國(guó)外辦公照明設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與設(shè)計(jì)

WATCHINGABROADWHICHARETHEOFFICELIGHTINGSTANDARTSINACCORDANCETOBETTERWORKSPACESINCOMBINATIONWITHENVIRONMENTALFRIENDLYAPPLICATIONS放眼世界，辦公照明的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是因應(yīng)工作間與環(huán)境之融和而確立的.SEETWOCOUNTRIESPOLICIESANDNORMATIVES12請(qǐng)參閱以下兩個(gè)國(guó)家/地區(qū)之標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及法例ISSUESREQUESTEDBYLAW-法例衍生物DESIGNOFOFFICELIGHTINGINRESPECTOFLAWANDPRACTICEANDTOCREATEBETTERWORKSPACESFORPEOPLE辦公照明之設(shè)計(jì)要尊重法例,重視實(shí)踐應(yīng)用,幷且要為人們創(chuàng)造更好的辦公環(huán)境1ISSUESREQUESTEDBYLAW-法例衍生物L(fēng)AWANDNORMATIVEFORHEALTHANDSAFTYATWORK

有關(guān)職業(yè)健康及安全保障的法例及行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)LAWANDNORMATIVEFORENVIROMENTALPROTECTIONANDENERGYSAVING

有關(guān)環(huán)保與節(jié)能的法例及行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)1LAWANDNORMATIVEFORENVIROMENTALPROTECTIONANDENERGYSAVING有關(guān)環(huán)保與節(jié)能的法例及行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)BothcountriesareconsciousthatLightingisresponsibleforonefourthofallenergyconsumedworldwideandthatalmost20%ofLightingisusedinOfficeandWorkspaces.歐盟及美國(guó)都意識(shí)到,照明所需之能耗占全球總能耗的四分之一,而照明所需之能源有20%消耗在辦公場(chǎng)所中。EuropedomorefocusoncorrectLightlevelincombinationwithlawonminimumofdaylightinofficespacesandtheefficiencyoflightingfixturesandlightsources.歐盟更注重因應(yīng)法例而制定的光照水平,即工作場(chǎng)所中的日光與燈具及光源的融合,用最低的能耗創(chuàng)造出理想的照明效果。1USAdomorefocusonLightingcontrolsystemsandtointegratetheLightingintheglobalbuildingenergycontrolsystem.美國(guó)更注重照明控制系統(tǒng)之應(yīng)用,實(shí)現(xiàn)照明系統(tǒng)與大廈能源控制系統(tǒng)之一體化.BothcountriesdonotjustconsidertheWatt/Squaremetermaximumrequiredbylawbutthecorrectlightlevelfordifferentworkspacesanddocontrol“overlighting”=correctluxleveldefinedbylaw.歐盟及美國(guó)不單止考慮到法定的最高每平方米的瓦特?cái)?shù),而且還考慮到不同工作區(qū)間的光照水平,甚至考慮到控制超出法定的”過(guò)度光照”LAWANDNORMATIVEFORENVIROMENTALPROTECTIONANDENERGYSAVING有關(guān)環(huán)保與節(jié)能的法例及行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)BothcountriesbutnotonlyUSAandEUROPEbutalsoAUSTRALIAandseveralMIDDLEEASTcountriesareintroducingalotofnewlawsinordertobanthetraditionalincandescentLightBulb.1不單止是歐盟及美國(guó),而且澳洲與某些中東國(guó)家都引入新的法例以禁止使用傳統(tǒng)白熾燈。LAWANDNORMATIVEFORENVIROMENTALPROTECTIONANDENERGYSAVING有關(guān)環(huán)保與節(jié)能的法例及行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)InEuropeanUSAtherealsoalreadyProhibitionsfortheuseof:Low-efficiencyfluorescenttubesHigh-loss"ballasts"forfluorescenttubesHalogenuplightersHigh-losshalogentransformersMercurydischargelamps(oftenusedinstreetlighting)1歐盟以及美國(guó)已經(jīng)禁止使用以下物品：低效熒光燈管；與熒光燈管配套的高耗能”變壓器”；向上照射的鹵素?zé)?高耗能的鹵素?zé)糇儔浩?常用作街燈的水銀燈。LAWANDNORMATIVEFORENVIROMENTALPROTECTIONANDENERGYSAVING有關(guān)環(huán)保與節(jié)能的法例及行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Theindicativevaluesfor"lightingwithartificiallight"intheworkplaceandthecorrelatedeffectsonhealtheveninUSA,AUSTRALIAdidalltakethebaseonanormcalledDIN5035issuedforthefirsttimeinGermanyalreadyinthelate1935.1LAWANDNORMATIVEFORHEALTHANDSAFTYATWORK有關(guān)職業(yè)健康及安全保障的法例及行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在工作區(qū)間中的”具有人造光的照明”以及對(duì)健康的相關(guān)影響,這兩者的指示價(jià)值,即使在美國(guó)以及澳洲,都是根據(jù)1935年首次在德國(guó)應(yīng)用的DIN5035這個(gè)行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)作爲(wèi)基礎(chǔ)的.Sincethanofcoursealotofatthattimedefinedissueshavebeenbroughtatthelatesttechnologystandard.ThetodayvalidnorminEuropeisfromyear1990andactuallyunderrevisiontobeissuedbylawwiththelatestupdatesin2009.USAdidissuethelateststandardin2002withtheintroductionoftheLightingdesignerslegalresponsibilityofthecorrectLighting.1自始以後,此標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及其衍生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)都被引入到將來(lái)的技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中.歐洲現(xiàn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)始于1990年,幷且伴隨法例而不斷修正.美國(guó)在2002年確立最新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),幷且把照明設(shè)計(jì)師對(duì)正確的光照水平負(fù)有法律責(zé)任這一規(guī)定引入其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中.LAWANDNORMATIVEFORHEALTHANDSAFTYATWORK有關(guān)職業(yè)健康及安全保障的法例及行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)1WHATDOESTHISLAWMAINLYDEFINE?此法例的主旨是什麼？§theminimumandmaximumilluminationinlux關(guān)於勒克斯照度的最高值和最低值；§therecommendedlightcolour推薦淺顔色

§thesocalledreductionfactor所謂的換算繫數(shù)

§classifyingtheglarefactorandvisualcomfort

眩光因素以及視覺(jué)舒適度的分等LAWANDNORMATIVEFORHEALTHANDSAFTYATWORK有關(guān)職業(yè)健康及安全保障的法例及行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)REDUCTIONFACThisdeclineiscalledthereductionfactor.Fornewoneforexamplethefactoris1.25.TThismeansthatanewlightingsystemhavetobebyfact25%brighterthantheactualplanninggoal.Throughthecontinuousdecreaseinlightintensityuntilthenextmaintenance(atthelatestat80%oflightingpower),achievedatleastamediumconstructedlightinglevelof100%.Thereforealso,amaintenanceoflightingsystemsareindispensable.Dependingonthekindofworkingplacethereareprescribedcleaningintervalsof1to5years.1換算算繫

換算繫數(shù)體現(xiàn)著照明系統(tǒng)的老化以及玷污(譬如是染塵)等狀態(tài).此下降狀態(tài)被稱(chēng)爲(wèi)換算繫數(shù).舉例,譬如此繫數(shù)是1.25T,意味著一個(gè)新的照明系統(tǒng)的照明強(qiáng)度必須比原定目標(biāo)高出25%,通過(guò)不斷的光衰,直至下一次之維護(hù)(此時(shí)祇剩餘原先光照的80%),能夠保證達(dá)到原定100%的照明強(qiáng)度.因此,照明系統(tǒng)的維護(hù)是不可缺失的,幷且取決于工作區(qū)間的種類(lèi),清潔間隔期從1至5年不等.GLAREFACTORANDVISUALCOMFORTTheevaluationofdirectandreflectionglareis1眩光光因因素素以以及及視視覺(jué)覺(jué)舒舒適適對(duì)眩光的的直射射與反反射的的評(píng)估估是正正確與與舒暢暢顯像像的首首要條條件.令人煩煩擾的的光反反射—諸如是是光滑滑紙張張,鏡面,書(shū)臺(tái)以以及計(jì)計(jì)算機(jī)機(jī)顯示示屏–是由燈燈具引引緻的的,因爲(wèi)燈燈具之之原因因而使使其稱(chēng)稱(chēng)爲(wèi)不不可避避免.這些泛泛濫的的裝有有熒光光管的的傳統(tǒng)統(tǒng)格柵柵燈的的光直直射到到書(shū)臺(tái)臺(tái)軸上上,簡(jiǎn)直就就是所所有方方案中中最失失敗的的一個(gè)個(gè).1BesidetheDIN5035thereisanothernormprescribedbylawwhichiscalled:除了DIN5035之外,還有一一個(gè)法法定的的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn),名為:WorkplacesRegulation(ArbSt?ttV)工作區(qū)區(qū)間

AndwithinthisregulationissuedbytheEUin1996thereistheregulationforOfficespacescalled:在這個(gè)個(gè)由歐歐盟于于1996年頒布布的規(guī)規(guī)章當(dāng)當(dāng)中,還有一一個(gè)適適用于于辦名為:ScreenworkRegulation(BSAP)工作屏屏幕規(guī)規(guī)章(BSAP)AlsointhiscasethelawwhichregulatethisintheUSAisverysimilartotheEuropeanStandardlikealsoinAustraliaandNewZealand美國(guó),澳洲以以及紐紐西蘭蘭的相相關(guān)法法律規(guī)規(guī)章都都類(lèi)似似此規(guī)規(guī)章.TheemployerisresponsiblefortheinscreenworkplacessafetyandHealthcriteria,particularlyconcerningapossiblethreatofEyesightandphysicalproblemsandpsychologicalburdens1ScreenworkRegulation(BSAP)工作屏屏幕規(guī)規(guī)章(BSAP)顧主有有責(zé)任任使具具有屏屏幕的的工作作區(qū)間間達(dá)到到健康康標(biāo)準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn),尤其是是有可可能對(duì)對(duì)視力力以及及身體體以及及心理理構(gòu)成成威脅脅的工工作區(qū)區(qū)間.DESIGNOFOFFICELIGHTINGININTHEPRACTICEANDTOCREATEBETTERWORKSPACESFORPEOPLE2在實(shí)踐踐中,因應(yīng)法法例,為顧主主及雇雇員創(chuàng)創(chuàng)造更更好工工作區(qū)區(qū)間的的辦公照照明設(shè)設(shè)計(jì)2DAYLIGHTANDARTIFICALLIGHT自然光及人人造光2DAYLIGHTANDARTIFICALLIGHT自然光及人人造光2MattesurfacesinbrighttomediumgrayformallyofferthebestQualityforaworkplacewithoutstrongDifferencesinluminance.MATERIALSANDCOLOURSINOFFICES辦公室的材材質(zhì)以及色色彩光亮的凹凸凸面在艶麗麗至中度灰灰色的過(guò)度度中,沒(méi)有太大的的照明落差差,這樣就賦予予工作區(qū)間間最佳的效效果.2Officesaredesignedtohouseworkingpeopleengagedinthoughtandinmultipleformsofcommunication-written,visual,aural,electronic,andface-to-face.OfficelightingshouldenabletheseworkerstoperformsuchtaskscomfortablyandeffectivelyinanenvironmentwheretheywillspendoneLIGHTINGSOLUTIONS照明方案辦公室是為為容納,關(guān)懷顧主及及雇員,使其能夠開(kāi)開(kāi)展例如是是書(shū)面,視覺(jué),聽(tīng)覺(jué),電子,面對(duì)面等多多種渠道的的溝通方式式,辦公照明應(yīng)應(yīng)該要令雇雇員更舒適適更有效的的工作,因爲(wèi)他們要要在辦公室室中度過(guò)生生命中1/3的光陰.鑒于其特性性,辦公照明應(yīng)應(yīng)該要在成成功的商業(yè)業(yè)運(yùn)作中占占有重要地地位.2LIGHTINGSOLUTIONS照明方案DIRECTLIGHTING-直接照明DIRECT-INDIRECTLIGHTING-直接間接照照明INDIRECTLIGHTING–間接照明2DIRECTLIGHTING-直接照明Thisisthemost““StandardSolution““,butalsoposesthegreatestshadowsandglareproblems.Thedirect-radiatinglampsmakeaverypreciseplanningnecessary,asubsequentamendmentofthespacefacilityisdifficult.Thissolutionworksonlysatisfactory,andalsoonlyifthelightsareinstalledinthecorrectdistancetotheworkstationsEveniftherulesaystoinstallthelightsparalleltothedirectionofviewthissolutionisthemostproblematicinglareinqualityofLight-andinEuropeandUSAalmostonly10%ofVideoTerminalofficesdohavethiskindofsolution.這是最”標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方案”,但是亦最能能引緻陰影影與眩光問(wèn)問(wèn)題.直接照明明的燈具具最容易易達(dá)到預(yù)預(yù)定的照照明計(jì)劃劃,但是對(duì)于于其他設(shè)設(shè)備的後後期修正正卻比較較困難.此方案的的不良特特性在職職員開(kāi)心心的時(shí)候候,或者是燈燈具安裝裝在與工工作區(qū)間間比較適適合的距距離的時(shí)時(shí)候,不容易察察覺(jué).甚至,““燈具安裝裝與視覺(jué)覺(jué)方向相相平衡”這一規(guī)則則,最容易引引緻眩光光,而且在歐歐洲與美美國(guó)僅僅僅有10%視頻終端端辦公室室采用這這種方案案.2RecessedParabolicDownLight傳統(tǒng)嵌入入式格柵柵燈NEWSOLUTIONS新的方案案2DIRECT-INDIRECTLIGHTING直接-間接照明明Thismixofdirectandindirectlightcombinestheadvantagesoftheconceptswithoutdecisivedisadvantageswithit.Thislightingconceptistodaythewidest-spreadsystem.AvarietyoflampsaredifferentarchitecturalsolutionsallowabigflexibilityinDesigns.GlareinthiscaseiscontrolledbyspecialdesignedPMMAdiffusersand/orDarklightoptics直接照明明與間接接照明的的融合使使其保留留了各自自的優(yōu)點(diǎn)點(diǎn),同時(shí)摒除除各自之之缺點(diǎn),這種概念念在現(xiàn)今今的照明明系統(tǒng)中中應(yīng)用得得最廣泛泛,燈具的多多樣性使使得衆(zhòng)多多不同的的建築方方案設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)中有著著更大的的靈活性性.這種方案案中,將會(huì)用到到特製PMMA與/或光學(xué)器器具.2INDIRECTLIGHTING-間接照明明Theceilingsurfacereflectstheblendoflightandshadow-chargebackintotheroom.Compulsoryforthissolutionisawhiteceilingwithaminimumheightof260cm.Themaximumroomheightshouldnotexceed340cm,otherwisetoomuchlightenergyisneededtoensureasufficientreflectionoflight.Hereareavarietyofdifferentconcepts.Thepositioningofindirectlightsisnotsoproblematicasthoseofthedirectradiant.ThislightoffersthebestvisualcomfortforVideoTerminalWorkspaces.天花板表面面反射光與與影的混合合,這中方案需需要一個(gè)至至少260CM高的白色天天花板.天花板最高高不能超出出340CM,否則需要消消耗太多的的能源來(lái)保保證足夠的的照明強(qiáng)度度.這是衆(zhòng)多不不同的概念念.間接照明的的配置不會(huì)會(huì)像直接照照明那樣出出現(xiàn)大問(wèn)題題.間接照明方方案能夠?yàn)闉榫哂幸曨l頻終端的工工作區(qū)間提提供最佳的的視覺(jué)舒適適度.2INDIRECTLIGHTING-間接照明2NEWSOLUTIONS–新方案1AND1,OR2COMPONENTLIGHTING1加1或1加2的主次照明明TASKAMBIENTLIGHTING任務(wù)-周邊照明明21AND1,OR2COMPONENTLIGHTING1加1或1加2的主次照明明Inadditiontoanindirectlighting,informofwalllampsorfloorlampstheyadseparatelyadjustabletablelampstoprovidespecificadditionallighting.Thesecanbeusedtothetasteofeachuseraddedtothebasiclighting.Theusedtablelampmustmeetstherequirementsofflexibilityandadjustabilityand,ofcourse,anti-glare.Itshould-especiallyinuseinofficeswithseveraljobs–notglaretheworkingneighbour.Thissolutionsbigadvantageistheflexibilityininstallationanduse.除了直接照照明之外,引入壁燈或或者落地?zé)魺魜?lái)補(bǔ)充額額外的照明明,取決于用戶戶之偏好.臺(tái)燈的應(yīng)用用必須能夠夠滿足靈活活性以及可可調(diào)性,當(dāng)然,還有防眩光光之之要求求.尤其是在幾幾個(gè)工作臺(tái)臺(tái)中,不可以為周周邊的同事事帶來(lái)眩光光.此方的優(yōu)點(diǎn)點(diǎn)在于,具有靈活性性,便于安裝及及使用.2TASKAMBIENTLIGHTING任務(wù)-周邊照明明ThislightingsolutionspeciallyintheUSAisactuallyoneofthemostpopularones.Taskambientluminariesmounttoopenofficepanelsystemsandworksurfaces.Theyprovidetaskandambientlightingusingasinglelamp.Thiseliminatestheneedfortasklightsandceilingluminaries,establishescomfortableluminanceratios,andsavesenergy.這中照明方方案在美國(guó)國(guó)應(yīng)用得最最廣泛.任務(wù)-周邊照明明方案適用用于開(kāi)放的的辦公系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)以及工作作臺(tái)面,祇要一個(gè)燈燈具就能夠夠同事滿足足工作任務(wù)務(wù)照明以及及周邊照明明之需求.這樣就不需需同時(shí)用到到任務(wù)燈與與天花燈,這樣既保證證了視覺(jué)舒舒適,又減少了能能耗.2>TASKAMBIENTLIGHTING任務(wù)-周邊照明明1.規(guī)劃出典型型的工作站站,以在主要任任務(wù)區(qū)中包包含一個(gè)任任務(wù)-周邊照照明光源.若條件允許許,可以用綫性性光源把直直接照明散散布到大面面積的工作作臺(tái)面以及及垂直的環(huán)環(huán)境(獨(dú)占的辦公公臺(tái))Todesignataskambientlightingsystem:如何設(shè)計(jì)一一個(gè)任務(wù)-周邊照明明系統(tǒng)?Plantypicalw