2020年大學(xué)英語四級考試閱讀理解真題及答案詳解(全套)

大學(xué)英語口級考試

閱讀理解真題及答案（全套）大學(xué)英語四級考試閱讀理解真題【閱讀】SectionCDirections：Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Inrecentyears,agrowingbodyofresearchhasshownthatourappetiteandfoodintakeareinfluencedbyalargenumberoffactorsbesidesourbiologicalneedforenergy,includingoureatingenvironmentandourperceptionofthefoodinfrontofus.Studieshaveshown,forinstance,thateatinginfrontoftheTV(orasimilardistraction)canincreasebothhungerandtheamountoffoodconsumed.Evensimplevisualcues,likeplatesizeandlighting,havebeenshowntoaffectportionsizeandconsumption.Anewstudysuggestedthatourshort-termmemoryalsomayplayaroleinappetite.Severalhoursafterameal,people'shungerlevelswerepredictednotbyhowmuchthey'deatenbutratherbyhowmuchfoodthey'dseeninfrontofthe—inotherwords,howmuchtheyrememberedeating.Thisdisparity(蓋棄)suggeststhememoryofourpreviousmealmayhaveabiggerinfluenceonourappetitethantheactualsizeofthemeal,saysJeffreyM.Brunstrom,aprofessorofexperimentalpsychologyattheUniversityofBristol.""Hungerisn'tcontrolledsolelybythephysicalcharacteristicsofarecentmeal.Wehaveidentifiedanindependentroleformemoryforthatmeal，""Brunstromsays.""Thisshowsthattherelationshipbetweenhungerandfoodintakeismorecomplexthanwethought.""Thesefindingsechoearlierresearchthatsuggestsourperceptionoffoodcansometimestrickourbody'sresponsetothefooditself.Ina2011study,forinstance,peoplewhodrankthesame3S0-calorie(卡路里)milkshakeontwoseparateoccasionsproduceddifferentlevelsofhunger-relatedhormones(荷爾蒙)，dependingonwhethertheshake'slabelsaiditcontained620or140calories.Moreover,theparticipantsreportedfeelingmorefullwhentheythoughtthey'dconsumedahigher-calorieshake.Whatdoesthismeanforoureatinghabits?Althoughithardlyseemspracticaltotrickourselvesintoeatingless,thenewfindingsdohighlightthebenefitsoffocusingonourfoodandavoidingTVandmultitaskingwhileeating.Theso-calledmindful-eatingstrategiescanfightdistractionsandhelpuscontrolourappetite,Brunstromsays.注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。Whatissaidtobeafactoraffectingourappetiteandfoodintake?Howweperceivethefoodweeat.C)Whenweeatourmeals.Whatingredientsthefoodcontains.D)Howfastweeatourmeals.Whatwouldhappenatmealtimeifyourememberedeatingalotinthepreviousmeal?Youwouldprobablybemorepickyaboutfood.Youwouldnotfeellikeeatingthesamefood.Youwouldhaveagoodappetite.Youwouldnotfeelsohungry.Whatdowelearnfromthe2011study?Foodlabelsmaymisleadconsumersintheirpurchases.Foodlabelsmayinfluenceourbody'sresponsetofood.Hungerlevelsdependonone'sconsumptionofcalories.Peopletendtotakeinalotmorecaloriesthannecessary.WhatdoesBrunstromsuggestwedotocontrolourappetite?Trickourselvesintoeatingless.C)Concentrateonfoodwhileeating.Choosefoodwithfewercalories.D)Pickdishesoftherightsize.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?Eatingdistractionsoftenaffectourfooddigestion.Psychologicalfactorsinfluenceourhungerlevels.Ourfoodintakeisdeterminedbyourbiologicalneeds.Goodeatinghabitswillcontributetoourhealth.PassageTwoQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Asasocietywemightwanttorethinkthetimeandmoneyspentoneducation,sothattheseresourcescanbenefitagreaterpercentageofthepopulation.Ideally,bothhighschoolsandcollegescanprepareindividualsfortheever-changingrolesthatarelikelytobeexpectedofthem.Highschooldegreesofferfarlessinthewayofpreparationforworkthantheymight,orthanmanyothernationscurrentlyoffer,creatingagrowingskillsgapinoureconomy.Weencouragestudentstogoontocollegewhethertheyarepreparedornot,orhaveaclearsenseofpurposeorinterest,andnowhavethehighestcollegedropoutrateintheworld.Wemightlooktoothercountriesformodelsofhowhighschoolscanofferbettertraining,aswellasthedevelopmentofaworkethic勤奮工作的美德)andtheintellectualskillsneededforcontinuedlearninganddevelopment.IrecommendHarvard's2011""PathwaystoProsperity""reportformoreattentiontothe""forgottenhalf"(thosewhodonotgoontocollege)andideasabouthowtoaddressthisissue.Simultaneously,theliberalartsbecomemoreimportantthanever.Inaknowledgeeconomywhereprofessionalroleschangerapidlyandmanycollegestudentsarepreparingforpositionsthatmaynotevenexistyet,theskillsetneededisonethatpreparesthemforchangeandcontinuedlearning.Learningtoexpressideaswellinbothwritingindspeech,knowinghowtofindinformation,andknowinghowtodoresearchareall-solidbackgroundskillsforawidevarietyofroles,andsuchtrainingismoreimportantthananyparticularmajorinaliberalartscollege.Weneedtocontinuetovaluebroadpreparationinthinkingskillsihatwillserveforalifetime.Studentsalsoneedtolearntoworkindependentlyandtomakeresponsibledecisions.Thelengtheningpathtoadulthoodappearsexacerbated(惡化)byparentalinvolvementinthecollegeyears.Giventherisinginvestmentincollegeeducation,parentalconcernisnotsurprising,butlearningwhereandwhentointervene干預(yù))willhelpstudentstakemoreownershipoftheoutcomesoftheseincreasinglycostlyeducations.注意：此部分試越請在答題卡2上作答。Whatkindofeducationdoestheauthorthinkisideal?Itbenefitsthegreatmajorityofthegeneralpopulation.Itpreparesstudentstomeetthefutureneedsofsociety.Itencouragesstudentstolearnthroughouttheirlives.Itensuresthatstudents'expectationsaresuccessfullyfulfilled.Whatdoestheauthorsayistheproblemwithpresenthighschooleducation?Ignoringtheneedsofthosewhodon'tgotocollege.Teachingskillstobeusedrightaftergraduationonly.Givinglittleattentiontothosehavingdifficultylearning.Creatingthehighestdropoutrateinthedevelopedworld.Whatcharacterizesaknowledgeeconomyaccordingtothepassage?Peoplehavetoreceivehighereducationtoqualifyforaprofessionalposition.Studentsmajoringinliberalartsusuallyhavedifficultysecuringajob.Newpositionsareconstantlycreatedthatrequirepeopletokeeplearning.Collegesfindithardtoteachstudentshowtocopewiththechangingeconomy.Whatdoestheauthorthinkaliberalartscollegeshouldfocuson?Solidbackgroundknowledgeinaparticularfield.Practicalskillsurgentlyneededincurrentsociety.Basicskillsneededforchangeandlifelonglearning.Usefulthinkingskillsforadvancedacademicresearch.Whatsuggestiondocstheauthoroffertoparents?Rethinkingthevalueofhighereducation.Investingwiselyintheirchildren'seducation.Helpingtheirchildrenlobringtheirtalentintofullplay.Avoidingtoomuchinterventionintheirchildrenseducation.【答案解析】SectionCPassageOne參考譯文(56)(60)近年來，越來越多的研究表明:除了對能量的生理需要外，人們的食欲和食物攝取受到諸多因素的影響，包括人們的飲食環(huán)境和對面前食物的認(rèn)知。研究表明，例如，在電視機(jī)(或者類似的消遣)前飲食能夠同時增加饑餓感和食物的攝取量。即使是筒單的視覺信號，比如餐盤的尺寸和燈光，也被證實會對食物分量和攝取量造成影響。(60)新的研究顯示人們的短期記憶同樣對食欲起作用。(57)飯后幾小時,決定人們饑餓程度的不是他們已食用的食物量，而是他們吃飯時面前所見到的食物量,換言之，是他們所記得的食物量。布里斯托大學(xué)實驗心理學(xué)教授JeffreyM.Brunstrom認(rèn)為:這種差異表明人們之前的飲食記憶對食欲造成的影響可能超過食物的真實數(shù)量對食欲造成的影響?！囸I程度不僅僅與最近所食食物的特征有關(guān)。我們已經(jīng)確認(rèn)了最近飲食在記憶中的獨立作用Brunstrom說,〃這表明饑餓程度和食物攝取之間的關(guān)系要比我們想象的復(fù)雜得多。"這些發(fā)現(xiàn)印證了早期的研究。(60)早期研究表明，人們對食物的認(rèn)知有時會欺騙身體對食物作出反應(yīng)?例如：(58)在2011年的一項研究中，參與者在兩個不同場合食用了同樣含有380卡路里的奶昔，但是根據(jù)奶昔標(biāo)簽上標(biāo)注的是620卡路里還是140卡路里，參與者分泌出了不同水平的與饑餓相關(guān)的荷爾蒙。而且，根據(jù)報告，當(dāng)參與者認(rèn)為自己食用了高卡路里的奶昔時，他們感覺更飽。這對于人們的飲食習(xí)慣意味著什么呢？盡管新發(fā)現(xiàn)在讓人減少飲食方面顯得不切實除但是確實能使人們認(rèn)識到專注于食物、避免飲食時看電視或同時進(jìn)行多項活動的益處。(59)Brunstrom說,所謂的"用心飲食"策略能夠?qū)垢蓴_，幫助人們控制食欲?！径ㄎ弧坑深}干中的appetite和foodintake定位到首段第一句。【精析】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。文章開篇指出了人們的食欲和食物攝取受到諸多因素的影響，包括人們的飲食環(huán)境和對面前食物的認(rèn)知，故答案為A)?！径ㄎ弧坑深}干中的remembered和previousmeal定位到第三段第二句。D)【精析】推理判斷題。定位句指出，飯后幾小時，決定人們饑餓程度的不是他們已食用的食物量，而是他們吃飯時面前所見到的食物量，也就是說，影響人們饑餓程度的是他們記憶中的食物量而不是胃里的食物量。由此可推斷，記憶對飲食造成影響，如果記憶中上頓飯吃了很多，那么不管是不是真的吃了很多，都不會感覺太餓，故答案為D)?！径ㄎ弧坑深}干中的2011study定位到第六段第二句?！揪觥考?xì)節(jié)歸納題。定位句詳細(xì)描述了2011年的一項研究。在研究中，參與者在兩個不同場合食用了相同卡路里的奶昔,但是奶昔標(biāo)簽上分別標(biāo)注了620卡路里和140卡路里，結(jié)果顯示，根據(jù)標(biāo)注的中路里含量,參與者分泌了不同水平的與饑餓相關(guān)的荷爾蒙，而且當(dāng)食用了標(biāo)注620卡路里的奶昔時,他們感覺更飽。實際上兩份奶昔的卡路里含量是相同的，由于標(biāo)簽標(biāo)注的不同，讓人產(chǎn)生自我暗示，使人體對食物產(chǎn)生了不同的反應(yīng)。故答案為B)。【定位】由題干中的controlourappetite定位到文章最后一句?！揪觥考?xì)節(jié)歸納題。定位句指出，所謂的〃用心飲食〃策略能夠?qū)垢蓴_，幫助人們控制食欲。也就是Brunstrom建議我們通過〃用心飲食〃策略控制飲食用心飲食〃和前文中提到的〃專注于食物〃相照應(yīng)，故答案為0?！径ㄎ弧坑深}干中的mainidea定位到各部分主題句。如第一段的第一句、第三段的第一句、第六段的第一句和最后一句?！揪觥恐髦即笠忸}。全文可分為三個部分，第一部分提出論點一一人們的食欲和食物攝取受到包括環(huán)境和對食物的認(rèn)知等諸多因素的影響。第二部分引用相關(guān)科學(xué)研究論證這些影響因素，特別指出飲食環(huán)境、對食物的記憶、食物包裝上的標(biāo)簽對人產(chǎn)生的心理暗示作用影響飲食。最后一部分提出通過專注飲食來控制食欲的建議。對食物及飲食環(huán)境的認(rèn)知，對食物的記憶，食物標(biāo)簽產(chǎn)生的心理暗示等都屬于心理因素，統(tǒng)觀全文，作者一直圍繞心理因素對食欲的影響展開論述，故答案為B)。Passagetwo參考譯文我們的社會應(yīng)該反思花費在教育上的時間和金錢以便這些資源能使更多的人受益。(61)理想上，高中和大學(xué)都應(yīng)該能培養(yǎng)可以適應(yīng)未來角色變化的學(xué)生。(62)高中學(xué)歷所提供給學(xué)生的就業(yè)準(zhǔn)備遠(yuǎn)比預(yù)期少，或者遠(yuǎn)比目前其他國家所提供的少,因而造成了經(jīng)濟(jì)中不新擴(kuò)大的技能差距。不管學(xué)生有沒有做好準(zhǔn)備，有沒有明確的目標(biāo)或興趣,我們都鼓勵他們繼續(xù)讀大學(xué)，因而產(chǎn)生了自前世界上最高的大學(xué)輟學(xué)率。我們可以借鑒其他國家的做法,學(xué)習(xí)高中階段如何提供更好的培訓(xùn)，同時培養(yǎng)學(xué)生勤奮工作的美德及繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)和發(fā)展所需的心智技能。我向大家推薦哈佛大學(xué)2011年〃邁向繁榮之路〃報告，來更多地關(guān)注〃被遺忘的一半〃(那些沒上大學(xué)的人)以及解決這一問題的觀點。同時，人文科學(xué)比以往任何階段都更重要。(63)在知識型經(jīng)濟(jì)中，職業(yè)角色迅速變化，很多大學(xué)生為之準(zhǔn)備的職位甚至可能還不存在,他們所需的是能讓他們適應(yīng)變化和繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)的技能組合。(64)學(xué)會在書面和口頭陳述中很好地表達(dá)觀點，知道如何尋找信息及如何作調(diào)查研究都是為適應(yīng)各種不同角色所應(yīng)具備的扎實的背景技術(shù)。在文理學(xué)院，此類的培訓(xùn)比任何一門專業(yè)都重要。我們需要繼續(xù)重視并廣泛培養(yǎng)將會終生受益的思維技能。學(xué)生們還需要學(xué)會獨立學(xué)習(xí)，學(xué)會做出負(fù)責(zé)任的決定。由于家長在大學(xué)階段的參與，通向成年的漫長道路看起來好像更長了。考慮到對大學(xué)教育不斷攀升的投資，家長的擔(dān)心也不足為奇，（65）但是學(xué)會如何地進(jìn)行干預(yù)將會有助于學(xué)生享受這些日益昂責(zé)的教育所帶來的成果。答案詳解【定位】由題干中的ideal定位到第一段第二句。B）【精析】語義理解題。定位句指出:理想上,高中和大學(xué)都應(yīng)該能培養(yǎng)學(xué)生適應(yīng)未來角色的變化。此句表明在未來社會中，人們的角色會不斷發(fā)生變化,理想的教育就是能培養(yǎng)適應(yīng)這種變化的人才，也就是說，理想的教育可以滿足未來社會的需求，故答案為B）。【定位】由題干中的problem,highschool定位到第二段。D）【精析】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。作者在文章第二段論述了目前高中教育的問題,如提供給學(xué)生的就業(yè)準(zhǔn)備不足，造成了經(jīng)濟(jì)中不斷擴(kuò)大的技能差距。盲目鼓勵學(xué)生讀大學(xué)造成了目前世界上最高的大學(xué)綴學(xué)率，故答案為D）?！径ㄎ弧坑深}干中的knowledgeeconomy定位到第四段第二句。C）【精析】細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。定位句提到，在知識型經(jīng)濟(jì)中，職業(yè)角色變化迅速，很多大學(xué)生為之準(zhǔn)備的職位甚至可能還不存在。由此可推斷，知識型經(jīng)濟(jì)的特征是職業(yè)的迅速變化，新的職位不斷地被創(chuàng)造，有些讀書時還不存在的職位可能在畢業(yè)時出現(xiàn)，屆時，在學(xué)校里學(xué)到的知識就遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠了，因此人們需要持續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)來適應(yīng)這些不斷被創(chuàng)造出的新職位，故答案為C）?！径ㄎ弧坑深}干中的liberalartscollege定位到第五段第一句。C）【精析】細(xì)節(jié)歸納題。文章第五段提到在文理學(xué)院,這些培訓(xùn)比任何一門專業(yè)都重要?！ㄟ@些培訓(xùn)〃指上文提到的〃學(xué)會在口失和書面陳述中很好地表達(dá)觀點,知道如何尋找信息并且知道如何作調(diào)査研究〃,而這些技能培訓(xùn)是為了適應(yīng)未來的變化，故答案為0。【定位】由題干中的suggestion和parents定位到文章最后一句?！揪觥考?xì)節(jié)歸納題。最后一段提到由于家長在大學(xué)階段的參與，通向成年的漫長道路看起來好像更長了〃，這句話我們可以理解為家長在大學(xué)階段過多參與孩子的教育會影響孩子的成長。文章最后指出〃學(xué)會何時何地進(jìn)行干預(yù)將會有助于學(xué)生享受這些日益昂貴的教育所帶來的成果?！ㄒ簿褪钦f，作者建議家長學(xué)會適當(dāng)?shù)膮⑴c，避免過多的干預(yù)，這樣才能使孩子更好地成長,使教育取得更大的成效，故答案為D）。大學(xué)英語四級考試閱讀理解真題（二）Part3SectionC【閱讀理解】SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA）,B）,C）andD）.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Arecentglobalsurveyof2000high-net—worthindividualsfoundthat60%werenotplanningonatraditionalretirement.AmongUSparticipants,75%expectedtocontinueworkinginsomecapacityevenaftersteppingawayfromfull-timejobs.""Manyofthesepeoplemadetheirwealthbydoingsomethingthey'repassionate有激情的）about,""saysDanielEgan,headofbehavioralfinanceforBarclaysWealthAmericas.""Giventhechoice,theyprefertocontinueworking."Barclayscallsthesepeople“nevertirees".UnlikemanyAmericanscompelledintoearlyretirementbycompanyrestrictions,theaveragenevertireeoftenhasnooneforcinghishand.If106—year—oldinvestorIrvingKahn,headofhisownfamilyfirm,wantstokeepcomingtoworkeveryday,who'sgoingtostophim?Seventy-eight-year-oldSupremeCourtJusticeRuthBaderGinsburg'sjobsecurityisguaranteedintheConstitution.Itmayseemthattheseelderlypeoplearetryingtocheatdeath.Infact,theyare.Anditsworking.HowardFriedman,aprofessoratUCRiverside,foundinhisresearchthatthosewhoworkhardestandaresuccessfulintheircareersoftenlivethelongestlives.""Peoplearegenerallybeinggivenbadadvicetoslowdown,takeiteasy,stopworrying,andretiretoFlorida""hesays.Hedescribedonestudyparticipant,stillworkingattheageof100,whowasrecentlydisappointedseehissonretire.""We'rebeginningtoseeachangeinhowpeopleviewretirement""saysGeorgeLeeson,co-directoroftheInstituteofPopulationAgeingatOxford.Whereonceretirementwasseenasabriefrewardafteralongstrugglthroughsomemiserablejob,itisnowakin（近似）tobeingcastaside.WhatLeesonterms""theWarrenBuffetteffect""isbecomingmorebroadlyappealingasindividualscometo""viewretirementasnotsimplybeinglinkedtoeconomicproductivitybutalsoaboutcontribution.""Observersaresplitonwhetherthisisawhollygoodthing.Ontheonehand,companiesandfinancialfirmscanbenefitfromthewisdomofaresilient堅韌的)chief.Ontheother,thenewgenerationcanfinditmoredifficulttoadvance—anargumentthattypicallyholdslittleswaytoanevertiree.注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。Whatdowelearnabouttheso-called“nevertirees"?Theyarepassionateaboutmakingafortune.Theyhavenochoicebuttocontinueworking.Theylovewhattheydoandchoosenottoretire.Theywillnotretireunlesstheyarecompelledto.WhatdoIrvingKahnandRuthBaderGinsburghaveincommon?Neitherofthemissubjecttoforcedretirement.Neitherofthemdesiresrewardfortheirwork.Bothclingtotheirpositionsdespiteopposition.Botharecapableofcopingwithheavyworkloads.WhatisthefindingofHowardFriedman'sresearch?Theharderyouwork,thebiggeryourfortunewillbe.Theearlieryouretire,thehealthieryouwillbe.Elderlypeoplehavetoslowdowntolivelonger.Workingatanadvancedagelengthenspeople'slife.Whatisthetraditionalviewofretirementaccordingtothepassage?Itmeansaburdentotheyoungergeneration.Itisasymbolofamatureandcivilizedsociety.Itisacompensationforone'slife-longhardwork.Ithelpsincreaseanation'seconomicproductivity.Whatdocriticssayabout"nevertirees"?Theyareanobstaeletoacompany'sdevelopment.Theylackthecreativityoftheyoungergeneration.Theycannotworkasefficientlyastheyusedto.Theypreventyoungpeoplefromgettingahead.PassageTwoQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage.WhenwetalkaboutAmericansbarelyintoadulthoodwhoaresaddledwithunbearablelevelsofdebt*theconversationisalmostalwaysaboutstudentloandebt.Butthere'sagrowingbodyofevidencesuggestingthattodafysyoungadultsarealsodrowningincredit—carddebt-andthatmanyofthemwilltakethisdebttotheirgraves.Morethan20%overspenttheirincomebymorethan$100everysinglemonth.Sincetheyhaven'tbuiltuptheircredithistoriesyet,it'sasafebetthattheseyoungadultsarepayingrelativelyhighinterestratesontheresultingcreditcarddebt.Althoughmanyyoungpeopleblame""socializing"asabarriertosavingmoney,mostofthemaren，tknockingback$20drinksintrendy時尚的)lounges.They'restrugglingwithmuchmoredailyfinancialdemands.Toadisturbinglylargeextent,theyoungandthebrokearerelyingoncreditcardstomakeituntiltheirnextpayday.Thisobviouslyis'tsustainableinthelongrun,andit'sgoingtoputahugedragontheirspendingpowerevenaftertheyreachtheirpeakearningyears,becausetheyllstillbepayinginterestonthatbottleoforangejuiceorboxofspaghetti(意式面條)theyboughtadecadeearlier.AnewstudyoutofOhioStateUniversityfoundthatyoungadultsareaccumulatingcreditcarddebtatamorerapidratethanotheragegroups,andthatthey'resloweratpayingitoff.""Ifwhatwefoundcontinuestoholdtrue,wemayhavemoreelderlypeoplewithsubstantialfinancialproblemsinthefuture'""warnsLuciaDunn,professorofeconomicsatOhioState.""Ifourfindingspersist,wemaybefacedwithafinancialcrisisamongelderlypeoplewhocan'tpayofftheircreditcards."Dunnsaysalotoftheseyoungpeoplearenevergoingtogetoutfromundertheircreditcarddebt.""Manypeopleareborrowingoncreditcardssoheavilythatpayoffratesattheselevelsarenotsufficienttorecovertheircreditcarddebtbytheendoftheirlife*whichcouldhavelossimplicationsforthecreditcardissuingbanks,"注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。Whatisthemainideaofthefirstparagraph?ManyyoungAmericanswillneverbeabletopayofftheirdebts.Creditcardsplayanincreasinglyimportantroleincollegelife.Creditcardsaredoingmoreharmthanstudentloans.TheAmericancreditcardsystemisundercriticism.Whydoyoungpeoplehavetopayahigherinterestontheircreditcarddebt?Theytendtoforgetaboutthedeadlines.Theyhaven'tdevelopedacredithistory.Theyareoftenunabletopaybackintime.Theyareinexperiencedinmanagingmoney.Whatissaidtobetheconsequenceofyoungadultsrelyingoncreditcardstomakeendsmeet?Itwillplaceanunnecessaryburdenonsociety.Itwillgivethemnomotivationtoworkhard.Itwillexertpsychologicalpressureonthem.Itwillaffecttheirfuturespendingpower.WhatwillhappentoyoungadultsiftheircreditcarddebtkeepsaccumulatingaccordingtoLuciaDunn?Theywillhavetopayanincreasinglyhigherinterestrate.Theymayexperienceafinancialcrisisintheiroldage.Theirqualityoflifewillbeaffected.Theircreditcardsmaybecancelled.WhatdoesLuciaDunnthinkmightbeariskforthecreditcardissuingbanks?Theygobankruptasaresultofover-lending.Theyloselargenumbersoftheirregularclients.Theirclientsleavetheirdebtsunpaidupondeath.Theirinterestrateshavetobereducednowandthen.【答案解析】SectionCPassageOne參考譯文最近一項由2000位高凈值客戶參與的全球范圍的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),60%的人并未打算正常退休。參與此項調(diào)查的美國人中,75%的人希望從全職工作退休之后能盡其所能繼續(xù)工作o(56)"這些人當(dāng)中有很多是通過去做自己感興趣的事情來獲取財富的，〃美洲巴克萊財富行為財務(wù)主管DanielEgan說如果能自由選擇，他們更愿意繼續(xù)工作下去。"巴克萊把這些人稱為"永不退休者"。與很多根據(jù)公司規(guī)定不得不提前退休的美國人不同，對〃永不退休者〃來說，沒人能強(qiáng)迫他們退休。(57)現(xiàn)在106歲的投資家IrvingKahn是家族企業(yè)的老總,如果他想堅持每天到公司上班，誰會阻止他呢？《美國憲法》保證現(xiàn)年78歲高齡的最高法院法官RuthBaderGinsburg的工作安全。這些老年人似乎是正在嘗試逃避死亡。事實確實如此,并且這也的確起到了一定的作用。(58)加州大學(xué)河濱分校的教授HowardFriedman的研究表明，工作最努力和事業(yè)上有所成就的人通?；畹米铋L?！ㄈ藗兺ǔ１唤ㄗh要慢下來，放輕松，不要著急，然后退休去佛羅里達(dá)，這種建議其實不好，〃他說。他還描述了一位受調(diào)查者?盡管100歲的高齡但仍然堅持工作,最近看到自己的兒子退休感覺很失望。牛津人口老齡化研究所主任GeorgeLeeson說我們發(fā)現(xiàn)人們對待退休的態(tài)度開始發(fā)生變化。"(59)過去，人們曾認(rèn)為退休是他們在某個令人痛苦的工作崗位上長期奮斗后的即時獎勵，而現(xiàn)在人們認(rèn)為退休與被遺棄類似。隨著人們開始意識到〃退休不僅僅是簡單地與經(jīng)濟(jì)生產(chǎn)力相聯(lián)系，而且也關(guān)乎貢獻(xiàn)Leeson提出的-沃倫?巴菲特效應(yīng)"也越來越流行。(60)關(guān)于這是否完全是一件好事情，評論家們各持己見。一方面，企業(yè)和金融公司可以受益于堅韌的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的智慧。另一方面，下一代人要想進(jìn)一步發(fā)展會更加困難，但是這一點對于一個〃永不退休者〃來說影響不大。答案詳解【定位】由題干中的so-called"nevertirees"定位到第一段第三至五句?！揪觥考?xì)節(jié)椎斷題。由定位句可知，有些人是通過做自己感興趣的事情來獲取財富的，如果能自由選擇，他們更愿意繼續(xù)工作下去。巴克萊把這些人稱為〃永不退休者"。由此可見，永不退休者喜歡他們的工作.選擇不退休，故答案為C)?！径ㄎ弧坑深}干中的IrvingKahn和RuthBaderGinsburg定位到第二段第二、三句?！揪觥考?xì)節(jié)推斷題。第二段首句提到，沒有人能強(qiáng)迫〃永不退休者〃退休，接著定位句指出，沒有人會阻止IrvingKahn去上班，《美國憲法》保證法官RuthBaderGinsburg的工作安全。換言之，他們的共同點就是沒有人強(qiáng)迫他們退休，故答案為A)o【定位】由題干中的HowardFriedman'sresearch定位到第三段第四至六句?！揪觥考?xì)節(jié)推斷題。由定位句可知，HowardFriedman的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),工作最努力和事業(yè)上有所成就的人通?；畹米铋L。也就是說，老年人工作能夠延長壽命，故答案為D)o【定位】由題干中的traditionalviewofretirement定位到第四段第二句。C）【精析】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。由定位句可知，過去人們曾認(rèn)為退休是他們在某個令人痛苦的工作崗位上長期奮斗后的即時獎勵。由此可見,傳統(tǒng)的觀點認(rèn)為退休是對人們長時間努力工作的一種補(bǔ)償，故答案為C）?！径ㄎ弧坑深}干中的critics定位到最后一段。D）【精析】觀點態(tài)度題。定位段指出，下一代人要想進(jìn)一談發(fā)展會更加困難,但是這一點對于一個〃永不退休者〃來說影響不大。由此可見，評論家們認(rèn)為〃永不退休者〃阻礙了下一代人的發(fā)展，故答案為D）。參考譯文（61）當(dāng)我們談?wù)撃切﹦倓偛饺氤赡甓x負(fù)債累累的美同人的時候,我們的談話內(nèi)容幾乎全部是學(xué)生的貸款。但是，越來越多的證據(jù)顯示,今天的年輕人也陷人了信用卡債務(wù)的泥潭之中很多人將會把這個債務(wù)直接帶進(jìn)墳?zāi)?。超過20%的人每個月會超支100多美元。（62）因為他們還沒有建立起信用記錄,但可以肯定的是，這些年輕人在為產(chǎn)生的信用卡債務(wù)支付相對較高的利息。盡管很多年輕人責(zé)備〃社交〃是阻礙他們存錢的一個因素，但是他們大多數(shù)人并沒有在時尚的酒吧豪飲20美元的酒，而是在與更多的日常開支作斗爭。（63）令人不安的是，年輕人和身無分文的人在很大程度上都依賴信用來維持生計，直到下次發(fā)工資。從長遠(yuǎn)看,這樣的做法很明顯不會長久，會嚴(yán)重影響他們的購買力，即使是賺錢最多的時候,因為他們?nèi)匀辉跒樵缭谑昵百I的那瓶澄汁或那盒意大利面條支付利息。（64）俄亥俄州立大學(xué)的一項新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，與其他的年齡群體相比,年輕人積累信用卡債務(wù)的速度要更快,而他們的償還能力比較弱。俄亥俄州立大學(xué)的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教授LudaDunn警告說如果我們的發(fā)現(xiàn)仍然被證明是正確的話，我們將來可能會有更多的老人面臨巨大的財務(wù)問題,那些不能償還信用卡的老年人可能會面臨財務(wù)危機(jī)?！ǎ?5）Dunn說，這些年輕人中的許多人永遠(yuǎn)也無法從信用卡債務(wù)中走出來?！ê芏嗳藦男庞每ɡ锎罅康亟桢X，但按照他們的償還能力，到死也不足以償還信用卡債務(wù)，這將潛在地導(dǎo)致信用卡簽發(fā)銀行的損失〃。答案詳解【定位】由題干中的thefirstparagraph定位到第一段。A）【精析】主旨大意題。定位段通過學(xué)生貸款引出年輕人的信用卡債務(wù)。最后一句“今天的年輕人也陷入了信用卡債務(wù)的泥潭之中……很多人將會把這個債務(wù)直接帶進(jìn)墳?zāi)??！秉c明了文章主題。由此可見，很多年輕人永遠(yuǎn)都償還不完他們的債務(wù)，故答案為A）。【定位】由題干中的payahigherinterest定位到第二段第二句。B）【精析】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。定位句明確指出因為年輕人還沒有建立起信用記錄,但可以肯定的是這些年輕人在為產(chǎn)生的信用卡債務(wù)支付相對較高的利息?！ü蚀鸢笧锽）。【定位】由題干中的relyingoncreditcards定位到第四段。D）【精析】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。定位段明確指出年輕和身無分文的人在很大程度上都依賴信用卡維持生計，直到下次發(fā)工資。從長遠(yuǎn)看，這樣做法很明顯不會長久，會嚴(yán)重影響他們的購買力?！ㄓ纱丝梢?，年輕人依靠信用卡維持生計將影響他們將來的購買力，故答案為D）?！径ㄎ弧坑深}干中的LuciaDunn和accumulating定位到倒數(shù)第二段。B）【精析】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。定位段明確指出與其他的年齡群體相比，年輕人積累信用卡債務(wù)的速度要更快……如果我們的發(fā)現(xiàn)仍然被證明是正確的話,我們將來可能會有更多的老人面臨巨大的財務(wù)問題,那些不能償還信用卡債務(wù)的老年人可能會面臨財務(wù)危機(jī)。〃由此可見，如果年輕人的信用卡債務(wù)持續(xù)積累，等他們年老的時候可能會遭遇財務(wù)危機(jī)，故答案為B）?！径ㄎ弧坑深}干中的creditcardissuingbanks定位到最后一段。C）【精析】事實細(xì)節(jié)題。定位段明確指出〃很多人從信用卡中大量地借錢，但按照他們的償還能力，到死也不足以償還信用卡債務(wù)，這將潛在地導(dǎo)致信用卡簽發(fā)銀行的損失。〃由此可見,Dunn認(rèn)為客戶到死也沒償清債務(wù)可能會對信用卡簽發(fā)銀行構(gòu)成風(fēng)險，故答案為C）。大學(xué)英語四級考試閱讀理解真題（三）Part3SectionC【閱讀理解】SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedv4),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Anewstudyshowsalargegendergaponeconomicpolicyamongthenation'sprofessionaleconomists,adividesimilartothegenderdividefoundinthegeneralpublic.""Asagroup,wearepro-market""saysAnnMariMay,co-authorofthestudyandaUniversityofNebraskaeconomist.""Butwomenaremorelikelytoacceptgovernmentregulationandinvolvementineconomicactivitythanourmalecolleagues."“It'sverypuzzling,"saysfreemarketeconomistVeroniquedeRugyoftheMercatusCenteratGeorgeMasonUniversity.""NotadaygoesbythatIdon'taskmyselfwhytherearesofewwomeneconomistsonthefreemarketside."AnativeofFrance,deRugysupportedgovernmentintervention干預(yù))earlyinherlifebutchangedhermindafterstudyingeconomics.""Wewantmanyofthesamethingsasliberals—lesspoverty,morehealthcare--buthaveradicallydifferentideasonhowtoachieveit.LiberaleconomistDeanBaker,co-founderoftheCenterforEconomicPolicyandResearch,saysmaleeconomistshavebeenontheinsideoftheprofession,confirmingeachother'santi-regulationviews.Women,asoutsiders,"aremorelikelytothinkindependentlyoratleastseepeopleoutsideoftheeconomicsprofessionasformingtheirpeergroup,"hesays.Thegenderbalanceineconomicsischanging.One-thirdofeconomicsdoctorates(博士學(xué)位)nowgotowomen.""Morediversityisneededatthetablewhenpublicpolicyisdiscussed,"Maysays.Economistsdoagreeonsomethings.FemaleeconomistsagreewithmenthatEuropehastoomuchregulationandthatWal-martisgoodforsociety.Maleeconomistsagreewiththeirfemalecolleaguesthatmilitaryspendingistoohigh.Thegendersaremostdivorcedfromeachotheronthequestionofequalityforwomen.Maleeconomistsoverwhelminglythinkthewagegapbetweenmenandwomenislargelytheresultofindividuals'skills,experienceandvoluntarychoices.Femaleeconomistsoverwhelminglydisagreebyamarginof4—toT.Thebiggestdisagreement：76%ofwomensayfacultyopportunitiesineconomicsfavormen.Maleeconomistspointtheoppositeway80%saywomenarefavoredortheprocessisneutral.注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。Whatisthefindingofthenewstudy?Thegenderdivideisabigconcernofthegeneralpublic.Menandwomenunderstandeconomicsquitedifferently.Thegapbetweenmaleandfemaleeconomistsneedstobeclosed.Maleandfemaleeconomistsdisagreewidelyoneconomicpolicy.WhatdoesAnnMariMaysayaboutfemaleeconomists?Theyarestronglyagainstmaledominationintheeconomicsprofession.Theytendtosupportgovernmentinterventionineconomicactivity.Theyusuallyplayanactiveroleinpublicpolicy-making.Theyaremostlystrongadvocatesoffreemarketeconomy.WhatdowelearnabouteconomistVeroniquedeRugy?Sherepresentsmostfemaleeconomists'standpoint.Shedevotesherselftoeliminatingwomen'spoverty.Herstudyofeconomicschangedherviewongovernment'sroleineconomicactivities.Heracademicbackgroundhelpedhergetintotheinnercircleoftheeconomicsprofession.WhatdoesAnnMariMayimplyaboutpublicpolicy-making?Morefemaleeconomistsshouldgetinvolved.Itshoulddojusticetofemaleeconomists'studies.Moreattentionshouldbepaidtowomen'srights.Itshouldaimatsustainabledevelopment.Onwhatissuedomaleandfemaleeconomistsdiffermost?A）Governmentregulation.C）Militaryspending.B）Jobcreation.D）Genderequality.PassageTwoQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thenumberofpostgraduatestudentstravellingfromnon-EUcountriestostudyatUKuniversitieshasfallenforthefirsttimein16years,fuellingfearsthatthegovernment'simmigrationcrackdownisdiscouragingthousandsofthebrighteststudentsfromcontinuingtheirstudiesinBritain.JoBeall,BritishCouncildirectorofeducationandsociety,saidthefallwouldcausealarmamongUKvice-chancellors大學(xué)行政主管）."Thesectorwasexpectingadeclineingrowth,buttheactualreductioninpostgraduatenumbersisofrealconcernasinternationalstudentsmakeupthemajorityofnumbersinmanypostgraduatecoursesandresearchteamsinscience,technology,engineeringandmathematics.”“AttractingthebrightestandmostambitiouspostgraduateandresearchstudentsiscriticaliftheUKistomaintainitsqualityreputationforresearch,"Beallsaid.Universitiesgetathirdoftheirtuition（學(xué)費）feerevenuefromnon-EUstudents.Thereisgrowingfearamongvice-chancellorsthatthisrevenue-aswellasthecultural,academicandeconomicbenefitinternationalstudentsbeing—isbeingputatrisk.TimWestlake,directorforthestudentexperienceatManchesterUniversity,saidstudentswhosefamiliesreliedonthemworkingintheUKaftertheirstudiestogainexperienceandrepaythefeeswerestartingtolookelsewhere.Lastmonththehomesecretary,TheresaMay,announcedthatembassystaffwouldinterviewmorethan100000applicantsinanattempttopreventbogus（假冒的）onesenteringthecountry.ShealsosaidimmigrantswereresponsibleforpushingupUKhouseprices.Thecommentsfollowedtheintroductionofnewlimitationsonstudents'righttoworkduringandaftertheirstudies.Beallsaid:“GovernmentstatisticsforthefirsttimeproviderealevidencethatthechangestoUKvisaregulationsmayhavediscouragedmanystudentsfromapplyingtotheUK,andinparticularpostgraduatestudentswhoaresoimportanttotheUK'sresearchoutput.TheUKenjoysanexcellentreputationaroundtheworldforthehighqualityofoureducationsystem,sothegovernmentneedstoensurethatinstitutionshaveallthesupporttheyneedtoattractinternationalstudentswhomakeatremendousacademic,culturalandeconomiccontributiontotheUK."注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。Whathascausedthedeclineofthenumberofnon-EUpostgraduatesintheUK?Theincreaseintuitionandfees.C)Changedimmigrationpolicies.Theever-risinglivingexpenses.D)Universities'tightenedbudgets.WhatisUKvice-chancellors'biggestconcern?Howtoobtainfinancialsupportfromthegovernment.Howtokeeptheacademicreputationoftheirinstitutions.Howtopreventbogusapplicantsenteringtheiruniversities.Howtostimulatethecreativityoftheirresearchteams.WhydoUKuniversitiestrytoattractpostgraduatestudentsfromoutsidetheEU?Asubstantialpartoftheirrevenuecomesfromnon-EUstudents'tuitionandfees.Non-EUpostgraduatestudentsareusuallyhighlymotivated.ThenumberofUKpostgraduatestudentshasfallensharply.Someofthepostgraduateprogrammersarespeciallydesignedfornon-EUstudents.Whatweretheexpectationsofsomenon-EUstudents'families?TheirchildrencouldenjoytheUK'sculturalbenefits.Theirchildrencouldfindwell-payingjobsupontheirreturn.Theirchildrencouldbecomeestablishedacademically.TheirchildrencouldworkintheUKaftergraduation,WhatdoesBeallsuggesttheUKgovernmentshoulddo?Allowpromisinginternationalstudentstoworkinresearchteams.ReviseUKvisaregulationstoaccommodatenon-EUstudents.Giveuniversitiesadequatesupporttoattractnon-EUstudents.TrytoaddresstheneedsofinternationalstudentsintheUK.【答案詳解】SectionCPassageOne參考譯文(56)最近的一項研究表明，美國經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家在對經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的看法上存在著巨大的性別差異。這種類似的差異我們也可以在公眾身上找到?！ㄗ鳛橐粋€群體而言，我們是支持市場導(dǎo)向型的，〃該研究的發(fā)起者之一，內(nèi)布拉斯加大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家AnnMadMay這樣說道。(57)〃但是相比男性而言，女性更傾向于接受政府對經(jīng)濟(jì)活動的調(diào)控和干預(yù)?！?這令人感到閑惑喬治梅森大學(xué)麥卡圖斯中心的自由市場經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家VeroniquedeRugy說道?！刻煳叶荚趩栕约?，為什么支持自由市場的女經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家如此的屈指可數(shù)呢?〃(58)作為土生土長的法國人,deRury,在其早年曾支持政府干預(yù)，但在研究經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)之后,改變了自己的看法?！ㄎ覀兿胍暮芏鄸|西同自由主義者想要的一樣，即少一些貧閑，多一些醫(yī)保，但如何實現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)，我們同自由主義者有著截然不同的看法?！绹?jīng)濟(jì)政策與研究中心的創(chuàng)辦者之一，自由主義經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家DeanBaker表示,男性經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家一直活動于經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)'他們承認(rèn)彼此的反政府干預(yù)觀點。而女性，作為局外人，她們則更愿意進(jìn)行獨立思考，或者說更愿意與經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)界之外的人組成閉體。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的性別平衡正在發(fā)生著改變?，F(xiàn)在三分之一的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)博士學(xué)位都授給了女性。(59)“在討論公共政策問題時*我們需要更多有不同觀點的人參與進(jìn)來,"Ma