像經(jīng)濟學家一樣的思考課件

?2007ThomsonSouth-Western?2007ThomsonSouth-WesternThinkingLikeanEconomistEveryfieldofstudyhasitsownterminologyMathematics

每一研究領(lǐng)域都有自己的術(shù)語體系Integrals(積分)

axioms(公理)

vectorspaces

矢量空間PsychologyEgo(自我)

id(本我)

cognitivedissonance(認知的不一致性)Lawpromissoryestoppel禁止翻供torts民事侵權(quán)

venues(案發(fā)地點)Economicssupplyopportunitycostelasticityconsumersurplusdemandcomparativeadvantagedeadweightloss(無謂損失)ThinkingLikeanEconomistEverThinkingLikeanEconomist

像經(jīng)濟學家那樣思考Economicstrainsyouto....Thinkintermsofalternatives.以可變換的術(shù)語思考Evaluatethecostofindividualandsocialchoices.評估個人與社會選擇的成本Examineandunderstandhowcertaineventsandissuesarerelated.考察和理解特定事件與問題是相互聯(lián)系的ThinkingLikeanEconomist

像經(jīng)濟THEECONOMISTASASCIENTISTTheeconomicwayofthinking...經(jīng)濟學家思考的方式Involvesthinkinganalyticallyandobjectively.涉及分析性與客觀性思考Makesuseofthescientificmethod.采用科學的方法Usesabstractmodelstohelpexplainhowacomplex,realworldoperates.使用抽象的模型以幫助闡釋一個復雜的\真實的世界是如何運行的.Developstheories,collectsandanalyzesdatatoevaluatethetheories.開發(fā)出各種理論,收集并分析評估理論的數(shù)據(jù).THEECONOMISTASASCIENTISTThTheScientificMethod:Observation,Theory,andMoreObservation

科學方法:觀察、理論以及更多的觀察Usesabstractmodelstohelpexplainhowacomplex,realworldoperates.使用抽象的模型以幫助闡釋一個復雜的\真實的世界是如何運行的.Developstheories,collectsandanalyzesdatatoevaluatethetheories.開發(fā)出各種理論,收集并分析評估理論的數(shù)據(jù).TheScientificMethod:ObservaEconomistsusedifferentassumptionstoanswerdifferentquestions.經(jīng)濟學家使用不同的假設來回答不同的問題TheRoleofAssumptionsTheRoleofAssumptionsHoldotherthingsconstant…Economistsmakeassumptionsinordertomaketheworldeasiertounderstand.經(jīng)濟學家采用假設是為了使世界比較容易被理解TheartinscientificthinkingisdecidingwhichassumptionstomakeHoldotherthingsconstant…EcoEconomicModelsEconomistsusemodelstosimplifyrealityinordertoimproveourunderstandingoftheworld.經(jīng)濟學家使用模型來簡化現(xiàn)實是為了改善我們對世界的理解。EconomicModelsEconomistsuseOurFirstModel:AD-ASmodelFirms-suppliers/producers/--supplysideProduceandsellgoodsandservices生產(chǎn)和出售商品與服務Hireandusefactorsofproduction雇傭和使用生產(chǎn)要素Households/demanders/individual—demandsideBuyandconsumegoodsandservices購買和消費商品與服務Ownandsellfactorsofproduction擁有和出售生產(chǎn)要素OurFirstModel:AD-ASmodelFiOurFirstModel:labordemandandlaborsupplyMarketsforGoodsandServices

商品與服務市場Firmssell

企業(yè)出售Householdsbuy

家庭購買MarketsforFactorsofProduction生產(chǎn)要素市場Householdssell

家庭出售Firmsbuy

企業(yè)購買OurFirstModel:labordemandOurFirstModel:TheCircular-FlowDiagramFactorsofProduction

生產(chǎn)要素Inputsusedtoproducegoodsandservices用來生產(chǎn)商品與服務的投入Land,labor,andcapital土地、勞動力和資本OurFirstModel:TheCircular-OurSecondModel:TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontierTheproductionpossibilitiesfrontierisagraphthatshowsthecombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtheavailableproductiontechnology.生產(chǎn)可能性邊界是展示在可獲得的生產(chǎn)要素和生產(chǎn)技術(shù)給定的情況下，經(jīng)濟有可能產(chǎn)出的產(chǎn)量之圖形。OurSecondModel:TheProductiFigure2TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontierProductionpossibilitiesfrontierBDAQuantityofCarsProduced2,2006001,00030007002,0003,0001,000QuantityofComputersProducedCFigure2TheProductionPossibOurSecondModel:TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontierConceptsillustratedbytheproductionpossibilitiesfrontier生產(chǎn)可能性邊界所描述的概念Efficiency

效率Trade-offs

權(quán)衡取舍Opportunitycost

機會成本Economicgrowth

經(jīng)濟增長OurSecondModel:TheProductiFigure3AShiftintheProductionPossibilitiesFrontierQuantityofCarsProduced2,2006002,30065004,0003,0001,000QuantityofComputersProducedAGFigure3AShiftintheProducMicroeconomicsandMacroeconomicsMicroeconomicsfocusesontheindividualpartsoftheeconomy.微觀經(jīng)濟學關(guān)注經(jīng)濟中的個案部分Howhouseholdsandfirmsmakedecisionsandhowtheyinteractinspecificmarkets家庭與企業(yè)如何做出決策以及他們?nèi)绾卧谔囟ǖ氖袌鲋邢嗷ビ绊慚acroeconomicslooksattheeconomyasawhole.微觀經(jīng)濟學把經(jīng)濟看作一個整體Economy-widephenomena,includinginflation,unemployment,andeconomicgrowth經(jīng)濟范圍現(xiàn)象包括通貨膨脹、失業(yè)與經(jīng)濟增長。

MicroeconomicsandMacroeconomTHEECONOMISTASPOLICYADVISOR作為政策顧問的經(jīng)濟學家Wheneconomistsaretryingtoexplaintheworld,theyarescientists.當經(jīng)濟學家試圖解釋世界時，他們是科學家。Wheneconomistsaretryingtochangetheworld,theyarepolicyadvisors.當經(jīng)濟學家試圖改變世界時，他們是政策顧問。THEECONOMISTASPOLICYADVISOPositiveversusNormativeAnalysisPositivestatementsarestatementsthatattempttodescribetheworldasitis.實證性描述是試圖描述世界到底是什么樣的描述

Calleddescriptiveanalysis稱為描述性分析Normativestatementsarestatementsabouthowtheworldshouldbe.規(guī)范性描述是有關(guān)世界應當是什么樣的描述Calledprescriptiveanalysis

稱為處方性分析PositiveversusNormativeAnalPositiveVersusNormativeAnalysisArethefollowingpositiveornormativestatements?Anincreaseintheminimumwagewillcauseadecreaseinemploymentamongtheleast-skilled.最低工資的增加將引起無技能或低技能者就業(yè)的減少POSITIVEHigherfederalbudgetdeficitswillcauseinterestratestoincrease.更高的聯(lián)邦預算赤字將導致利率的提高POSITIVE????PositiveVersusNormativeAnalPositiveVersusNormativeAnalysisArethefollowingpositiveornormativestatements?

下列是實證性陳述還是規(guī)范性陳述？Theincomegainsfromahigherminimumwageareworthmorethananyslightreductionsinemployment.來自更高的最低工資水平所獲得的收入獲益要比就業(yè)的任何輕微減少都更有價值。NORMATIVEStategovernmentsshouldbeallowedtocollectfromtobaccocompaniesthecostsoftreatingsmoking-relatedillnessesamongthepoor.州政府應當被獲許向煙草公司收取治療窮人與吸煙有關(guān)之疾病的費用。NORMATIVE???PositiveVersusNormativeAnalEconomistsinWashington...serveasadvisersinthepolicymakingprocessofthethreebranchesofgovernment:華盛頓的經(jīng)濟學家作為治理政體三大分支的決策顧問參與決策過程Legislative

立法Executive

行政Judicial

司法EconomistsinWashington...EconomistsinWashingtonEconomistsinWashingtonWHYECONOMISTSDISAGREETheymaydisagreeaboutthevalidityofalternativepositivetheoriesabouthowtheworldworks.他們有可能在有關(guān)世界是如何運行的各種可替換的實證理論的有效性方面產(chǎn)生分歧WHYECONOMISTSDISAGREETheymaWHYECONOMISTSDISAGREETheymayhavedifferentvaluesand,therefore,differentnormativeviewsaboutwhatpolicyshouldtrytoaccomplish.他們也可能具有不同的價值觀，因此就具有關(guān)于政策應當達到什么目標而具有不同的規(guī)范性觀點WHYECONOMISTSDISAGREETheyma像經(jīng)濟學家一樣的思考課件Economiststrytoaddresstheirsubjectswithascientist’sobjectivity.經(jīng)濟學家試圖以科學家的客觀性來表達他們的主題Theymakeappropriateassumptionsandbuildsimplifiedmodelsinordertounderstandtheworldaroundthem.他們做出適宜的假設，并建立起簡化模型，以便理解他們周圍的世界。Twosimpleeconomicmodelsarethecircular-flowdiagramandtheproductionpossibilitiesfrontier.兩個簡化的經(jīng)濟模型是循環(huán)流動圖和經(jīng)濟可能性邊界。EconomiststrytoaddresstheiEconomicsisdividedintotwosubfields:Microeconomicsisthestudyofdecision-makingbyhouseholdsandfirmsinthemarketplace.Macroeconomicsisthestudyoftheforcesandtrendsthataffecttheeconomyasawhole.經(jīng)濟學家被劃分為兩個分支領(lǐng)域：微觀經(jīng)濟學是對家庭與企業(yè)在市場中是如何決策的予以研究。而宏觀經(jīng)濟學是對各種力量和趨勢影響經(jīng)濟整體的研究。EconomicsisdividedintotwoApositivestatementisanassertionabouthowtheworldis.實證性闡述是有關(guān)世界是什么樣的論斷Anormativestatementisanassertionabouthowtheworldoughttobe.規(guī)范性的闡述是有關(guān)世界應該是什么樣的論斷Wheneconomistsmakenormativestatements,theyareactingmoreaspolicyadvisorsthanscientists.當經(jīng)濟學家做出規(guī)范性闡述時，他們正在行使的角色中政策顧問的成分要多于科學家的成分。ApositivestatementisanassEconomistswhoadvisepolicymakersofferconflictingadviceeitherbecauseofdifferencesinscientificjudgmentsorbecauseofdifferencesinvalues.向決策者提出忠告的經(jīng)濟學家之所以提出相互沖突的忠告是因為科學判斷的差異或者是價值觀的差異。Atothertimes,economistsareunitedintheadvicetheyoffer,butpolicymakersmaychoosetoignoreit.有時經(jīng)濟學家在他們所提供的忠告方面達成一致，而決策者卻選擇予以忽視。Economistswhoadvisepolicyma?2007ThomsonSouth-Western?2007ThomsonSouth-WesternThinkingLikeanEconomistEveryfieldofstudyhasitsownterminologyMathematics

每一研究領(lǐng)域都有自己的術(shù)語體系Integrals(積分)

axioms(公理)

vectorspaces

矢量空間PsychologyEgo(自我)

id(本我)

cognitivedissonance(認知的不一致性)Lawpromissoryestoppel禁止翻供torts民事侵權(quán)

venues(案發(fā)地點)Economicssupplyopportunitycostelasticityconsumersurplusdemandcomparativeadvantagedeadweightloss(無謂損失)ThinkingLikeanEconomistEverThinkingLikeanEconomist

像經(jīng)濟學家那樣思考Economicstrainsyouto....Thinkintermsofalternatives.以可變換的術(shù)語思考Evaluatethecostofindividualandsocialchoices.評估個人與社會選擇的成本Examineandunderstandhowcertaineventsandissuesarerelated.考察和理解特定事件與問題是相互聯(lián)系的ThinkingLikeanEconomist

像經(jīng)濟THEECONOMISTASASCIENTISTTheeconomicwayofthinking...經(jīng)濟學家思考的方式Involvesthinkinganalyticallyandobjectively.涉及分析性與客觀性思考Makesuseofthescientificmethod.采用科學的方法Usesabstractmodelstohelpexplainhowacomplex,realworldoperates.使用抽象的模型以幫助闡釋一個復雜的\真實的世界是如何運行的.Developstheories,collectsandanalyzesdatatoevaluatethetheories.開發(fā)出各種理論,收集并分析評估理論的數(shù)據(jù).THEECONOMISTASASCIENTISTThTheScientificMethod:Observation,Theory,andMoreObservation

科學方法:觀察、理論以及更多的觀察Usesabstractmodelstohelpexplainhowacomplex,realworldoperates.使用抽象的模型以幫助闡釋一個復雜的\真實的世界是如何運行的.Developstheories,collectsandanalyzesdatatoevaluatethetheories.開發(fā)出各種理論,收集并分析評估理論的數(shù)據(jù).TheScientificMethod:ObservaEconomistsusedifferentassumptionstoanswerdifferentquestions.經(jīng)濟學家使用不同的假設來回答不同的問題TheRoleofAssumptionsTheRoleofAssumptionsHoldotherthingsconstant…Economistsmakeassumptionsinordertomaketheworldeasiertounderstand.經(jīng)濟學家采用假設是為了使世界比較容易被理解TheartinscientificthinkingisdecidingwhichassumptionstomakeHoldotherthingsconstant…EcoEconomicModelsEconomistsusemodelstosimplifyrealityinordertoimproveourunderstandingoftheworld.經(jīng)濟學家使用模型來簡化現(xiàn)實是為了改善我們對世界的理解。EconomicModelsEconomistsuseOurFirstModel:AD-ASmodelFirms-suppliers/producers/--supplysideProduceandsellgoodsandservices生產(chǎn)和出售商品與服務Hireandusefactorsofproduction雇傭和使用生產(chǎn)要素Households/demanders/individual—demandsideBuyandconsumegoodsandservices購買和消費商品與服務Ownandsellfactorsofproduction擁有和出售生產(chǎn)要素OurFirstModel:AD-ASmodelFiOurFirstModel:labordemandandlaborsupplyMarketsforGoodsandServices

商品與服務市場Firmssell

企業(yè)出售Householdsbuy

家庭購買MarketsforFactorsofProduction生產(chǎn)要素市場Householdssell

家庭出售Firmsbuy

企業(yè)購買OurFirstModel:labordemandOurFirstModel:TheCircular-FlowDiagramFactorsofProduction

生產(chǎn)要素Inputsusedtoproducegoodsandservices用來生產(chǎn)商品與服務的投入Land,labor,andcapital土地、勞動力和資本OurFirstModel:TheCircular-OurSecondModel:TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontierTheproductionpossibilitiesfrontierisagraphthatshowsthecombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtheavailableproductiontechnology.生產(chǎn)可能性邊界是展示在可獲得的生產(chǎn)要素和生產(chǎn)技術(shù)給定的情況下，經(jīng)濟有可能產(chǎn)出的產(chǎn)量之圖形。OurSecondModel:TheProductiFigure2TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontierProductionpossibilitiesfrontierBDAQuantityofCarsProduced2,2006001,00030007002,0003,0001,000QuantityofComputersProducedCFigure2TheProductionPossibOurSecondModel:TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontierConceptsillustratedbytheproductionpossibilitiesfrontier生產(chǎn)可能性邊界所描述的概念Efficiency

效率Trade-offs

權(quán)衡取舍Opportunitycost

機會成本Economicgrowth

經(jīng)濟增長OurSecondModel:TheProductiFigure3AShiftintheProductionPossibilitiesFrontierQuantityofCarsProduced2,2006002,30065004,0003,0001,000QuantityofComputersProducedAGFigure3AShiftintheProducMicroeconomicsandMacroeconomicsMicroeconomicsfocusesontheindividualpartsoftheeconomy.微觀經(jīng)濟學關(guān)注經(jīng)濟中的個案部分Howhouseholdsandfirmsmakedecisionsandhowtheyinteractinspecificmarkets家庭與企業(yè)如何做出決策以及他們?nèi)绾卧谔囟ǖ氖袌鲋邢嗷ビ绊慚acroeconomicslooksattheeconomyasawhole.微觀經(jīng)濟學把經(jīng)濟看作一個整體Economy-widephenomena,includinginflation,unemployment,andeconomicgrowth經(jīng)濟范圍現(xiàn)象包括通貨膨脹、失業(yè)與經(jīng)濟增長。

MicroeconomicsandMacroeconomTHEECONOMISTASPOLICYADVISOR作為政策顧問的經(jīng)濟學家Wheneconomistsaretryingtoexplaintheworld,theyarescientists.當經(jīng)濟學家試圖解釋世界時，他們是科學家。Wheneconomistsaretryingtochangetheworld,theyarepolicyadvisors.當經(jīng)濟學家試圖改變世界時，他們是政策顧問。THEECONOMISTASPOLICYADVISOPositiveversusNormativeAnalysisPositivestatementsarestatementsthatattempttodescribetheworldasitis.實證性描述是試圖描述世界到底是什么樣的描述

Calleddescriptiveanalysis稱為描述性分析Normativestatementsarestatementsabouthowtheworldshouldbe.規(guī)范性描述是有關(guān)世界應當是什么樣的描述Calledprescriptiveanalysis

稱為處方性分析PositiveversusNormativeAnalPositiveVersusNormativeAnalysisArethefollowingpositiveornormativestatements?Anincreaseintheminimumwagewillcauseadecreaseinemploymentamongtheleast-skilled.最低工資的增加將引起無技能或低技能者就業(yè)的減少POSITIVEHigherfederalbudgetdeficitswillcauseinterestratestoincrease.更高的聯(lián)邦預算赤字將導致利率的提高POSITIVE????PositiveVersusNormativeAnalPositiveVersusNormativeAnalysisArethefollowingpositiveornormativestatements?

下列是實證性陳述還是規(guī)范性陳述？Theincomegainsfromahigherminimumwageareworthmorethananyslightreductionsinemployment.來自更高的最低工資水平所獲得的收入獲益要比就業(yè)的任何輕微減少都更有價值。NORMATIVEStategovernmentsshouldbeallowedtocollectfromtobaccocompaniesthecostsoftreatingsmoking-relatedillnessesamongthepoor.州政府應當被獲許向煙草公司收取治療窮人與吸煙有關(guān)之疾病的費用。NORMATIVE???PositiveVersusNormativeAnalEconomistsinWashington...serveasadvisersinthepolicymakingprocessofthethreebranchesofgovernment:華盛頓的經(jīng)濟學家作為治理政體三大分支的決策顧問參與決策過程Legislative

立法Executive

行政Judicial

司法EconomistsinWashington...EconomistsinWashingtonEconomistsinWashingtonWHYECONOMISTSDISAGREETheymaydisagreeaboutthevalidityofalternativepositivetheoriesabouthowtheworldworks.他們有可能在有關(guān)世界是如何運行的各種可替換的實證理論的有效性方面產(chǎn)生分歧WHYECONOMISTSDISAGREETheymaWHYECONOMISTSDISAGREETheymayhavedifferentvaluesand,therefore,differentnormative