考研考博-英語-呂梁職業(yè)技術(shù)學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解2

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-呂梁職業(yè)技術(shù)學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.不定項選擇題

Obesitygenerallyisdefinedasanaccumulationoffat(adiposetissue)beyondwhatisconsiderednormalforaperson’sage,sex,andbodytype.Intoday’ssocietyobesityisconsideredasadisease,notamoralfailing.Itoccurswhenenergyintakeexceedstheamountofenergyexpendedovertime.Onlyinasmallminorityofcasesisobesitycausedbysuchillnessesashypothyroidism,ortheresultoftakingmedications,suchassteroids,thatcancauseweightgain.

Themoreapersonweighs,themorebloodvesselsthebodyneedstocirculatebloodthroughoutthebody.Thehearttakesonaheavyburdenasithastopumphardertoforcethebloodflowthroughsomanyvessels.Asaresult,theheartgrowsinsizeandbloodpressuretendstorise.Obesityisalsoafactorinosteoarthritis(becauseoftheextraweightplacedonjoints),gout,boneandjointdiseases(includingrupturedintervertebraldiscs),varicoseveins,respiratoryailments,andgallbladderdisease,complicationsduringpregnancyanddelivery,andhigheraccidentaldeathrate.

Obesitycanalterhormonelevels,affectimmunefunction,andcauseimpotenceinmenandreproductiveproblemsinwomen.Womenwhoare30%overweightaretwiceaslikelytodieofendometrialcancer,andthosewhoare40%overweighthavefourtimestherisk.Obesewomenalsoaremorelikelytoincurcancersofthebreast,cervix,ovaries,andgallbladder.Obesemenaremorelikelytodevelopcancersoftherectum,colon,esophagus,bladder,pancreas,stomach,andprostate.

Obesitycanalsocausepsychologicalproblems.Sufferersareassociatedwithlaziness,failure,orinadequatewillpower.Asaresult,overweightmenandwomenblamethemselvesforbeingheavy,thuscausingfeelingsofguiltanddepression.

ScientificevidencehasfoundanassociationbetweenMBI(body-massindex)andhigherdeathrates.However,therelativeriskofbeingheavydeclineswithage.Someresearchershavefoundthatdatalinkingoverweightanddeathareinconclusive,whileotherresearchershavefoundthatlosingweightmayberiskierthandangersposedbyextrapounds.Someresearcherscounterthatoverweightindirectlycontributestoover300,000deathsayear.

ApollbyShapeupAmericafoundthat78%ofoverweightorobeseadultshaveabandoneddietingasameansoflosingweight.Dietsdonotteachpeoplehowtoeatproperly.Theymerelyrestrictfoodintaketemporarily,sowhenthedietends,weightgainresumes.

11.Whichofthefollowingexpressesthemainideaofthispassage?

12.Accordingtothepassage,（）

13.Accordingtothepassage,whydoesdietingnotresultinpermanentweightloss?

14.WhichofthefollowingisimpliedinParagraph5?

15.Whichofthefollowingcanbeconcludedfromthispassage?

問題1選項

A.Obesityputsaburdenontheheart.

B.Manypeopleareconstantlydieting.

C.Obesityisconsideredtobeadisease.

D.Obesitycanleadtomanyhealthproblems.

問題2選項

A.Obesityisoftenrelatedtomedicationssuchassteroids.

B.Obesitydoesnotaffectaperson’schancesofgettingcancer.

C.Adiagnosisofobesityisbasedonanormalweightforone’sageandsex.

D.Obesityisbecominglessofaproblemintoday’ssociety.

問題3選項

A.Dietsdon’tteachpeoplegoodeatinghabits.

B.Dietsleadtoguiltanddepression.

C.Therearetoomanydietsandeachhasdifferentrequirements.

D.Dietscausefeelingsofdeprivation.

問題4選項

A.Losingalotofweightisnotwiseforolderpersons.

B.Somesurgicalmethodsforweightlossarebetterthandieting.

C.Allobesepeopleneedtoshedtheirextrapounds.

D.Obesepeopleshouldconsulttheirdoctorsabouttheprosandconsoflosingweight.

問題5選項

A.Obesityisnotamajorhealthrisk.

B.Scientistsagreeontheconnectionbetweenobesityanddeath.

C.Obesepeoplearelikelytobebiasedagainstbyothers.

D.Obesepeopleoftenblameothersfortheirconditions.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】11.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】主旨大意題。結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可知，本文主要是講肥胖可能會導致很多疾病。D選項“肥胖會導致很多疾病”，選項D正確。C選項“肥胖被認為是一種疾病”，文章只是稍微提到此內(nèi)容，可排除。B選項“許多人不斷節(jié)食”，不符合文章內(nèi)容，可排除。A選項“肥胖給心臟帶來負擔”，文章沒有提到此內(nèi)容，可排除。因此D選項正確。

12.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段第一句Obesitygenerallyisdefinedasanaccumulationoffat(adiposetissue)beyondwhatisconsiderednormalforaperson’sage,sex,andbodytype.（肥胖通常被定義為一個人的年齡、性別和體型超出正常范圍的脂肪堆積。）也就是說，肥胖的診斷是基于一個人的年齡和性別的正常體重。選項C“肥胖的診斷是基于一個人的年齡和性別的正常體重”與原文描述一致。A選項“肥胖通常與藥物有關(guān)，比如類固醇”，類固醇并不是造成肥胖的主要原因，A選項可排除。B選項“肥胖并不影響一個人得癌癥的機會”，肥胖可能會導致癌癥，B選項可排除。D選項“在當今社會，肥胖問題已經(jīng)不那么嚴重了”，肥胖仍然是一個比較嚴重的問題，排除D選項。因此C選項正確。

13.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段的最后兩句Dietsdonotteachpeoplehowtoeatproperly.Theymerelyrestrictfoodintaketemporarily,sowhenthedietends,weightgainresumes.（節(jié)食不會教人們?nèi)绾握_的飲食。它們只是暫時限制食物的攝入量，所以當飲食結(jié)束時，體重又會增加）。選項A“節(jié)食并沒有教會人們良好的飲食習慣”，符合原文內(nèi)容，A選項正確。B選項“節(jié)食會導致內(nèi)疚和抑郁”，文章沒有提到此內(nèi)容，可排除。C選項“有太多的節(jié)食，每個都有不同的要求”，文章沒有提到這一點，可排除。D選項“節(jié)食會導致被剝奪的感覺”，不符合文章內(nèi)容，可排除。因此A選項正確。

14.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。第五段大意為：一些研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，將超重和死亡聯(lián)系起來的數(shù)據(jù)并不確定，而另一些研究人員則發(fā)現(xiàn)，減肥可能比超重的危害更大。而劃線部分的前一句提到：體重超標的相對風險會隨著年齡的增長而下降。由此可推斷，老年人減肥是不明智的。選項A“對老年人來說，大量減肥是不明智的”，A選項正確。B選項“有些減肥的外科手術(shù)方法比節(jié)食更好”，文章沒有提到此內(nèi)容，可排除。C選項“所有肥胖的人都需要減掉多余的體重”，文章所說，肥胖對人體的危害會隨年齡的增加而減小，因此不是所有肥胖的人都需減重，C選項可排除。D選項“肥胖者應該向醫(yī)生咨詢減肥的利弊”，文章并沒有提到此內(nèi)容，可排除。因此A選項正確。

15.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】主旨大意題。由題干我們可以定位到文章倒數(shù)第二段第一句ScientificevidencehasfoundanassociationbetweenMBI(body-massindex)andhigherdeathrates.（科學證據(jù)表明，MBI（身體質(zhì)量指數(shù)）與較高的死亡率之間存在關(guān)聯(lián)。）由此可推測，肥胖也與死亡存在著聯(lián)系，因此B選項“科學家們一致同意肥胖和死亡之間的聯(lián)系”正確。

2.單選題

By1950,theresultsofattemptstorelatebrainprocessestomentalexperienceappearedratherdiscouraging.Suchvariationsinsize,shape,chemistry,conductionspeed,excitationthreshold,andthelikeashadbeendemonstratedinnervecellsremainednegligibleinsignificanceforanypossiblecorrelationwiththemanifolddimensionsofmentalexperience.

Neartheturnofthecentury,ithadbeensuggestedbyHeringthatdifferentmodesofsensation,suchaspain,taste,andcolor,mightbecorrelatedwiththedischargeofspecifickindsofnervousenergy.However,subsequentlydevelopedmethodsofrecordingandanalyzingnervepotentialsfailedtorevealanysuchqualitativediversity.Itwaspossibletodemonstratebyothermethodsrefinedstructuraldifferencesamongneurontypes;however,proofwaslackingthatthequalityoftheimpulseoritsconductionwasinfluencedbythesedifferences,whichseemedinsteadtoinfluencethedevelopmentalpatterningoftheneuralcircuits.Althoughqualitativevarianceamongnerveenergieswasneverrigidlydisproved,thedoctrinewasgenerallyabandonedinfavoroftheopposingview,namely,thatnerveimpulsesareessentiallyhomogeneousinqualityandaretransmittedas“commoncurrency”throughoutthenervoussystem.Accordingtothistheory,itisnotthequalityofthesensorynerveimpulsesthatdeterminesthediverseconscioussensationstheyproduce,butratherthedifferentareasofthebrainintowhichtheydischarge,andthereissomeevidenceforthisview.Inoneexperiment,whenanelectricstimuluswasappliedtoagivensensoryfieldofthecerebralcortexofaconscioushumansubject,itproducedasensationoftheappropriatemodalityforthatparticularlocus,thatis,avisualsensationfromthevisualcortex,anauditorysensationformtheauditorycortex,andsoon.Otherexperimentsrevealedslightvariationsinthesize,number,arrangement,andinterconnectionofthenervecells,butasfaraspsychoneuralcorrelationswereconcerned,theobvioussimilaritiesofthesesensoryfieldstoeachotherseemedmuchmoreremarkablethananyoftheminutedifferences.

However,corticallocus,initself,turnedouttohavelittleexplanatoryvalue.Studiesshowedthatsensationsasdiverseasthoseofred,black,greenandwhite,ortouch,cold,warmth,movement,pain,posture,andpressureapparentlymayarisetothroughactivationof

thesamecorticalareas.Whatseemedtoremainwassomekindofdifferentialpatterningeffectsinthebrainexcitationitisthedifferenceinthecentraldistributionofimpulsesthatcounts.Inshort,braintheorysuggestedacorrelationbetweenmentalexperienceandtheactivityofrelativelyhomogeneousnerve-cellunitsconductingessentiallyhomogeneousimpulsesthroughhomogeneouscerebraltissue.Tomatchthemultipledimensionsofmentalexperiencepsychologistscouldonlypointtoalimitlessvariationinthespatiotemporalpatterningofnerveimpulses.

1.Theauthorsuggeststhat,by1950,attemptstocorrelatementalexperiencewithbrainprocesseswouldprobablyhavebeenviewedwith（）.

2.Theauthormentions“commoncurrency”inline12primarilyinordertoemphasizethe（）

3.Thedescriptioninlines15-17ofanexperimentinwhichelectricstimuliwereappliedtodifferentsensoryfieldsofthecerebralcortextendstosupportthetheorythat（）.

4.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizestheauthor’sopinionofthesuggestionthatdifferentareasofthebraindetermineperceptionsproducedbysensorynerveimpulses?（）

5.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingexhibittheLEASTqualitativevariation?（）

問題1選項

A.indignation

B.impatience

C.pessimism

D.indifference

問題2選項

A.lackofdifferentiationamongnerveimpulsesinhumanbeings

B.similarityofthesensationsthatallhumanbeingsexperience

C.similaritiesintheviewsofscientistswhohavestudiedthehumannervoussystem

D.continuouspassageofnerveimpulsesthroughthenervoussystem

問題3選項

A.thesimplepresenceofdifferentcorticalareascannotaccountforthediversityofmentalexperience

B.variationinspatiotemporalpatterningofnerveimpulsescorrelateswithvariationinsubjectiveexperience

C.nerveimpulsesareessentiallyhomogeneousandarerelativelyunaffectedastheytravelthroughthenervoussystem

D.thementalexperiencesproducedbysensorynerveimpulsesaredeterminedbythecorticalareaactivate

問題4選項

A.Itisaplausibleexplanation,butithasnotbeencompletelyproved.

B.Itisthebestexplanationofbrainprocessescurrentlyavailable.

C.Itisdisprovedbythefactthatthevariousareasofthebrainarephysiologicallyverysimilar.

D.Thereissomeevidencetosupportit,butitfailstoexplainthediversityofmentalexperience.

問題5選項

A.Nervecells

B.Nerveimpulses

C.Corticalareas

D.Spatialpatternsofnerveimpulses

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】1.文章第一段第一句話By1950,theresultsofattemptstorelatebrainprocessestomentalexperienceappearedratherdiscouraging提到直到1950年，試圖將大腦運轉(zhuǎn)過程與心理活動聯(lián)系起來的努力并不鼓舞人心?？芍遣粯酚^的，選項C符合題意。

2.題干中的commoncurrency出現(xiàn)在句子：thatnerveimpulsesareessentiallyhomogeneousinqualityandaretransmittedas“commoncurrency”throughoutthenervoussystem中，與句子中的homogeneous的意思相似，選項A的lackofdifferentiationamongnerveimpulses與nerveimpulsesareessentiallyhomogeneous的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，所以選項A符合題意。

3.文章第15-17行描述的實驗是電刺激作用于有意識的人體大腦皮層的某一特定感覺區(qū)域?qū)嶒?，這個實驗的理論來源，itisnotthequalityofthesensorynerveimpulsesthatdeterminesthediverseconscioussensationstheyproduce,butratherthedifferentareasofthebrainintowhichtheydischarge,andthereissomeevidenceforthisview，選項D“感覺神經(jīng)沖動產(chǎn)生的心理體驗是由皮質(zhì)區(qū)域激活”。選項D符合題意。

4.文章第二段第二句話However，subsequentlydevelopedmethodsofrecordingandanalyzingnervepotentialsfailedtorevealanysuchqualitativediversity提到據(jù)此開發(fā)的記錄和分析神經(jīng)潛力的方法不能反應這種多樣性。選項D與其表達一致，符合題意。

5.文章最后一段“inshort,braintheorysuggestedacorrelationbetween...couldonlypointtoalimitlessvariationinthespatiotemporalpatterningofnerveimpulses.”提到神經(jīng)細胞、神經(jīng)沖動、皮質(zhì)區(qū)域都可以產(chǎn)生質(zhì)的變化，而神經(jīng)沖動的空間模式并沒有達到質(zhì)變。選項D符合題意。

3.單選題

Someofthepatients,especiallythedying,wantedto______inthemanandwomanwhohadeasedtheirsuffering.

問題1選項

A.ponder

B.confide

C.dwell

D.reflect

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A項ponder“仔細考慮，衡量”，B項confide“吐露，委托”，confidein表示“向……吐露秘密”；C項dwell“居住，存在于，細想某事”，dwellin表示“居住”；D項reflect“反映，反射，照出”，reflectin表示“在……中反映出來”。根據(jù)句子的意思“有些病人，尤其是垂死的病人，想要……減輕了他們的痛苦的人”可知，四個選項中只有B項能夠代入。句意：有些病人，尤其是垂死的病人，想向減輕了他們痛苦的男人和女人傾訴。因此，該題選擇B項正確。

4.翻譯題

October16thisWorldFoodDay,adayofactionagainsthunger.Thedatecommemoratesthefoundingin1945oftheUnitedNationsFoodandAgricultureOrganization,orFAO.Onthisday,peoplearoundtheworldcometogethertodeclaretheircommitmenttoeradicatehungerinourlifetime.

Overthepastdecadeorso,wehaveseenagreatreductionofpeoplelivingwithhungeronanearlydailybasis.Backthen,aboutoneinsixpeoplewenttobedhungrymostnights.Nowit’saboutoneineverynine.

Nonetheless,thatstillleavessome795,000thousandchronicallyhungrypeoplearoundtheworld.Ofthese,60percentarewomen,andthisdespitethefactthatmostsmallfarmerslivinginthedevelopingworldarewomen.Andwhenwomengohungry,so,alltoooften,dochildren.About161millionkidsundertheageoffivemalnourished.Thismeansthattheirbrainswon’tdevelopnormally,theymayhavedifficultieslearning,andtheirphysicalandcognitivegrowthisstunted.Lackofnutritioncompromisesnotonlytheirownsuccessinthefuture,butalsothedevelopmentofthecommunities,economiesandcountriesinwhichtheylive.Inadditiontothosechildrenwhoarechronicallyundernourished,almost5millionchildrenundertheageof5dieofmalnutrition-relatedcauseseveryyear.

Theglobalcommunityisworkingtoeradicatehunger,becauseitistherightthingtodo.ThefirstoftheUnitedNationsMillenniumDevelopmentGoals,calledforhalvingtheproportionofpeoplesufferingfromhungerandfacingextremepoverty.Wehaveachievedthatgoal.Aswetransitiontoasustainabledevelopmentagendafor2030,wehaveraisedourambitionsandarestrivingtoeffectivelyendhungerandextremepovertyaltogether.

【答案】【參考譯文】

10月16日是世界糧食日，在這一天會反對饑餓。這一天是為了紀念FAO，即聯(lián)合國糧食和農(nóng)業(yè)組織于1945年的這一天成立。就是這一天，世界各地的人們團結(jié)一心宣布他們會在有生之年消除饑餓。

在過去的10年間，我們已經(jīng)很大程度減少了幾乎每天忍饑挨餓的人數(shù)。當時，大約六分之一的人晚上都是餓著肚子睡覺。而現(xiàn)在大約每9人中仍有1人挨餓。

盡管如此，全世界仍有7950萬人長期饑餓。盡管發(fā)展中國家的大多數(shù)小農(nóng)是女性，但挨餓的女性仍占60%。而當女性餓肚子，她們的孩子也會挨餓。5歲以下約有1.61億名兒童營養(yǎng)不良。這表明他們的大腦發(fā)育不正常，可能會在獲取知識上遇到困難，而且身體及認知上也遇到問題。缺乏營養(yǎng)不僅會影響他們未來的成功，而且也會影響他們所處社會，經(jīng)濟及國家的發(fā)展。除了那些長期營養(yǎng)不良的孩子，每年近500萬名5歲以下兒童會因營養(yǎng)不良而死亡。

全球社會正在努力消除饑餓，因為這是正確的事情。聯(lián)合國千年發(fā)展目標的第一項就是呼吁將饑餓人口及極端貧困的比例減至一半。我們已經(jīng)實現(xiàn)了這個目標。當我們過渡到2030年可持續(xù)發(fā)展議程，我們已經(jīng)提出了這樣的目標并且正努力且富有成效的消除所有饑餓和極端貧困。

5.單選題

Theextentofanation’spoweroveritscoastalecosystemsandthenaturalresourcesinitscoastalwatershasbeendefinedbytwointernationallawdoctrines:freedomoftheseasandadjacentstatesovereignty.Untilthemid-twentiethcentury,mostnationsfavoredapplicationofbroadopen-seasfreedomsandlimitedsovereignrightsovercoastalwaters.Anationhadtherighttoincludewithinitsterritorialdominiononlyaverynarrowbandofcoastalwaters(generallyextendingthreemilesfromtheshoreline),withinwhichithadtheauthority,butnottheresponsibility,toregulateallactivities.But,becausethisareaofterritorialdominionwassolimited,mostnationsdidnotestablishrulesformanagementorprotectionoftheirterritorialwaters.

Regardlessofwhetherornotnationsenforcedregulationsintheirterritorialwaters,largeoceanareasremainedfreeofcontrolsorrestrictions.Thecitizensofallnationshadtherighttousetheseunrestrictedoceanareasforanyinnocentpurpose,includingnavigationandfishing.Exceptforcontrolsoveritsowncitizens,nonationhadtheresponsibility,letalonetheunilateralauthority,tocontrolsuchactivitiesininternationalwaters.And,sincetherewerefewstandardsofconductthatappliedonthe“openseas”,therewerefewjurisdictionalconflictsbetweennations.

Thelackofstandardsistraceabletopopularperceptionsheldbeforethemiddleofthiscentury.Byandlarge,marinepollutionwasnotperceivedasasignificantproblem,inpartbecausetheadverseeffectofcoastalactivitiesonoceanecosystemswasnotwidelyrecognized,andpollutioncausedbyhumanactivitieswasgenerallybelievedtobelimitedtothatcausedbynavigation.Moreover,thefreedomtofish,oroverfish,wasanessentialelementofthetraditionallegaldoctrineoffreedomoftheseasthatnomaritimecountrywishedtoseelimited.Andfinally,thetechnologythatlaterallowedexploitationofotheroceanresources,suchas,oil,didnotyetexist.

Todate,controllingpollutionandregulatingoceanresourceshavestillnotbeencomprehensivelyaddressedbylaw,butinternationallaw-establishedthroughthecustomsandpracticesofnations-doesnotprecludesuchefforts.Andtworecentdevelopmentsmayactuallyleadtofutureinternationalrulesprovidingforecosystemmanagement.First,theestablishmentofextensivefisheryzones,extendingterritorialauthorityasfaras200milesoutfromacountry’scoast,hasprovidedtheopportunityfornationsindividuallytomanagelargerecosystems.Thisopportunity,combinedwithnationalself-interestinmaintainingfishpopulations,couldleadnationstoreevaluatepoliciesformanagementoftheirfisheriesandtoaddresstheproblemofpollutioninterritorialwaters.Second,theinternationalcommunityisbeginningtounderstandtheimportanceofpreservingtheresourcesandecologyofinternationalwatersandtoshowsignsofacceptingresponsibilityfordoingso.Asaninternationalconsensusregardingtheneedforcomprehensivemanagementofoceanresourcesdevelops,itwillbecomemorelikelythatinternationalstandardsandpoliciesforbroaderregulationofhumanactivitiesthataffectoceanecosystemswillbeadoptedandimplemented.

61.Accordingtothepassage,untilthemid-twentiethcenturytherewerefewjurisdictionaldisputesoverinternationalwatersbecause______.

62.Accordingtheinternationallawdoctrinesapplicablebeforethemid-twentiethcentury,ifcommercialactivitywithinaparticularnation’sterritorialwatersthreatenedallmarinelifeinthosewaters,thenationwouldhavebeen______.

63.Theauthorsuggeststhatbeforethemid-twentiethcentury,mostnations’actionswithrespecttoterritorialandinternationalwatersindicatedthat______.

64.Theauthorciteswhichoneofthefollowingasaneffectoftheextensionofterritorialwatersbeyondthethreemileslimit?

65.Thepassageasawholecanbestbedescribedas______.

問題1選項

A.fewcontrolsorrestrictionsappliedtooceanareas

B.theoceanareaswereusedforonlyinnocentpurposes

C.thefreedomoftheseasdoctrinesettledallclaimsconcerningnavigationandfishing

D.broadauthorityoverinternationalwaterswassharedequallyamongallnations

問題2選項

A.formallycensuredbyaninternationalorganizationfornotproperlyregulatingmarineactivities

B.calleduponbyothernationstoestablishrulestoprotectitsterritorialwaters

C.ablebutnotrequiredtoplacelegallimitsonsuchcommercialactivities

D.allowedtoresolvetheproblematitsowndiscretionprovidingitcouldcontainthethreattoitsownterritorialwaters

問題3選項

A.managingecosystemsineitherterritorialorinternationalwaterswasgiverlowpriority

B.unlimitedresourcesininternationalwatersresultedinlittleinterestinterritorialwaters

C.nationsconsideredittheirresponsibilitytoprotectterritorialbutnotinternationalwaters

D.althoughnationscouldextendtheirterritorialdominionbeyondthreemilesfromtheirshoreline,mostchosenottodoso

問題4選項

A.Increasedpoliticalpressureonindividualnationstoestablishcomprehensivelawsregulatingoceanresources.

B.Agreaternumberofjurisdictionaldisputesamongnationsovertheregulationoffishingontheopenseas.

C.Theopportunityforsomenationstomanagelargeoceanecosystems.

D.Apoliticalincentiveforsmallernationstosolvetheproblemsofpollutionintheircoastalwaters.

問題5選項

A.achronologyoftheeventsthathaveleduptoapresent-daycrisis

B.alegalinquiryintotheabuseofexistinglawsandthelikelihoodofreform

C.apoliticalanalysisoftheproblemsinherentindirectingnationalattentiontoaninternationalissue

D.ahistoricalanalysisofaproblemthatrequiresinternationalattention

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】61.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。題干意思是“根據(jù)這篇文章，直到20世紀中葉，國際水域的管轄權(quán)爭議很少，因為……”。由第二段第四句And，sincetherewerefewstandardsofconductthatappliedonthe“openseas”,therewerefewjurisdictionalconflictsbetweennations.（因為在幾乎沒有任何行為標準被用到‘公?！?，所以國家間幾乎沒有管轄權(quán)的沖突）可知，國際水域的管轄權(quán)爭議很少，是因為幾乎沒有任何行為標準被用到‘公?！希@里的“openseas”就相當于題干中的“internationalwaters”，因此A項“幾乎沒有控制或限制使用到海洋領(lǐng)域”正確。B項“海洋領(lǐng)域僅用于沒有惡意的行為”沒有提到；C項“海洋自由化的條例解決了所有有關(guān)航海及捕魚的紛爭”文中沒有提到，且C項太絕對；D項“各國平等地享有公海使用權(quán)”，這不是管轄權(quán)爭議少的原因。故該題選A。

62.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】判斷推理題。題干意思是“根據(jù)20世紀中葉以前適用的國際法理論，如果某一國家領(lǐng)水內(nèi)的商業(yè)活動威脅到該水域內(nèi)的所有海洋生物，那么該國應……”。根據(jù)第一段第三句withinwhichithadtheauthority,butnottheresponsibility,toregulateallactivities（在這一范圍內(nèi)它有權(quán)但沒有責任管理所有活動）和第二段第三句Exceptforcontrolsoveritsowncitizens,nonationhadtheresponsibility,letalonetheunilateralauthority,tocontrolsuchactivitiesininternationalwaters.（除了對其本國公民的控制外，沒有任何國家有責任控制國際水域內(nèi)的這種活動，更不用說單方面的權(quán)力了）可推斷，如果某一國家領(lǐng)水內(nèi)的商業(yè)活動威脅到該水域內(nèi)的所有海洋生物，該國可以根據(jù)自身情況自行解決，因此可知D項“被允許自行決定解決這個問題，只要它能夠遏制對自己領(lǐng)海的威脅”符合題意。A項“因未能適當管理海洋活動而受到國際組織的正式譴責”和B項“被其他國家呼吁建立保護其領(lǐng)海的規(guī)則”在文中沒有提到；C項“能夠但無須對此類商業(yè)活動做出法律限制”，根據(jù)第一段最后一句提到becausethisareaofterritorialdominionwassolimited,mostnationsdidnotestablishrulesformanagementorprotectionoftheirterritorialwaters.（由于這一領(lǐng)土范圍非常有限，大多數(shù)國家沒有建立管理或保護其領(lǐng)海的規(guī)則）可推斷，大多數(shù)國家對領(lǐng)海保護方面沒有建立相應的法律規(guī)定，因此C項不對。故該題選D。

63.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】判斷推理題。題干意思是“作者認為，在二十世紀中葉以前，大多數(shù)國家在領(lǐng)海和國際水域方面的行動表明了……”。由第三段第二句Byandlarge,marinepollutionwasnotperceivedasasignificantproblem,inpartbecausetheadverseeffectofcoastalactivitiesonoceanecosystemswasnotwidelyrecognized,andpollutioncausedbyhumanactivitieswasgenerallybelievedtobelimitedtothatcausedbynavigation.（總的來說，海洋污染不被認為是一個重大問題，部分原因是沿海活動對海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的不利影響沒有得到廣泛認識，而人類活動造成的污染一般被認為僅限于航海造成的污染）可推斷，大多數(shù)國家對領(lǐng)海和國際水域的生態(tài)管理不重視，因此A項“無論是領(lǐng)海還是國際水域的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)管理都沒有得到足夠的重視”符合題意。B項“國際水域的無限資源導致對領(lǐng)海的興趣不大”和D項“雖然這些國家可以把領(lǐng)土延伸到海岸線三英里以外，但大多數(shù)國家選擇不這么做”文中沒有提到；C項“各國認為他們有責任保護領(lǐng)海，而不是國際水域”，文章只在第一段提到各國有權(quán)但沒責任管理領(lǐng)海的活動，所以各國沒有責任保護領(lǐng)海，C項不正確，故該題選A。

64.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】細節(jié)推理題。題干意思是“作者引用下列哪一項作為領(lǐng)海延伸超過三英里界限的影響?”。由第四段第三句中extendingterritorialauthorityasfaras200milesoutfromacountry’scoast,hasprovidedtheopportunityfornationsindividuallytomanagelargerecosystems（將領(lǐng)土權(quán)力擴展到一個國家海岸外200英里的地方，為各國單獨管理更大的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)提供了機會）可知，C項“這是一些國家管理大型海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的機會”正確。A項“對個別國家施加更大的政治壓力，要求它們制定管理海洋資源的全面法律”，B項“各國之間在公海漁業(yè)管理方面有更多的管轄權(quán)爭端”和D項“這是小國家解決沿海污染問題的政治動機”在文中都未提及，故該題選C。

65.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】主旨大意題。題干意思是“總的來說這篇文章作為……來描述最好”。A項“導致當今危機的一系列事件的年表”，B項“對現(xiàn)行法律濫用和改革可能性的法律調(diào)查”，C項“對國家關(guān)注國際問題所固有問題的政治分析”，D項“對一個需要國際關(guān)注的問題的歷史分析”。文章的主要內(nèi)容是對海洋污染和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)遭到破壞的歷史原因和現(xiàn)狀的分析，指出國際標準和政策才能更廣泛地管制影響海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的人類活動，因此根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，該題D項符合題意。

6.單選題

Britishscientistsfindthatthenestinghabitsof20speciesofbirdswiththewarmingtrendoftheearth'satmosphere.

問題1選項

A.conflict

B.coincide

C.adapt

D.approve

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。A選項conflictv.沖突，矛盾，斗爭；B選項coincidev.—致，符合，同時發(fā)生；C選項adaptv.適應于；D選項approvev.批準，贊成，滿意。根據(jù)句意可知，英國科學家發(fā)現(xiàn)二十種鳥類的筑巢習慣與地球大氣的溫度上升趨勢一致。因此，B項符合題意。

7.單選題

Yourhelpis（）forthesuccessoftheproject.

問題1選項

A.indispensable

B.indicative

C.inevitable

D.inherent

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項indispensable“不可缺少的；絕對必要的”；B選項indicative“象征的；指示的”；C選項inevitable“必然的，不可避免的”；D選項inherent“內(nèi)在的；與生俱來的”。句意：你的幫助是這個項目成功不可缺少的。根據(jù)句中“thesuccessoftheproject這個項目成功”可知“不可缺少的”符合語境，因此A選項正確。

8.單選題

HostilitytoGypsieshasexistedalmostfromthetimetheyfirstappearedinEuropeinthe14thcentury.TheoriginsoftheGypsies,withlittlewrittenhistory,wereshroudedinmystery.Whatisknownnowfromcluesinthevariousdialectsoftheirlanguage,Romany,isthattheycamefromnorthernIndiatotheMiddleEastathousandyearsago,workingasminstrels（吟游歌手）andmercenaries（雇傭兵）,metal-smithsandservants.EuropeansmisnamedthemEgyptians,soonshortenedtoGypsies.Aclan（部落）system,basedmostlyontheirtraditionalcraftsandgeography,hasmadethemadeeplyfragmentedandfractiouspeople,onlyreallyunifyinginthefaceofenmityfromnon-Gypsies,whomtheycallgadje.TodaymanyGypsyactivistsprefertobecalledRoma,whichcomesfromtheRomanywordfor"man".ButonmytravelsamongthemmoststillreferredtothemselvesasGypsies.

InEuropetheirpersecutionbythegadjebeganquickly,withthechurchseeingheresy（異端）intheirfortune-tellingandthestateseeinganti-socialbehaviorintheirnomadism（流浪）.Atvarioustimestheyhavebeenforbiddentoweartheirdistinctivebrightclothes,tospeaktheirownlanguage,totravel,tomarryoneanother,ortoplytheirtraditionalcrafts.Insomecountriestheywerereducedtoslavery.Itwasn'tuntilthemid-1800sthatGypsyslaveswerefreedinRomania.InmorerecenttimestheGypsieswerecaughtupinNaziethnichysteria,andperhapshalfamillionperishedintheHolocaust（大屠殺）.Theirhorseshavebeenshotandthewheelsremovedfromtheirwagons,theirnameshavebeenchanged,theirwomenhavebeensterilized（消除）,andtheirchildrenhavebeenforciblygivenforadoptiontonon-Gypsyfamilies.

ButtheGypsieshaveconfoundedpredictionsoftheirdisappearanceasadistinctethnicgroupandtheirnumbershaveburgeoned(迅速成長).Todaythereareanestimated8to12millionGypsiesscatteredacrossEurope,makingthemthecontinent’slargestminority.Theexactnumberishardtopindown.Gypsieshaveregularlybeenundercounted,bothbyregimesanxioustodownplay(不予重視)theirprofileandbyGypsiesthemselves,seekingtoavoidbureaucracies.Attemptingtoremedypastinequities,activistgroupsmayovercount.HundredsofthousandsmorehaveemigratedtotheAmericasandelsewhere.WithveryfewexceptionsGypsieshaveexpressednogreatdesireforacountrytocalltheirown—unliketheJews,towhomtheGypsyexperienceisoftencompared.“Romanestan”saidRonaldLee,theCanadianGypsywriter,"iswheremytwofeetstand.”

1.Gypsiesareunitedonlywhenthey（

）.

2.InhistoryhostilitytoGypsiesinEuroperesultedintheirpersecutionbyallthefollowingEXCEPT

（

）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,themaindifferencebetweentheGypsiesandtheJewsliesintheirconceptsof

（

）.

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutthehistoryoftheGypsies?

問題1選項

A.areengagedintraditionalcrafts

B.callthemselvesRoma

C.liveunderaclansystem

D.faceexternalthreats

問題2選項

A.theEgyptians

B.thestate

C.thechurch

D.theNazis

問題3選項

A.language

B.culture

C.identity

D.custom

問題4選項

A.TheoriginoftheGypsiescanonlybeguessedfromtheirlanguage.

B.EuropeanshadthoughtthattheGypsiesoriginatedfromEgypt.

C.SomepeoplehadthoughtthattheGypsiesmightdisappearasadistinctnationality.

D.There