考研考博-英語-天津商務職業(yè)學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-天津商務職業(yè)學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

（

）isafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage.

問題1選項

A.There

B.This

C.That

D.It

【答案】D

【解析】考查形式主語的用法。本句缺少主語。that引導了一個完整的句子，由此可知句首只需要一個形式主語。四個選項中只有D選項it可充當形式主語。句意：英語正在被接受為一種國際語言，這是一個事實。

2.單選題

Before1965manyscientistspicturedthecirculationoftheocean’swatermassasconsistingoflarge,slow-movingcurrents,suchastheGulfStream.Thatview,basedon100yearsofobservationsmadearoundtheglobe,producedonlyaroughapproximationofthetruecirculation.Butinthe1950’sandthe1960’s,researchersbegantoemploynewlydevelopedtechniquesandequipment,includingsubsurfacefloatsthatmovewithoceancurrentsandemitidentificationsignals,andocean-currentmetersthatrecorddataformonthsatfixedlocationsintheocean.Theseinstrumentsdisclosedanunexpectedlevelofvariabilityinthedeepocean.Ratherthanbeingcharacterizedbysmooth,large-scalecurrentsthatchangeseasonally(ifatall),theseasaredominatedbywhatoceanographerscallmesoscalefields;fluctuating,energeticflowswhosevelocitycanreachtentimesthemeanvelocityofthemajorcurrents.

Mesoscalephenomena—theoceanicanalogueofweathersystems-oftenextendtodistancesof100kilometersandpersistfor100days(weathersystemsgenerallyextendabout1,000kilometersandlast3to5daysinanygivenarea).Morethan90percentofthekineticenergyoftheentireoceanmaybeaccountedformesoscalevariabilityratherthanbylarge-scalecurrents.Mesoscalephenomenamay,infact,playasignificantroleinoceanicmixing,air-seainteractions,andoccasionalbutfar-reachingclimaticeventssuchasEINino,theatmospheric-oceanicdisturbanceintheequatorialPacificthataffectsglobalweatherpatterns.

Unfortunately,itisnotfeasibletouseconventionaltechniquestomeasuremesoscalefields.Tomeasurethemproperly,monitoringequipmentwouldhavetobelaidoutonagridatintervalsofatmost50kilometers,withsensorsateachgridpointlowereddeepintheoceanandkeptthereformanymonths.Becauseusingthesetechniqueswouldbeprohibitivelyexpensiveandtime-consuming,itwasproposedin1979thattomographybeadoptedtomeasurethephysicalpropertiesoftheocean.InmedicaltomographyX-raysmapthehumanbody’sdensityvariations(andhenceinternalorgans);theinformationfromtheX-rays,transmittedthroughthebodyalongmanydifferentpaths,isrecombinedtoformthree-dimensionalimagesofthebody’sinterior.Itisprimarilythismultiplicativeincreaseindataobtainedfromthemultipathtransmissionofsignalsthataccountsforoceanographer’sattractiontotomography;itallowsthemeasurementofvastareaswithrelativelyfewinstruments.Researchersreasonedthatlow-frequencysoundwaves,becausetheyaresowelldescribedmathematicallyandbecauseevensmallperturbationsinemittedsoundwavescanbedetected,couldbetransmittedthroughtheoceanovermany,differentpathsandthatthepropertiesoftheocean’sinterior—itstemperature,salinity,density,andspeedofcurrents—couldbededucedonthebasisofhowtheoceanalteredthesignals.Theirinitialtrialswerehighlysuccessful,andoceanacoustictomographywasborn.

26.Accordingtothepassage,scientistareabletouseoceanacoustictomographytodeducethepropertiesoftheocean’sinteriorinpartbecause______.

27.Whichofthefollowingismostsimilartomedicaltomographyasitisdescribedinthepassage?

28.TheauthormentionsEINinoprimarilyinordertoemphasizewhichofthefollowingpoints?

29.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthethirdparagraphofthepassage?

30.Thepassagesuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingwouldbetrueiftheocean’scirculationconsistedprimarilyoflarge,slow-movingcurrents?

問題1選項

A.low-frequencysoundwavesarewelldescribedmathematically

B.mesoscalephenomenaaresolargeastobeeasilydetectable

C.informationfromsoundwavescanberecombinedmoreeasilythaninformationfromX-rays

D.densityvariationsintheoceanaremathematicallypredictable

問題2選項

A.Theuseofocean-currentmeterstodeterminethedirectionandvelocityoftheocean’smesoscalefields.

B.Theuseofearthquakeshock-wavedatacollectedatseveraldifferentlocationsandcombinedtocreateathree-dimensionalimageoftheEarth’sinterior.

C.Theuseofagrid-pointsensorysystemtomapglobalweatherpatterns.

D.Theuseofsubsurfacefloatstomaplarge-scalecirculationintheocean.

問題3選項

A.Thebriefdurationofweatherpatterns.

B.Thedifficultyofmeasuringtheocean’slarge-scalecurrents.

C.Theeffectivenessoflow-frequencysoundwavesinmappingtheocean.

D.Thepossibleimpactofmesoscalefieldsonweatherconditions.

問題4選項

A.Opposingviewsarepresented,elaborated,andthenreconciled.

B.Aproblemisdescribed,andthenasolutionisdiscussedanditseffectivenessisaffirmed.

C.Anargumentisadvanced,thenrefuted,andanalternativeissuggested.

D.Ahypothesisispresented,qualified,andthenreaffirmed.

問題5選項

A.Conventionalmeasuringtechniqueswouldbeafeasiblemethodofstudyingthephysicalpropertiesoftheocean.

B.Theinfluenceofmesoscalefieldsonglobalweatherpatternswouldremainthesame.

C.Themajorityoftheocean’skineticenergywouldbederivedfrommesoscalefields.

D.Atmospheric-oceanicdisturbancessuchasEINinowouldoccurmoreoften.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】26.【選項釋義】

26.Accordingtothepassage,scientistareabletouseoceanacoustictomographytodeducethepropertiesoftheocean’sinteriorinpartbecause______.26.根據這篇文章，科學家能夠使用海洋聲學層析成像來推斷海洋內部的特性，部分原因是______。

A.low-frequencysoundwavesarewelldescribedmathematicallyA.低頻聲波在數學上描述得很好

B.mesoscalephenomenaaresolargeastobeeasilydetectableB.中尺度現象很大，很容易探測到

C.informationfromsoundwavescanberecombinedmoreeasilythaninformationfromX-raysC.聲波的信息比X射線的信息更容易重組

D.densityvariationsintheoceanaremathematicallypredictableD.海洋的密度變化在數學上是可以預測的

【考查點】事實細節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據題干定位到文章倒數第二句“研究人員推斷，因為它們（low-frequencysoundwaves）在數學上得到了很好的描述（sowelldescribedmathematically），而且即使是發(fā)出的聲波中的微小擾動也能被探測到，所以低頻聲波可以通過許多不同的路徑在海洋中傳播，海洋內部的特性（thepropertiesoftheocean’sinterior），如溫度、鹽度、密度和流速等，可以根據海洋如何改變信號來推斷”可知，科學家能夠使用海洋聲學層析成像來推斷海洋內部的特性的原因是低頻聲波在數學上得到了很好的描述，且能探測到發(fā)出的聲波中的微小擾動，所以A項正確。

【干擾項排除】

B選項定位第三段第一句“不幸的是，使用傳統(tǒng)技術測量中尺度場是不可行的”可知，easilydetectable并不符合原文，而且與題干無關，該項屬于出處錯位；

C選項沒有提到聲波信息和X射線信息的比較，屬于無中生有；

D選項在文中提到的是“海洋內部的特性，如溫度、鹽度、密度和流速等，可以根據海洋如何改變信號來推斷”，所以海洋的密度是根據海洋改變的信號來預測的，該項曲解原文。

27.【選項釋義】

27.Whichofthefollowingismostsimilartomedicaltomographyasitisdescribedinthepassage?27.下面哪項與文章中描述的醫(yī)學斷層掃描最相似？

A.Theuseofocean-currentmeterstodeterminethedirectionandvelocityoftheocean’smesoscalefields.A.利用洋流計來確定海洋中尺度場的方向和速度。

B.Theuseofearthquakeshock-wavedatacollectedatseveraldifferentlocationsandcombinedtocreateathree-dimensionalimageoftheEarth’sinterior.B.利用在幾個不同地點收集的地震沖擊波數據，并結合起來創(chuàng)建一個地球內部的三維圖像。

C.Theuseofagrid-pointsensorysystemtomapglobalweatherpatterns.C.使用網格點感知系統(tǒng)來繪制全球天氣模式。

D.Theuseofsubsurfacefloatstomaplarge-scalecirculationintheocean.D.利用地下漂浮物繪制大規(guī)模海洋環(huán)流圖。

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據題干定位到第三段第四句“在醫(yī)學斷層掃描中，X射線可以繪制出人體密度的變化（以及內部器官），來自X射線的信息，通過身體的許多不同路徑傳輸，被重新組合（recombined），形成身體內部的三維圖像（three-dimensionalimages）”，從中可知，醫(yī)學斷層掃描中，其使用的原理就是通過X射線的掃描，收集身體內部不同器官傳輸的信息，然后重組形成身體的三維圖像，從而來進行醫(yī)學判斷；四個選項中與此原理相似的是B項，因此，該題選擇B項正確。

【干擾項排除】

A、C、D選項都不屬于層析技術，屬于出處錯位。

28.【選項釋義】

28.TheauthormentionsEINinoprimarilyinordertoemphasizewhichofthefollowingpoints?28.作者提到厄爾尼諾主要是為了強調以下哪一點？

A.Thebriefdurationofweatherpatterns.A.氣候模式的短暫持續(xù)時間。

B.Thedifficultyofmeasuringtheocean’slarge-scalecurrents.B.測量海洋大尺度洋流的難度。

C.Theeffectivenessoflow-frequencysoundwavesinmappingtheocean.C.低頻聲波在海洋測繪中的有效性。

D.Thepossibleimpactofmesoscalefieldsonweatherconditions.D.中尺度場對氣候狀況可能產生的影響。

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據題干定位第二段最后一句“事實上，中尺度現象可能在海洋混合、海氣相互作用和偶爾但影響深遠的氣候事件中，如在影響全球氣候模式的赤道太平洋大氣-海洋擾動的厄爾尼諾氣候事件中，發(fā)揮著重要作用”，從中可知，中尺度現象對厄爾尼諾這樣的氣候事件可以發(fā)揮重要的作用，所以推斷，作者在這里提到厄爾尼諾是為了強調中尺度現象對氣候的影響，D項正確。

【干擾項排除】

A、C選項與題干無關，屬于出處錯位；

B選項在文中沒有提及測量海洋大尺度洋流，該項屬于無中生有。

29.【選項釋義】

29.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthethirdparagraphofthepassage?29.下面哪個選項最好地描述了文章第三段的結構？

A.Opposingviewsarepresented,elaborated,andthenreconciled.A.相反的觀點被提出，闡述，然后調和。

B.Aproblemisdescribed,andthenasolutionisdiscussedanditseffectivenessisaffirmed.B.首先描述了一個問題，然后討論了解決方案，并肯定了其有效性。

C.Anargumentisadvanced,thenrefuted,andanalternativeissuggested.C.先提出一個論點，然后反駁，然后提出另一種選擇。

D.Ahypothesisispresented,qualified,andthenreaffirmed.D.假設被提出，被確認，然后被重新確認。

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】定位文章第三段，第一句先指出測量中尺度場所存在的問題，即“使用傳統(tǒng)技術測量中尺度場是不可行的”，然后在第三句提出了用層析成像技術來測量的方法，然后通過對醫(yī)學斷層掃描舉例來做類比，最后得出結論：“他們最初的試驗非常成功，海洋聲學斷層攝影術誕生了”；綜上所述，我們可以推斷，文章第三段的結構是：提出問題—討論問題和提出解決辦法—證明解決辦法的有效性，所以B項正確。

【干擾項排除】A、C、D選項都不符合第三段的結構，屬于曲解原文。

30.【選項釋義】

30.Thepassagesuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingwouldbetrueiftheocean’scirculationconsistedprimarilyoflarge,slow-movingcurrents?30.這篇文章表明，如果海洋環(huán)流主要是由大的、移動緩慢的洋流組成，下面哪個選項是正確的？

A.Conventionalmeasuringtechniqueswouldbeafeasiblemethodofstudyingthephysicalpropertiesoftheocean.A.傳統(tǒng)的測量技術將是研究海洋物理特性的可行方法。

B.Theinfluenceofmesoscalefieldsonglobalweatherpatternswouldremainthesame.B.中尺度場對全球氣候模式的影響將保持不變。

C.Themajorityoftheocean’skineticenergywouldbederivedfrommesoscalefields.C.海洋的大部分動能將來自中尺度場。

D.Atmospheric-oceanicdisturbancessuchasEINinowouldoccurmoreoften.D.像厄爾尼諾這樣的大氣-海洋擾動將更頻繁地發(fā)生。

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】文章第一段開頭就指出“1965年以前，許多科學家把海洋水團的循環(huán)描繪成由大型、緩慢移動的洋流組成的，例如墨西哥灣流”，但是新技術的采用（newlydevelopedtechniquesandequipment），發(fā)現深海中的變化并不是開頭所說的那樣，如第四句說的“這些儀器（Theseinstruments）揭示了深海中出乎意料的變化水平”；然后隨即對中尺度場的測量展開的論述，在第三段第一句提到“使用傳統(tǒng)技術測量中尺度場是不可行的”，然后就提出了層析技術。綜合推斷，我們可以知道，如果海洋環(huán)流主要是由大的、移動緩慢的洋流組成，那么使用傳統(tǒng)的技術測量海洋物理特性是可行的，所以A項正確。

【干擾項排除】

B、C選項，如果海洋環(huán)流是由洋流組成，那么中尺度場就不會被研究，該兩項屬于曲解原文；

D選項在文中沒有表明，中尺度場能阻止厄爾尼諾這樣的現象發(fā)生，所以屬于無中生有。

3.翻譯題

世界上最幸福的十種工作很多職場新人都曾夢想找到一份理想工作，做喜歡的事，享受那份喜悅。而現實往往不盡人意，人們總是抱怨著自己的工作。本文為你盤點了十種最幸福的工作。

神職人員：最不諳世事的工作據說是最幸福的工作。

消防員：消防員的工作能給人們提供幫助，而80%的消防員都表示對自己的工作“非常滿意”。

理療師:社會互動和幫助他人明顯使得這份工作是最幸福的工作之一。

作家：對于大多數作家來說，他們的報酬少得可憐，或者根本沒有，但是寫下自己心中所想顯然會帶來快樂。

特殊教育老師：如果你不在乎金錢，特殊教育老師這個工作或許是個幸福的職業(yè)。

教師：盡管當前存在著教育經費和教室條件的問題，一般來說教師們還是感到自己的工作很幸福的。

這一職業(yè)繼續(xù)吸引著年輕的理想主義者，盡管有50%的新教師都在5年以內選擇轉行了。

藝術家：雕刻家和畫家據稱是工作滿意度最高的職業(yè)，盡管在這一職業(yè)上謀生有著相當大的困難。

心理學家：心理學家不一定能解決其他人的問題，但是似乎他們已經解決了自己的問題。

金融理財銷售代理:據報道65%的金融理財銷售代理認為自己的工作很幸福。這大概是因為他們中的一些人在舒服的辦公環(huán)境中工作，每周工作40個小時，平均每年掙9萬多美元。

施工工程師：擺弄那些大型玩具可能是很有趣的，比如推土機、前載車、反鏟挖土機、刮土機、平地機、裝載機、起重機、大型水泵以及空氣壓縮機。同時施工工程師的工作供不應求，這使他們感覺很幸福。

【答案】Formostauthors,thepayisridiculouslylowornon-existent,buttheautonomyofwritingdownthecontentsofyourownmindapparentlyleadstohappiness.

Despitethecurrentissueswitheducationfundingandclassroomconditions,teachersingeneralreportbeinghappywiththeirjobs.

Thecareercontinuestoattractyoungidealists,although50percentofnewteacherswillswitchtoanotherjobwithinfiveyears.

Sculptorsandpaintersaresaidtobethemostsatisfiedjob,despitethegreatdifficultyinmakingalivingfromit.

Thatcouldhavethereasonthatsomeofthemareclearingmorethan$90,000dollarsayearonaveragefora40-hourworkweekinacomfortableofficeenvironment.

4.單選題

Traditionally,thewomanhasheldalowpositioninmarriagepartnerships.Whileherhusbandwenthisway,shehadtowash,stitchandsew.Todaythemoveistoliberatethewoman,whichmayintheendstrengthenthemarriageunion.

Perhapsthegreatestobstacletofriendshipinmarriageistheamountacoupleusuallyseeofeachother.Friendshipinitsusualsenseisnottestedbythestrainofdaily,year-longcohabitation.Couplesneedtotakeupseparateinterests(andfriendship)aswellasmutuallysharedones,iftheyarenottogetusedtothemoreattractiveelementsofeachother’spersonalities.

Marriedcouplesarelikelytoexertthemselvesforguests—beingamusing,discussingwithpassionandpoint—andthentofallintodullexhaustedsilencewhentheguestshavegone.

Asinallfriendship,ahusbandandwifemusttrytointeresteachother,andtospendsufficienttimesharingabsorbingactivitiestogivethemcontinuingcommoninterests.Butatthesametimetheymustspendenoughtimeonseparateinterestswithseparatepeopletopreserveanddeveloptheirseparatepersonalitiesandkeeptheirrelationshipfresh.

Fortoomanyhighlyintelligentworkingwomen,homerepresentschoreobligations,becausethehusbandonlytoleratesherworkanddoesnotparticipateinhouseholdchores.Fortoomanyhighlyintelligentworkingmen,homerepresentsdullnessandcomplaints—fromanover-dependentwifewhowillnotgathercouragetomakeherownlife.

Insuchanatmosphere,thepartnersgrowfurtherandfurtherapart,bothloveandlikingdisappearing.Fortoomanycoupleswithchildren,thechildrenareallowedtocommandalltimeandattention,allowingthecouplenotimetodeveloplikingandfriendship,aswellaslove,allottingthemexclusiveparentalroles.

41.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsiscorrect?

42.Thepassagesuggeststhatmarriedcouplesbecome（）.

43.Thepassageseemstoindicateattheendthatchildren（）.

問題1選項

A.Friendshipinmarriagemeansdaily,year-longcohabitation.

B.Friendshipcanbekeptfreshbybothseparateandsharedinterests.

C.Friendshipinmarriageisbasedondevelopingsimilarinterests.

D.Friendshipinmarriageisbasedondevelopingseparateinterests.

問題2選項

A.unfriendlywithguests

B.uninterestedinguests

C.hostilewhenguestshaveleft

D.quietwhenguesthaveleft

問題3選項

A.helpcouplesreinforcetheirfriendship

B.makenoimpactonthequalityoffriendship

C.mayposeobstaclesinmaritalfriendship

D.commandlesstimeandcarethanexpected

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:C

【解析】41.判斷推理題。根據選項定位到第四段Asinallfriendship,ahusbandandwifemusttrytointeresteachother,erestswithseparatepeopletopreserveanddeveloptheirseparatepersonalitiesandkeeptheirrelationshipfresh.（就像所有的友誼一樣，丈夫和妻子必須努力使對方感興趣，并花足夠的時間分享有趣的活動，以使他們保持共同的興趣。但同時，他們必須花足夠的時間和不同的人在不同的興趣上，以保持和發(fā)展他們不同的個性，保持他們的關系新鮮。）而B選項“無論是單獨的還是共同的興趣愛好都能使友誼保持新鮮感”與文段最相符，因此B選項正確。A選項“婚姻中的友誼意味著每天、一年的同居生活”，與原文并不符；C選項“婚姻中的友誼是建立在發(fā)展相似的興趣上的”；D選項“婚姻中的友誼是建立在發(fā)展各自的興趣上的”，文章認為應該是要兩者結合才是最好。

42.事實細節(jié)題。根據題干定位到第三段Marriedcouplesarelikelytoexertthemselvesforguests—beingamusing,discussingwithpassionandpoint—andthentofallintodullexhaustedsilencewhentheguestshavegone.（已婚夫婦很可能會為客人竭盡全力——逗樂，激情而有意義地討論——然后當客人走后陷入沉悶而疲憊的沉默。）也就是說客人在的時候他們會盡力去交談，而客人走后卻無話可說，因此D選項“客人走后他們會保持安靜”正確。A選項“對待客人并不友好”，與原文不符；B選項“對客人不感興趣”，原文完全沒有提到；C選項“在客人離開后，雙方變得敵對”，無關項。

43.事實細節(jié)題。根據題干信息定位到最后一段Insuchanatmosphere,thepartnersgrowfurtherandfurtherapart,bothlove...allowingthecouplenotimetodeveloplikingandfriendship,aswellaslove,allottingthemexclusiveparentalroles.（在這樣的氛圍中，伴侶之間的距離越來越遠，愛和喜歡都消失了。對于太多有孩子的夫婦來說，孩子被允許支配所有的時間和注意力，讓夫婦沒有時間去發(fā)展喜歡、友誼和愛，給他們分配了唯一的父母角色。）通過這句話可以得出，孩子占用了夫婦大部分的時間，成了婚姻關系中的障礙，因此C信息“可能對婚姻友誼造成障礙”正確；A選項“幫助夫婦鞏固他們的友誼”；B選項“不影響夫妻關系”；D選項“比預期要求更少的時間和照顧”都與文章不符。

5.單選題

Igotupsolatethismorning1hadtocookupsomeexcuseaboutmycarbreakingdown.

問題1選項

A.initiate

B.challenge

C.invent

D.appreciate

【答案】C

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.initiate開始；發(fā)起B(yǎng).challenge挑戰(zhàn)

C.invent發(fā)明；編造D.appreciate欣賞；賞識

【考查點】動詞辨析。

【解題思路】根據關鍵詞someexcuse（一些借口）可知，cookup表示“編造”的意思，C項詞義與之相近，故該題選擇C項。

【干擾項排除】A、B、D項不符合劃線單詞詞義。

【句意】我今天早上起得這么晚，我不得不編造一些借口，說我的車壞了。

6.單選題

Thepressisconstantlyremindingusthatthedramaticincreaseintheageofourpopulationoverthenext30orsoyearswillcausenationalhealthcaresystemstocollapse,economiestocrumpleunderthestrainofpensiondemandsanddisintegratingfamiliestobuckleunderincreasingcarecommitments.YetresearchatOxfordisbeginningtoexposesomeofthewidespreadmythsthatunderliethisrhetoric.Demographicagingisundoubtedlyareality.Lifeexpectancyindevelopedcountrieshasrisencontinuouslyoverthepastcentury,increasingthepercentageofthoseovertheageof60relativetothoseundertheageof15.By2030halfthepopulationofWesternEuropewillbeovertheageof50,withapredictedaveragelifeexpectancyofafurther40years.Bythen,aquarterofthepopulationwillbeover65andby2050theUK’scurrentnumbersof10,000centenariansarepredictedtohavereachedaquarterofamillion.SomedemographershaveevensuggestedthathalfofallbabygirlsbomintheWesttodaywilllivetoseethenextcentury.

（1）

Indeed,ifthiscouldbeachievedthroughouttheworld,itwouldsurelycountasthesuccessofcivilization,forthenwewouldalsohaveconqueredthekillersofpoverty,disease,famineandwar.

Decreasingmortalityratesincreasinglongevityanddecliningfertilitymeansmallerpercentagesofyoungpeoplewithinpopulations.Overthepast20yearslifeexpectancyatbirthintheUKhasrisenbyfouryearsformen(to75)andthreeyearsforwomen(to80).MeanwhilefertilityratesacrossEuropehavedeclinedmoreorlesscontinuouslyoverthepast40yearsandremainwellbelowthelevelsrequiredforEuropeanpopulationstobeabletoreplacethemselveswithoutsubstantiveimmigration.Butagain,ratherthanseeingthisasadoomandgloomscenario,weneedtoexplorethepositiveaspectsofthesedemographics.Thenext50yearsshouldprovideuswithallopportunitytoenjoythemanyadvantagesofasocietywithamaturepopulationstructure.

（2）

ThefirstoftheseisthecurrentpoliticalrhetoricwhichclaimsthathealthservicesacrosstheWesternWorldarecollapsingunderthestrainofdemographicageing.

（3）

Thesecondmythistheviewthattheratioofworkerstonon-workerswillbecomesoacutethatWesterneconomieswillcollapse,compoundedbyamassivegrowthinpensiondebt,Whilethereareundoubtedconcernsovercurrentpensionshortfalls,itisalsoclearthatworkingliveswillthemselveschangeoverthenextfewdecades,withapredictedincreaseinflexibleandpart.Timeworkandtheprobableextensionofworkinglifeuntiltheageof70.Indeed,wehavetorecognizethatwecannotexpecttoretireattheageof50andthenbeabletosupportourselvesforanother40orsoyear.Neitherasolidpensionschemenorsavingscancarrypeoplethatlong.

（4）

Afurthermythisthatwewillallliveinloose,multigenerationalfamilies,experiencingincreasedemotionaldistancingfromourkin.Evidencefromavarietyofstudiesacrossthedevelopedworldsuggeststhat,ifanything,themodernfamilyisactuallybecomingmoreclose-knit.WorkcarriedoutbytheOxfordInstituteinScandinaviaandinaPan-EuropeanFamilyCareStudy,forexample,showsthatdespitetheinfluenceofthewelfarestate,overthepast10years,peoplehavecometovaluefamilyrelationshipsmorethanpreviously.

（5）

Inthedevelopedworldtherefore,wecanseeactualbenefitsfrompopulationaging:abetterbalancebetweenagegroups,matureandlessvolatilesocieties,withanemphasisonageintegration.Theissueswillbeverydifferentinotherpartsoftheworld.

Hereinlaysanothermyth:thatthelessdevelopedworldwillescapeformdemographicaging.Instead,themassiveincreaseintheageofpopulationsfacingthesecountries-predictedtobeuptoonebillionolderpeoplewithin30years-ispotentiallydevastating.TheproblemisnotonlythatdemographicagingisoccurringatafargreaterpacethanwehaveseeninWesternnations,butalsothatfewifanydevelopingcountrieshavetheeconomicdevelopmentandinfrastructurenecessarytoprovidewidespreadpublicpensionsandhealthcaretothesegrowingelderlypopulations.

Asaresult,olderpeopleareamongthepoorestineverydevelopingcountry.Theyhavethelowestlevelsofincome,educationandliteracy,theylacksavingsandassets,haveonlylimitedaccesstowork,andevenintimesofcrisisareusuallythelasttobecaredforunderemergencyaidprograms.Perhapsofmostconcernishealthcare,forasweconqueracutediseases,wearegoingtoseearapidincreaseinlevelsofchronicillnessanddisability,butnolong-termcareprogrammesorfacilitiestotacklethis.

問題1選項

A.Sinceitislikelythatalongeractiveworkinglifewillcoincidewithapredictedlaborshortageresultingfromalackofyoungerworkers,weneedtoprovidetheopportunitiesandtrainingtoencourageoldermenandwomentoremaineconomicallyproductive.Ourstudiesshowthattherearebenefitsfromhavinganage-integratedworkforce.Itisanothermyththatolderworkersarelessproductivethanyoungerones.Infact,thecombinedenergyofyoungerworkerswiththeexperienceofolderonescanleadtoincreasedproductivitysomethingfromwhichyoungandoldalikewillbenefit

B.In2001.Inrecognitionofthesignificanceofthesedemographicchangesandtheglobalchallengesandopportunitiesthatwillaccompanythem,theOxfordInstituteofAgingwasestablishedattheUniversity.Itismadeupofresearchersindemography,sociology,economics,socialanthropology,philosophyandpsychology,withlinkstootherspecialistsinmedicine,biology,lawandpolicyinresearchunitsacrosstheUniversity.Thiscross-disciplinaryapproachhasmadeitpossibletochallengesomeofthemostpervasivemythsaboutagingsocieties.

C.AsInstitutehealthcareethicistKennethHoweepointsout,familyobligationstowardsolderrelativesmaychangeoverthenext20years.Butcurrentindicationsarethatfamiliesareretainingastrongresponsibilitytocare.Furthermore,associety’sage,thecontributoryroleofolderpeopleasgrandparentsbecomesmoreimportant.WorkbyInstituteresearchersonanotherEuropeanUnionstudyonmulti-generationalfamilieshashighlightedtherolethatgrandparentsplaybyfreeinguptheresponsibilitiesofdieyoungerreproductivepopulation.

D.Itisclearthatthechangingdemographiclandscapeposeschallengesforthefuture.Thenecessitynowistodevelopappropriateeconomic,socialandpoliticalstructurestotakeadvantageoftheopportunitiesthatmaturesocietieswillbring,whileensuringthatthereareappropriatesafetynetsforthoseleftvulnerablewithinthesepopulations-whichwillincludebothyoungandoldalike.

E.Ratherthanfearingsuchafuture,however,weshouldseethistrendasagreatsuccess.Itmustundoubtedlybeamajorachievementofcivilizationthatmostindividualswithinasocietycanexpecttoenjoyalongandhealthylifespan

F.GeorgeLeeson,ademographerattheInstitute,pointsoutthatwhileanumberofcrossnationalstudieshaveconsideredthedeterminantsofspiralinghealthcarecosts,onlyonehasfoundtheexplanatoryfactortobetheproportionofthepopulationaged65andoverRather,itisgrowthinincome,lifestylecharacteristicsandenvironmentalfactorssuchastechnologyanddrugsthataredrivinguphealthcarecosts.Inaddition,thecostsareshiftingbetweenpopulationgroups.Thekeyhere,headds,istodevelopsufficientlyflexiblehealthservicestructurestoshiftnotonlyeconomicresourcesbutalsopersonnel.

問題2選項

A.Sinceitislikelythatalongeractiveworkinglifewillcoincidewithapredictedlaborshortageresultingfromalackofyoungerworkers,weneedtoprovidetheopportunitiesandtrainingtoencourageoldermenandwomentoremaineconomicallyproductive.Ourstudiesshowthattherearebenefitsfromhavinganage-integratedworkforce.Itisanothermyththatolderworkersarelessproductivethanyoungerones.Infact,thecombinedenergyofyoungerworkerswiththeexperienceofolderonescanleadtoincreasedproductivitysomethingfromwhichyoungandoldalikewillbenefit

B.In2001.Inrecognitionofthesignificanceofthesedemographicchangesandtheglobalchallengesandopportunitiesthatwillaccompanythem,theOxfordInstituteofAgingwasestablishedattheUniversity.Itismadeupofresearchersindemography,sociology,economics,socialanthropology,philosophyandpsychology,withlinkstootherspecialistsinmedicine,biology,lawandpolicyinresearchunitsacrosstheUniversity.Thiscross-disciplinaryapproachhasmadeitpossibletochallengesomeofthemostpervasivemythsaboutagingsocieties.

C.AsInstitutehealthcareethicistKennethHoweepointsout,familyobligationstowardsolderrelativesmaychangeoverthenext20years.Butcurrentindicationsarethatfamiliesareretainingastrongresponsibilitytocare.Furthermore,associety’sage,thecontributoryroleofolderpeopleasgrandparentsbecomesmoreimportant.WorkbyInstituteresearchersonanotherEuropeanUnionstudyonmulti-generationalfamilieshashighlightedtherolethatgrandparentsplaybyfreeinguptheresponsibilitiesofdieyoungerreproductivepopulation.

D.Itisclearthatthechangingdemographiclandscapeposeschallengesforthefuture.Thenecessitynowistodevelopappropriateeconomic,socialandpoliticalstructurestotakeadvantageoftheopportunitiesthatmaturesocietieswillbring,whileensuringthatthereareappropriatesafetynetsforthoseleftvulnerablewithinthesepopulations-whichwillincludebothyoungandoldalike.

E.Ratherthanfearingsuchafuture,however,weshouldseethistrendasagreatsuccess.Itmustundoubtedlybeamajorachievementofcivilizationthatmostindividualswithinasocietycanexpecttoenjoyalongandhealthylifespan

F.GeorgeLeeson,ademographerattheInstitute,pointsoutthatwhileanumberofcrossnationalstudieshaveconsideredthedeterminantsofspiralinghealthcarecosts,onlyonehasfoundtheexplanatoryfactortobetheproportionofthepopulationaged65andoverRather,itisgrowthinincome,lifestylecharacteristicsandenvironmentalfactorssuchastechnologyanddrugsthataredrivinguphealthcarecosts.Inaddition,thecostsareshiftingbetweenpopulationgroups.Thekeyhere,headds,istodevelopsufficientlyflexiblehealthservicestructurestoshiftnotonlyeconomicresourcesbutalsopersonnel.

問題3選項

A.Sinceitislikelythatalongeractiveworkinglifewillcoincidewithapredictedlaborshortageresultingfromalackofyoungerworkers,weneedtoprovidetheopportunitiesandtrainingtoencourageoldermenandwomentoremaineconomicallyproductive.Ourstudiesshowthattherearebenefitsfromhavinganage-integratedworkforce.Itisanothermyththatolderworkersarelessproductivethanyoun