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關(guān)于自考英美文學(xué)選讀超級(jí)完整版第1頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六Whatisliterature?Isitnecessaryorimportantinmodernsociety?什么是文學(xué)?今天我們還需要文學(xué)嗎?第2頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六主講內(nèi)容一、考試主要題型、特點(diǎn)和應(yīng)考策略;二、以講解關(guān)鍵詞的方法作全書梳理,包括各個(gè)時(shí)期重要的文學(xué)理念,核心觀點(diǎn);三、結(jié)合真題對(duì)重點(diǎn)作家做總結(jié)和預(yù)測第3頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六第一講考試題型分析及應(yīng)考策略第4頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六一、考試題型分析1.選擇題(40/25)40,22(英國),18(美國),主要考查:基本知識(shí)點(diǎn)、理解(10)趨勢:選擇題難度上升,主觀題難度下降。第5頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六2.閱讀(4×4)要求指出:A)作者和作品出處(1分)B)作品中具體某個(gè)詞或詞組的確切意義(1分)C)表述該選段的思想內(nèi)容(2分)。第6頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六09年真題41.WhereforefeedandclotheandsaveFromthecradletothegraveThoseungratefuldroneswhowouldDrainyoursweat-nay,drinkyourblood?Questions:A.Identifythepoetandthetitleofthepoemfromwhichthestanzaistaken.B.WhatfigureofspeechisusedinLine2?C.Whomdoes“drones”referto?第7頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六3.簡答(6×4)內(nèi)容的跨越比較大,既有閱讀理解部分的延伸,也有某一時(shí)期的文學(xué)思潮,還有對(duì)某一斷代史的簡論,答對(duì)率非常低。4.討論(2×10)考查:文學(xué)流派與作家解析,作品主題、人物、情節(jié)、敘事方法等分析第8頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六二、應(yīng)試技巧(主觀題)基本方法:核心觀點(diǎn)+實(shí)際問題答題時(shí)最好用A,B,C或123等符號(hào)將答案分割成幾點(diǎn);英文的書寫與拼寫語法第9頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六

做簡答題或論述題的答題要點(diǎn)A.關(guān)于歷史時(shí)期的介紹

1>時(shí)間+來源(0.5分---1分)

2>歷史背景(不需要擴(kuò)充)(1---2分)

3>該時(shí)期中最重要的創(chuàng)作思想以及影響該時(shí)期的大背景.(2---3分)

4>代表作家以及代表作品簡介.(1分)

5>影響(0.5—1分)

第10頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六B.論述題中人物性格分析的答題要點(diǎn):

1>利用題目發(fā)揮(0.5--1分)

2>該任務(wù)的代表時(shí)期,屬于哪個(gè)階層(1—2分)

3>作品中人物經(jīng)歷的有關(guān)情節(jié)(2—3分)

4>該人物的直接性格分析(1—2分)

5>該人物的文學(xué)性格分析(3—4分)

6>作用/影響/語言風(fēng)格等(0.5—1分)

第11頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六C.論述題中關(guān)于作家的分析

1>利用題目發(fā)揮(0.5—1分)

2>該作家所處的歷史背景(1—2分)

3>該作家的語言風(fēng)格(1—2分)

4>該作家說寫的典型作品及創(chuàng)作主題(2—3分)

5>關(guān)于典型作品的有關(guān)情節(jié)(1—2分)

6>影響(0.5—1分)第12頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六英美文學(xué)選讀答題套語Sb.launchespossiblythesharpestandthefiercestattackupontheveryfoundationsofthecorruptfeudalism/capitalistworld.Thepenetratinghitattheveryheartofcapitalismisdrivenhome.nootherthan=nothingmorethan…isdiscernible.Lengthyaccountsaregivento…第13頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六Sb.perceptivelystatesthat…Sth.bearssomeresemblancewith……drawsinfluencefrom…inessenceprolificplayapivotalrolein…Thesignificanceof…liesratherintheportrayalof…第14頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六Itaffordsthereadersawholegalleryofvividportraitsofthepeopleofallstratum.…givesanencyclopediccreationof……showsagenuinesympathyfor…everycharacterone’screativefingertouchedcamealive…leavesunforgettableimpressionsonthereaders’mind.Thegreathumoristsoftheworldarefewinnumber,andMarkTwainisofthatchoicecompany.第15頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):1)答出參考答案多數(shù)要點(diǎn)且某些要點(diǎn)有較好發(fā)揮,可給滿分;2)考生答非所問不給分;3)內(nèi)容和語言綜合考慮,語言表達(dá)不好的要適當(dāng)扣分,原則如下:a)語言通順,表達(dá)清楚,語法錯(cuò)誤和拼寫錯(cuò)誤很少,基本根據(jù)內(nèi)容評(píng)分;b)語言基本通順,有少數(shù)語法錯(cuò)誤和拼寫錯(cuò)誤,扣該題分值的20%;c)語言不通順,表達(dá)不連貫,有較多語法錯(cuò)誤和拼寫錯(cuò)誤,扣該題分值的40%;d)語言很不通順,無法表達(dá)連貫的意思,扣該題分值的60%。第16頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六??疾凰サ闹攸c(diǎn):文藝復(fù)興的文學(xué)特色及其核心作家;英國浪漫主義與美國浪漫主義;自然主義;意象主義;現(xiàn)實(shí)主義;現(xiàn)代主義(英國)必考的作家:

Shakespeare;Milton;Defoe;Fielding;Shelley;Austen;Dickens;Hardy;T.S.Eliot;Hawthorne;Whitman;MarkTwain;Dreiser;Pound;Hemingway;Faulkner第17頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六考過的是否會(huì)重考?1.任何考題都有可能在其他題型中重考;2.選擇題有可能重考;3.考過的問答題不會(huì)重考,但同一作家可重考;第18頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六復(fù)習(xí)建議:把握英國重點(diǎn)部分,死記美國所有部分1)思考,理解;2)比較記憶和聯(lián)想記憶;關(guān)鍵詞個(gè)章節(jié)時(shí)代介紹;重要引語;作家作品名稱的拼寫;參考資料:原教材輔導(dǎo)書,近5年真題第19頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六最新考綱要求

調(diào)整后的《英美文學(xué)選讀自學(xué)考試大綱》將于2009年4月考試試行。一、關(guān)于考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)的調(diào)整

考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)中的各章概述內(nèi)容仍為考核內(nèi)容;對(duì)知識(shí)點(diǎn)中的作家只保留對(duì)如下主要作家的考核。二、關(guān)于考核要求的調(diào)整

考核要求中每章概述內(nèi)容不作調(diào)整;“該時(shí)期的重要作家”只包

含對(duì)考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)中保留的重要作家的相關(guān)內(nèi)容的考核。第20頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六5分鐘巧記所有作家

英國

小沙彌在看非州的Swift吹笛子,布來克/澳雪(在旁邊)華華叫,(吵得)狄更斯和哈代不得安寧,(氣得)蕭伯納踢死(T.S)了勞倫斯

美國

揮霍的梅姑娘.(看見)James騎馬D答D答響,(后面跟著)肥仔老羅和發(fā)福的海明威

第21頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六大綱調(diào)整后的特點(diǎn)二、大綱調(diào)整后的特點(diǎn)(一)新大綱更加突出了英美各個(gè)文學(xué)時(shí)期的時(shí)代特點(diǎn)。如:文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的戲劇和詩史,浪漫主義時(shí)期的詩歌等。從這個(gè)意義上講,命題的重點(diǎn)突出了。(二)新大綱中考核的作家,都是每一個(gè)文學(xué)時(shí)期文學(xué)潮流的最具代表性的作家,都是對(duì)該時(shí)期文學(xué)的發(fā)展起到?jīng)Q定作用的作家。從這個(gè)意義上講,命題的焦點(diǎn)集中了。(三)新大綱中所保留的作家的作品大多是廣大考生耳熟能詳?shù)淖髌?,從這個(gè)意義上講,考試的難度降低了。三、大綱調(diào)整后的復(fù)習(xí)方法(一)概述:考試大綱調(diào)整以后,可命題的作家的數(shù)量減少了,但命題的深度會(huì)增加;同時(shí),由于作家數(shù)量的減少,這也意味著在每一章的概述部分和作品選讀部分的命題點(diǎn)會(huì)增多。(二)每章概述部分的復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)在對(duì)這部分的復(fù)習(xí)中,重點(diǎn)關(guān)注每一個(gè)文學(xué)時(shí)期的界定以及其標(biāo)志性事件;另外每一個(gè)文學(xué)時(shí)期的時(shí)代特點(diǎn)和突出文學(xué)成就也是考查的重點(diǎn),還有本時(shí)期同時(shí)存在的文學(xué)流派的特點(diǎn)也是重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容。(三)每章重點(diǎn)作家的復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)作家的文學(xué)史上的地位和貢獻(xiàn);作家的代表作以及代表作的中心大意和所反映的社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí);作家的寫作風(fēng)格和寫作特點(diǎn)也是命題的重點(diǎn)。(四)每章作品選讀的復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)作品選讀前面的斜體字部分的簡介和概括;作品中的名句;作品選讀中的注釋部分,小說作品中的人物關(guān)系。第22頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六第二講英美文學(xué)的發(fā)展脈絡(luò)第23頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六TheRenaissancePeriod1)Itmarksatransitionfrom_____tothe____world.2)Itreferstotheperiodbetween____and_____.3)a)revivalorrediscoveryofancientGreekandRomanculture;b)introductionofHumansim;c)newideasprosandconsintheinterestoftherisingbourgeoisie;d)thedevelopmentofearlyscience;e)thereligiousReformationorreligiousstruggleinthefolklife;f)theshapingofnationalism.第24頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六Humanisma)Emphasisofmanandindividual,manisthemeasureofallthings;b)HumaniststrytoexalthumannatureandregardhumanbeingsasgloriouscreaturescapableofIndividualdevelopmenttowardperfectionwithlifetoquestion,exploreandenjoy;c)Emphasisofhumanvalues,dignity,ambitionsandthepresentliferatherthantheafterlife.第25頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六TheAchievementoftheElizabethanDrama1)ItistherealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissance.ItisnotuntiltheElizabethanage,undertheinfluenceoftheRenaissance,thatdramawasdevelopedintoamatureartform.Andgreatdramatistslike____,_____,_____appearedonthestage;2)Byimitatingtheromances,embracingthemysteriesofGermanlegend,andcombingthepoeticfancywiththefactsofdailylife,theymadeavividdepictionofthesharpconflictsbetweenfeudalismandtherisingbourgeoisie;3)Thedrama,with_____asthemaster,standsoutasamonumentoftheRenaissance,whichisunrivaledforpurecreativepowerbyanyotherproductofthatepoch.第26頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六Representatives:Chaucer:_______Spenser:____________Marlowe:____________Shakespeare:__________Bacon:_______JohnDonne:________JohnMilton:_______第27頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六TheNeoclassicalPeriodStartsfrom_____to_____.The18thcenturyEnglandisalsoknownastheageof______ortheageof_____.Howtodefine1.TheEnlightenmentMovement2.Neoclassicism3.theRealisticNovelWhatistheliterarycharacteristicsofNeoclassicism?第28頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六Neoclassicism1)Arevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks.AllformsofliteratureweretobemodeledaftertheclassicalworksoftheancientGreek&Romanwriters&thoseofthecontemporaryFrenchones.Theartisticidealsshouldbeorder,logic,restrainedemotion&accuracy,&thatliteratureshouldbejudgedintermsofitsservicetohumanity.Seekproportion,unity,harmony&graceinliteraryexpressions,inanefforttodelight,instruct&correcthumanbeings,primarilyassocialanimals.Thus,apolite,urbane,witty,&intellectualartdeveloped.第29頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六TheEnlightenmentMovement

1)The18th-centuryEnglandisknownastheAgeofEnlightenmentortheAgeofReason.2)AprogressiveintellectualmovementwhichflourishedinFrance&sweptthroughthewholeWesternEuropeatthetime.3)ThemovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissanceofthe15th&16thcenturies.4)Toenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodemphilosophical&artisticideas.5)celebratingreasonorrationality,equality&science.6)FamousamongthegreatenlightenersinEnglandwerethosegreatwriterslikeJohnDryden,Alexanderpope&soon.第30頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六theRealisticNovelAnewlyrisingliteraryformcontrarytothetraditionalromanceofaristocrats,GivesarealisticpresentationoflifeofthecommonEnglishpeople.IsanaturalproductoftheIndustrialRevolutionAmongthepioneerswereDanielDefoe,SamuelRichardson,HenryFielding,LaurenceSterne,TobiasCreorgeSmollott,&OliverGoldsmith.第31頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六WhatistheliterarycharacteristicsofNeoclassicism?

1)AllformsofliteratureweretobemodeledaftertheclassicalworksoftheancientGreek&RomanwritersandthoseofthecontemporaryFrenchones.2)Neoclassicistshadsomefixedlaws&rulesforalmosteverygenreofliterature,proseshouldbeprecise,direct,smooth&flexible.Poetryshouldbelyrical,epical,didactic,satiricordramatic,&eachclassshouldbeguidedbyitsownprinciples.3)DramashouldbewrittenintheHeroicCouplets(iambicpentameterrhymedintwolines);thethreeunitiesoftime,space&actionshouldbestrictlyobserved;regularityinconstructionshouldbeadheredto&typecharactersratherthanindividualsshouldberepresented.第32頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六Representatives:JohnBunyan:________Pope:_________Defoe:_______Swift:______Fielding:______Johnson:______Sheridan:______Gray:_____第33頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六TheRomanticPeriod1.EnglishRomanticismisgenerallysaidtohavebegunin____withthepublicationofof____andtohaveendedin____.2.Culturalbackground:TheideasofRousseau;B.Theliterarysources:TheRomanticMovementexpressedamoreorlessnegativeattitudetowardtheexistingsocialandpoliticalconditionsthatcamewithindustrializationandthegrowingimportanceofthebourgeoisie.

第34頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六C.Theliteraryviews:(1)arebellionagainstneo-classicism(2)expressonimagination(3)prioritiesbeengiventopassion,emotionandfeeling(4)beingclosetonatureforitspuritywhilethesocietyiscorrupting(5)tremendousinterestinsomethingremoteintermofspaceandtime(6)supremacyoffreedom

第35頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六3.Literaryforms:A.Poetry

A).TheRomanticperiodisanageofpoetry.Blake,Wordsworth,Coleridge,Byron,ShelleyandKeatsarethemajorRomanticpoets.Theystartedarebellionagainsttheneoclassicalliterature,whichwaslaterregardedasthepoeticrevolution.

第36頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六B).Theoryofpoetrya.Theyexplorednewtheoriesandinnovatednewtechniquesinpoetrywriting.b.Theysawpoetryasahealingenergy,thebelievedthatpoetrycouldpurifybothindividualsoulsandthesociety.

第37頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六c.Thenaturalworldcomestotheforefrontofthepoeticimagination.Natureisnotonlythemajorsourceofpoeticimagery,butalsoprovidesthedominantsubjectmatter.d.Romanticsalsotendtobenationalistic.

第38頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六B.Prose

TheRomanticperiodisalsoagreatageofprose.Coleridge,Hazlitt,Lamb,andDeQuinceyweretheleadingfigures.

第39頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六C.Novel

A).Austenisofthe18th-centuryinhermoraloutlook.Herviewoflifeisatotallyrealisticone.Themajorthemeofhernovelsisloveandmarriage.

B).WalterScottisthemostpopularnovelistofhisday.Waverley,OldMartality,TheHeartofMidlothian,RobRoy,andIvanhoeareamongthemostpopularonesofhisnovels.Heisthefirstmajorhistoricalnovelist.

第40頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六C).Gothicnovel:

a.Nature:

Gothicnovel,atypeofromanticfictionthatpredominatedinthelateeighteenthcentury,wasonephaseoftheRomanticmovement.

b.Subjectmatters:

Itsprincipalelementsareviolence,horror,andthesupernatural.

c.Works:

WorkslikeTheMysteriesofUdolphobyAnnRadcliffeandFrankensteinbyMaryShelleyaretypicalGothicromance.

第41頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六D.Drama

Shelley’sPrometheusUnboundandTheCenci,Byron’sManfredandColeridge’sRemorsearegenerallyregardedasthebestverseplaysduringthisperiod.

第42頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六HowisRomanticismdifferentfromNeoclassicism?a.Neoclassicistsupheldthatartisticidealsshouldbeorder,logic,restrainedemotionandaccuracy,andthatliterature,shouldbejudgedintermsofitsservicetohumanity,andthus,literaryexpressionsshouldbeofproportion,unity,harmonyandgrace.b.Romanticismtendedtoseetheindividualastheverycenterofallexperience,includingart,andthus,literaryworkshouldbe“spontaneousoverflowofstrongoffeeling”thevalueoftheworklinkliedintheaccuracyofpresentingthoseuniquefeelingsandparticularaltitude.c.Inaword,NeoclassicismemphasizedrationalityandformbutRomanticismattachedgreatimportancetotheindividual’smind(emotion,imagination,temporaryexperience……….)第43頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六Representatives:WilliamBlake:________WilliamWordsworth:_________Coleridge:_______Byron:______Shelley:______Keats:______Austen:______第44頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六TheVictorianPeriod1.TheVictorianPeriodroughlycoincideswiththereignofQueenVictorianfrom1836to1901,themostgloriousintheEnglishhistory.2.Towardsthemid-19thcentury,Englandhadreacheditshighlypointofdevelopmentasaworldpower.3.Darwin’sTheoriginofspeciesandTheDescentofManshooktheoreticalbasicoftraditionalfaith.4.FamousnovelistslikeCharlesDickens,WilliamMakepeaceThackery,CharlotteBronte,EmilyBronte,Mrs.GaskellandAnthonyTrollope.第45頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六WhatarethecharacteristicsofVictorianliterature?Asaproductofitsage,itnaturallytookonitsqualityofmagnitudeanddiversity.Itwasmany-sidedandcomplex,andreflectedromanticallyandrealisticallythegreatchangesthatweregoingoninpeople’slifeandthought.Victorianliteraturehasthehigh-spirtedvitality,thedown-to-earthearnestness,thegood-naturedhumorandunboundedimaginationareallunprecedented.第46頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六WhatwerethecommonthingssharedbythenovelistsofVictorianPeriod?Althoughwritingfromdifferentpointsofviewandwithdifferenttechniques,thenovelistsofthisagesharedonethingincommon,thatis,theywereallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeople.Theywereangrywiththeinhumansocialinstitutiions,thedecayingsocialmorality.第47頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六

WhatweretheliterarycharacteristicsofEnglishcriticalrealism?Englishcriticalrealismofthe19thcentury,flourishedinthefortiesandintheearlyfifties;ThecriticalrealistsdescribedwithmuchvividnessandartisticskillthechieftraitoftheEnglishsocietyandcriticizedthecapitalistsystemfromademocraticviewpoint;Therealistsnotonlygaveasatiricalportrayalofthebourgeoisieandalltheruiningclasses,butalsoshowedprofoundsympathyforthecommonpeople.HumorandsatireaboundintheEnglishrealisticnovelsofthe19thcentury.Thecriticalrealistsdidnot,duetotheirworldoutlook,andcouldnotfindawaytoeradicatesocialevils.第48頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六Representatives:Dickens:_______TheBronteSisters:_________Tennyson:_______RobertBrowning:______GeorgeEliot:______ThomasHardy:______

第49頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六TheModernPeriodThesocial,ideologicalbackgroundoftheModernEnglishLiterature:TheinfluencesofthetwoWorldWarsonEnglishliterature;Ideologically,theriseoftheirrationalphilosophyandnewsciencegreatlyincitedmodernwriterstomakenewexplorationsonhumannaturesandhumanrelationships.So,aftertheFirstWorldWar,allkindsofliterarytrendsofmodernismappeared.AftertheSecondWorldWar,avarietyofmodernism,orpost-modernism,likeexistentialistliterature,theateroftheabsurd,newnovelsandblackhumor,rosewiththespuroftheexistentialistideathat"theworldwasabsurd,andthehumanlifewasanagony."

第50頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六2.WhatisModernism?A)Modernismwasacomplexanddiverseinternationalmovementinallcreativearts,originatingabouttheendofthe19thcentury;B)Modernismroseoutofskepticismanddisillusionofcapitalism;C)Modernismtakestheirrationalphilosophyandthetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalbase;D)Modernismis,inmanyaspects,areactionagainstrealism.

第51頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六WhatarethebasiccharacteristicsofModernisminliterature?

Modernismtakestheirrationalphilosophyandthetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalbase.OnecharacteristicofEnglishModernismis"thedehumanizationofart".Themajorthemesofthemodernistliteraturearethedistorted,alienatedandillrelationshipsbetweenmanandnature,manandsociety,manandman,andmanandhimself.Themodernistwritersconcentratemoreontheprivatethanonthepublic,moreonthesubjectivethanontheobjective.Theyaremainlyconcernedwiththeinnerbeingofanindividual.Intheirwritings,thepast,thepresentandthefuturearemingledtogetherandexistatthesametimeintheconsciousnessofanindividual.

第52頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六WhydowesayModernismisareactionagainstRealism?Modernismis,inmanyaspects,areactionagainstrealism.Itrejectsrationalism,whichisthetheoreticalbaseofrealism.A)Itexcludesfromitsmajorconcerntheexternal,objective,materialworld,whichistheonlycreativesourceofrealism;B)Byadvocatingafreeexperimentationonnewformsandnewtechniquesinliterarycreation,itcastsawayalmostallthetraditionalelementsinliteraturesuchasstory,plot,character,chronologicalnarration,etc.,whichareessentialtorealism.Asaresult,theworkscreatedbythemodernistwritersareoftenlabeledasanti-novel,anti-poetryandanti-drama.

第53頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六HowdoyoudefineModernEnglishPoetry?The20thcenturyhaswitnessedagreatachievementinEnglishpoetry.A.Intheearlyyears,thepoemsofPoundandEliotandYeatsmarkedtheriseof“ModernPoetry”,whichwasarevolutionagainsttheconventionalideasandformsoftheVictorianpoetry;B.Withthecomingofthe1950s,therewasareturnofrealisticpoetryagain,advocatingreason,moraldisciplineandtraditionalforms.第54頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六HowdoyoudefineModernEnglishnovels?Thefirstthreedecadesof20thcenturyweregoldenyearsofthemodernistnovel.Instimulatingthetechnicalinnovationsofnovelcreation,thetheoryoftheFreudianandJungianpsycho-analysisplayedaparticularlyimportantrole.Oneoftheremarkablefeaturesoftheirwritingswastheircontinuousexperimentationonnewandsophisticatedtechniquesinnovelwriting,whichmadetremendousimpactsonthecreationofbothrealisticandmodernistnovelsinthiscentury.Modernistnovelscametoadeclineinthe1930s,AftertheSecondWorldWar,modernismhadanotherupsurgewiththeriseofexistentialismwhichwasreflectedmainlyindrama.

第55頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六Thedevelopmentof20thcenturyEnglishdrama.A.Themostcelebrateddramatistsinthelastdecadeofthe19thcenturywereOscarWildeandGeorgeBernardShaw,who,inasense,pioneeredthemoderndrama,thoughtheydidnotmakesomanyinnovationsintechniquesandformsasmodernistpoetsornovelists.B.The1930switnessedarevivalofpoeticdramainEngland.OneoftheearlyexperimenterswasT.S.Eliotwhoregardeddramaasthebestmediumofpoetry.C.TheEnglishdramaticrevolution,whichcameinthe1950sundervariousEuropeanandAmericaninfluences,developedintwodirections:theworking-classdramaandtheTheaterofAbsurd.

第56頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六Representatives:BernardShaw:_______Galsworthy:_________Yeats:_______T.S.Eliot:______Lawrence:______JamesJoyce:______

第57頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六AmericanLiterature第58頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六TheRomanticPeriodTheRomanticPeriod,oneofthemostimportantperiodsinthehistoryofAmericanliterature,stretchesfromthetheendofthe____totheoutbreakof_____.Itstartedwiththepublicationof________andendedwith_______.Itisalsocalled_________.第59頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六A.TheRomanticmovementwhichhadflourishedearlierinthecenturybothinEnglandandEuropeprovedtobeadecisiveinfluencewithoutwhichtheupsurgeofAmericanRomanticismwouldhardlyhavebeenpossible.第60頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六B.Althoughforeigninfluenceswerestrong,Americanromanticism,exhibitedfromtheveryoutsetdistinctfeaturesofitsown.Americanromanticismwasinessencetheexpressionof“arealnewexperience”andcontained“analienquality”.C.PuritaninfluenceoverAmericanromanticismwasconspicuouslynoticeable.D.ThemostclearlydefinedRomanticliterarymovementintheperiodisNewEnglandTranscendentalism.第61頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六美國文學(xué)特點(diǎn):pluralistic多元化,manifestations表現(xiàn)形式:Varied多樣,Individualistic個(gè)人主義,Conflicting矛盾Romanticism的特點(diǎn):frequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics;moralenthusiasm,faithinthevalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthatthenaturalworldwasasourceofgoodnessandman’ssocietiesasourceofcorruption.浪漫主義之間大部分是相通的,都注重道德,強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人主義價(jià)值觀和直覺感受,并且認(rèn)為自然是美的源頭,人類社會(huì)是腐敗之源。

第62頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六WhatisTranscendentalism?a)asamoralphilosophy,transcendentalismwasneitherlogicalnorsystematized.Itexaltedfeelingoverreason,individualexpressionovertherestraintsoflawandcustom.不講邏輯,不講系統(tǒng),只強(qiáng)調(diào)超越理性的感受,超越法律和世俗束縛的個(gè)人表達(dá)。b)theyspokeforculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericansociety.呼吁文化復(fù)興,反對(duì)美國社會(huì)的拜金主義。C)theybelievedinthetranscendenceof“Oversoul,”anall-pervadingpowerforgoodnessfromwhichallthingscomeandofwhichallthingsareapart.相信精神上的超越,相信無所不能的善的力量,強(qiáng)調(diào)善為萬物之源。d)itcouldexerciseahealthyandrestorativeinfluenceonthehumanmind.“Gobacktonature,sinkyourselfbackintoitsinfluenceandyou’llbecomespirituallywholeagain.”Thenaturalimplicationofallthiswas,ofcourse,thatthingsinnaturetendedtobecomesymbolic,andthephysicalworldwasasymbolofthespiritual.ThisinturnaddedtothetraditionofliterarysymbolisminAmericanliterature.f)representatives:Emerson愛默生,believedthatmanwasapartofabsolutegood。人性本善Thoreau梭羅,behelddivinityinthe“unspottedinnocence”ofnature.自然才是神圣的“潔白無瑕”第63頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六Representatives:Irving:_______Emerson:_________Hawthorne:_______Whitman:______Melville:______

第64頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六TheRealisticPeriodTheAgeofRealism(HowtodefinetheRealisticPeriodinAmericanliteraryhistory?)

Theperiodrangingfrom1865tol914hasbeenreferredtoastheAgeofRealisminthe1iteraryhistoryoftheUnitedStates,whichisactuallyamovementortendencythatdominatedthespiritofAmericanliterature,especiallyAmericanfiction,fromthe1850sonwards.RealismwasareactionagainstRomanticismoramoveawayfromthebiastowardsromanceandself-creatingfictions,anditpavedthewaytoModernism.Insteadofthinkingabouttheirrational,theimaginative,realiststoucheduponsocialandpoliticalrealitiesandpressuresinthepost-Civilwarsociety.ThreedominantfiguresareWilliamDeanHowells,MarkTwain,andHenryJames.

第65頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六WhatisRealism?

A)RealismemergedasaliterarymovementinEuropeinthe1850s.B)Inartandliterature,Realismreferstoanattempttodescribehumanbehaviorandsurroundingsortorepresentfiguresexactlyastheyactorappearinlife.C)InreactiontoRomanticism,realisticwritersshouldsetdowntheirobservationsimpartiallyandobjectively.Theyinsistedonaccuratedocumentation,sociologicalinsight,andavoidanceofpoeticdictionandidealization.Thesubjectsweretobetakenfromeverydaylife,preferablyfromlower-classlife.D)RealismenteredAmericanliteratureaftertheCivilWar.WilliamDeanHowells,MarkTwain,andHenryJameswerethepioneersofrealismintheU.S.

第66頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六TheliterarycharacteristicsoftheRealisticPeriodinAmericanliterature.

Guidedbytheprincipleofadheringtothetruthfultreatmentoflife,therealiststoucheduponvariouscontemporarysocialandpoliticalissues.Intheirworks,theyintroducedindustrialworkersandfarmers,ambitiousbusinessmenandvagrants,prostitutesandunheroicsoldiersasmajorcharactersinfiction.Theyapproachedtheharshrealitiesandpressuresinthepost-CivilWarsocietyeitherbyacomprehensivepictureofmodernlifeinitsvariousoccupations,c1assstratificationsandmanners,orbyapsychologicalexplorationofman'ssub-consciousness.ThethreedominantfiguresoftheperiodareWilliamDeanHowells,MarkTwain,andHenryJames.Togethertheybroughttofulfillmentnativetrendsintherealisticportrayalofthelandscapeandsocialsurfaces,broughttoperfectionthevernacularstyle,andexploredandexploitedtheliterarypossibilitiesoftheinteriorlife.

第67頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六WhatisLocalColorism?“Localcolorism”isauniquevariationofAmericanliteraryrealism.Generally,theworksbylocalcoloristsareconcernedwiththelifeofasmall,well--definedregionorprovince.Thiskindoffictiondepictsthecharactersfromaspecificsettingorofanera,whicharemarkedbyitscustoms,dialects,costumes,landscape,orotherpeculiaritiesthathaveescapedstandardizingculturalinfluence.Yetforalltheirsentimentality,theydedicatedthemselvestominutelyaccuratedescriptionsofthelifeoftheirregions.Theyworkedfrompersonalexperience;theyrecordedthefactsofauniqueenvironmentandsuggestedthatthenativelifewasshapedbythecuriousconditionsofthelocale.Theirmaterialswerenecessarilylimitedandtopicsdisparate,yettheyhadcertaincommonartisticconcerns.WriterswhoseworksarecharacterizedwithlocalcolorsareMarkTwain,SarahOrneJewett,JosephKirklandandHamlinGarland.

第68頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六WhatisNaturalism?A).Inliterature,thetermreferstothetheorythatliterarycompositionshouldaimatadetached,scientificobjectivityinthetreatmentofnaturalman.Themovementisanoutgrowthof19th–centuryscientificthought,followingingeneralthebiologicaldeterminismofDarwin’stheory,ortheeconomicdeterminismofKarlMarx.

第69頁,共355頁,2022年,5月20日,3點(diǎn)10分,星期六B)AmericanNaturalismisamoreadvancedstageofrealism.ThenaturalistsacceptedthemorenegativeimplicationsofDarwin’stheory

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