimportantquestions:Areassessmentseventhemosteffectivewaytoincentivizedoctorstokeepupwiththelatestmedicalknowledgeandnewtechnologies?Whydon’twedirectlymeasurephysicians’qualityofcareandpatientoutcomesastheygrowolder?

Whilethereissomeevidencethatphysicians’clinicalknowledge,adherencewithup-to-datestandardsofcare,andperformanceonprocessmeasuresmaywaneastheygetolder,littleisknownaboutwhetherandhowageimpactsphysicians’practiceandtheirpatientoutcomes.(73)Ontheotherhand,scientificknowledge,technology,andclinicalguidelineschangesoregularlythatkeepingupwiththemandincorporatingthemintoclinicalpracticecanbeoverwhelming.

AsthephysicianworkforceintheU.S.ages(approximatelyone-fifthofU.S.physiciansareover65yearsold,andthesizeofthegrouphasincreased27%since2005),itbecomesevenmoreimportanttounderstandhowphysicianagemightrelatetopatientoutcomes.(74)

Therelationshipbetweenphysicianageandpatientoutcomeshasnotbeenempiricallystudiedatalargescale.(75)Inourstudy,whichwasrecentlypublishedinTheBMJ,wefoundthatU.S.Medicarepatientstreatedbyolderphysiciansweremorelikelytodiewithin30daysofhospitalization,comparedwithpatientstreatedbyyoungerphysicians—unlesstheolderphysicianswereusedtotreatinglargenumbersofpatientseachyear.

A.Wefoundthatpatientstreatedbyolderphysiciansexperiencedstatisticallysignificantlyhighermortalityratesthanpatientscaredforbyyoungerphysicians.

B.Thiswouldhelpinformneweffortstoeducateolderphysiciansandimproveclinicaloutcomes.

C.However,thispolicyhasrecentlycomeunderscrutinyduetoitshighburdentodoctorsandthelackofsoundevidencethatrecertificationprocessesimprovedoctors’qualityofcare.

D.Ononehand,skillsandknowledgeareaccumulatedthroughexperienceandcanimprovequalityofcare.

E.Butit’snotclearthatthiswillmakemuchdifference.

F.Therefore,wedecidedtoinvestigatethisissuebyanalyzingtheoutcomesofhospitalizedMedicarepatientsandtheageoftheirtreatingphysicians.

【答案】71.C

72.E

73.D

74.B

75.F

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.Wefoundthatpatientstreatedbyolderphysiciansexperiencedstatisticallysignificantlyhighermortalityratesthanpatientscaredforbyyoungerphysicians.A.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，由年長的醫(yī)生治療的病人的死亡率在統(tǒng)計學(xué)上明顯高于由年輕醫(yī)生照顧的病人。

B.Thiswouldhelpinformneweffortstoeducateolderphysiciansandimproveclinicaloutcomes.B.這將有助于為教育年長醫(yī)生和改善臨床預(yù)后的新嘗試提供信息。

C.However,thispolicyhasrecentlycomeunderscrutinyduetoitshighburdentodoctorsandthelackofsoundevidencethatrecertificationprocessesimprovedoctors’qualityofcare.C.然而，這一政策最近受到了審查，因為它給醫(yī)生帶來了很高的負擔，而且缺乏合理的證據(jù)證明重新認證過程可以改善醫(yī)生的護理質(zhì)量。

D.Ononehand,skillsandknowledgeareaccumulatedthroughexperienceandcanimprovequalityofcare.D.一方面，技能和知識是通過經(jīng)驗積累的，可以提高護理質(zhì)量。

E.Butit’snotclearthatthiswillmakemuchdifference.E.但目前還不清楚這是否會帶來很大的變化。

F.Therefore,wedecidedtoinvestigatethisissuebyanalyzingtheoutcomesofhospitalizedMedicarepatientsandtheageoftheirtreatingphysicians.F.因此，我們決定通過分析住院的醫(yī)療保險病人的結(jié)果和他們主治醫(yī)生的年齡來調(diào)查這個問題。

71.【考查點】上下文關(guān)聯(lián)。

【解題思路】文章開頭介紹了美國內(nèi)科醫(yī)學(xué)委員會要求內(nèi)科醫(yī)生每10年通過認證維護考試（MaintenanceofCertificationexams）這一政策，下文說到“將提供一種新的評估選項（newassessmentoption）”，由此可知空格處包含了一個轉(zhuǎn)折的邏輯關(guān)系，說明原來的政策存在問題。C選項中的“However（然而）”表示轉(zhuǎn)折，并且介紹了這一政策的問題在于“給醫(yī)生帶來了很高的負擔（itshighburdentodoctors），而且缺乏合理的證據(jù)（thelackofsoundevidence）”。因此C選項“然而，這一政策最近受到了審查，因為它給醫(yī)生帶來了很高的負擔，而且缺乏合理的證據(jù)證明重新認證過程可以改善醫(yī)生的護理質(zhì)量?！闭_。

72.【考查點】上下文關(guān)聯(lián)。

【解題思路】上文說到“將提供一種新的評估選項（newassessmentoption）”，下文又針對這種評估方法提出了幾個重要的問題，由此可知空格處包含了一個轉(zhuǎn)折的邏輯關(guān)系，說明新評估方法能否發(fā)揮作用還不確定，E選項中的“But（但是）”表示轉(zhuǎn)折，同時“this（這個）”指代的是上文的“newassessment（新評估方法）”。因此E選項“但目前還不清楚這是否會帶來很大的變化?！闭_。

73.【考查點】上下文關(guān)聯(lián)。

【解題思路】下文說到“另一方面（Ontheotherhand），科學(xué)知識、技術(shù)和臨床指導(dǎo)方針變化如此頻繁”，由此可知空格處講的應(yīng)該是其他的方面，D選項中的“Ononehand（一方面）”和下文的“Ontheotherhand（另一方面）”相對應(yīng)。因此D選項“一方面，技能和知識是通過經(jīng)驗積累的，可以提高護理質(zhì)量。”正確。

74.【考查點】上下文關(guān)聯(lián)。

【解題思路】上文說到“了解醫(yī)生的年齡（physicianage）與患者預(yù)后（patientoutcomes）之間的關(guān)系變得更加重要?！?，由此可知空格處應(yīng)該是介紹這一點的作用，B選項中的“This（這個）”指代的是上文的“了解醫(yī)生的年齡（physicianage）與患者預(yù)后（patientoutcomes）之間的關(guān)系”，其作用是“為教育年長醫(yī)生（olderphysicians）和改善臨床預(yù)后（clinicaloutcomes）的新嘗試提供信息”。因此B選項“這將有助于為教育年長醫(yī)生和改善臨床預(yù)后的新嘗試提供信息?！闭_。

75.【考查點】上下文關(guān)聯(lián)。

【解題思路】上文說到“醫(yī)生年齡和病人預(yù)后之間的關(guān)系尚未進行大規(guī)模的實證研究（hasnotbeenempiricallystudiedatalargescale）?！保赋隽饲叭搜芯康牟蛔阒?，由此可知接下來應(yīng)該是提出自己目前研究的目的或假設(shè)。因此F選項“因此，我們決定通過分析住院的醫(yī)療保險病人的預(yù)后和他們主治醫(yī)生的年齡來調(diào)查這個問題?！闭_。

7.單選題

Sincethesurfaceoftheholemustbestressfree,thestressinthe（

）oftheholemustbemodifiedfromtheuniaxialtension.

問題1選項

A.empty

B.vicinity

C.beleaguer

D.cavity

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。empty空的東西；vicinity附近，近處；beleaguer圍攻；cavity腔，洞。

句意：因為孔的表面必須無壓力，洞附近的壓力必須從單軸拉伸進行修改。根據(jù)句意可知B項正確。

8.單選題

IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservant.WhenHoffa’sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.In2009thenumberofunionistsinAmerica’spublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBritain,morethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized.

Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-sectorunions’thriving.First,theycanshutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences.Second,theyaremostlybrightandwell-educated.AquarterofAmerica’spublic-sectorworkershaveauniversitydegree.Third,theynowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics.Someoftheirtiesgobackalongway.Britain’sLaborParty,asitsnameimplies,haslongbeenassociatedwithtradeunionism.Itscurrentleader,EdMiliband,oweshispositiontovotesfrompublic-sectorunions.

Atthestateleveltheirinfluencecanbeevenmorefearsome.MarkBaldassareofthePublicPolicyInstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthatmuchofthestate'sbudgetispatrolledbyunions.Theteachers'unionskeepaneyeonschools,theCCPOAonprisonsandavarietyoflaborgroupsonhealthcare.

Inmanyrichcountriesaveragewagesinthestatesectorarehigherthanintheprivateone.Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsandworkpractices.Politicianshaverepeatedly“backloaded”public-sectorpaydeals,keepingthepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.

Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed,perhapsmostegregiouslyineducation,wherecharterschools,academiesandmeritpayallfaceddrawn-outbattles.Eventhoughthereisplentyofevidencethatthequalityoftheteachersisthemostimportantvariable,teachers’unionshavefoughtagainstgettingridofbadonesandpromotinggoodones.

Asthecosttoeveryoneelsehasbecomeclearer,politicianshavebeguntoclampdown.InWisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsofsupportersagainstScottWalker,thehardlineRepublicangovernor.Butmanywithinthepublicsectorsufferunderthecurrentsystem,too.

JohnDonahueatHarvard’sKennedySchoolpointsoutthatthenormsofcultureinWesterncivilservicessuitthosewhowanttostayputbutisbadforhighachievers.TheonlyAmericanpublic-sectorworkerswhoearnwellabove$250,000ayearareuniversitysportscoachesandthepresidentoftheUnitedStates.Bankers’fatpaypacketshaveattractedmuchcriticism,butapublic-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica.

1.Paragraph1suggeststhat（）.

2.AccordingtoParagraph2,（）.

3.Paragraph4pointsoutthattheincomeinthestatesectoris（）.

4.ItcanbelearnedfromtheexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinthatunions（）

5.WhatisJohnDonahue’sattitudetowardsthepublic-sectorsystem?

問題1選項

A.JimmyHoffausedtoworkasacivilservant

B.Teamstershaskeptgrowinginitsbodyofmembers

C.thenumberofunionistsinpublic-sectorhasincreased

D.thegovernmenthasimproveditsrelationshipwithunionists

問題2選項

A.auniversitydegreeisrequiredforpublic-sectorunionmembership

B.LaborPartyhaslongbeenfightingagainstpublic-sectorunions

C.public-sectorunionsseldomgetintroublefortheiractions

D.public-sectorunionsarehesitantintakingactions

問題3選項

A.fairlyadjusted

B.illegallysecured

C.indirectlyincreased

D.excessivelyincreased

問題4選項

A.oftenrunagainstthecurrentpoliticalsystem

B.maybeabarriertopublic-sectorreforms

C.canchangepeople’spoliticalattitudes

D.aredominantinthegovernment

問題5選項

A.Tolerance.

B.Disapproval.

C.Indifference.

D.Appreciation.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:B

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。由原文第一段第二句“WhenHoffa’sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.”可知，在1960年只有十分之一的美國政府工作人員屬于工會而現(xiàn)在是36%。而由最后兩句“In2009