英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)

Grammar第一頁(yè)，共三十一頁(yè)。第二頁(yè)，共三十一頁(yè)。語(yǔ)法層次第三頁(yè)，共三十一頁(yè)。語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的五個(gè)層次詞素(Morpheme)詞(

Word)詞組(Phrase)分句(Clause)句子(Sentence)第四頁(yè)，共三十一頁(yè)。morphemes

詞素（morpheme)freeboundlexical

(child)Functional(and)

derivational(re-)Inflectional(‘s)第五頁(yè)，共三十一頁(yè)。詞(word)構(gòu)詞法簡(jiǎn)單詞（Simple

)派生詞（Derivative）復(fù)合詞（Compound）句法功能功能詞（Function）實(shí)義祠（Content)第六頁(yè)，共三十一頁(yè)。分句類(lèi)型(Typesofclauses)

Independent(main;minS+V,complete)獨(dú)立分句

(

主干,主謂齊全，完整）

Ilovelinguistics. Youbelieveme.Dependent(subordinate;SUBCONJ,incomplete)

從屬子句（從屬，需加連詞，不完整）

whensheenteredtheroom

whodeliveredthelecture第七頁(yè)，共三十一頁(yè)。句子類(lèi)型(Typesofsentences)簡(jiǎn)單句Simple

(oneindependentclause)

Shereadthebook.并列句Compound(2>independentclausesconnectedwith

co-ordinating

conjunctions:并列連詞)

Shereadthebookbutshedidn’tlikeit。復(fù)合句Complex

(acombinationofdependent(subordinate)andindependentclauses：從屬連詞、連接代詞、連接副詞)

Shereadthebookwhileshewasincollege.并列復(fù)合句Compound-Complex

(2>independentclauses+1(>)dependentclauses)

Hejumpedforjoyandscreamedveryloudly

whenhisteamwonthegame.

第八頁(yè)，共三十一頁(yè)。簡(jiǎn)單句：句子只包含一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，且句子的各個(gè)成分都是由單詞或者短語(yǔ)表示。Aschoolisanimportantplacetostudents.Many

people

have

a

close

relationship

with

their

pets.The

students

I

teach

have

made

better

grades

in

the

past

few

weeks.第九頁(yè)，共三十一頁(yè)。并列句：兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上互相獨(dú)立的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)、由并列連詞連接。Oliver

came

to

the

party,

but

Rose

did

not.Every

room

in

the

house

has

its

own

function

and

it

is

difficult

to

imagine

the

life

without

one

of

them.Tip:

根據(jù)兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句之間的關(guān)系—結(jié)合、選擇、轉(zhuǎn)折，因果，選擇不同的并列連詞結(jié)合：and,

both…and,

as

well

as,

not

only…but

also選擇：or,

either…or,

neither…nor.

or

else..

Otherwise轉(zhuǎn)折：but,

yet,

however,

nevertheless,

while,

whereas因果：for,

so,

therefore,

第十頁(yè)，共三十一頁(yè)。復(fù)合句：兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，其中一個(gè)(或多個(gè))主謂結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)句子的某一(些)成分，如：主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)。

從屬連詞、連接代詞、連接副詞Thisisaninterestingbook.

Thisisthebookwhichtheytalkedabout.Everything

depends

on

the

weather.

Whether

we’ll

go

on

a

picnic

tomorrow

depends

on

the

weather.He

came

here

at

seven.

He

came

here

when

we

were

about

to

leave.

第十一頁(yè)，共三十一頁(yè)。主語(yǔ)從句從屬連詞：whether，that，

That

the

driver

was

drunk

is

obvious.

Whether

you

come

or

not

doesn’t

concern

me.連接代詞:which,who,whoever,whose,what,

whatever

Which

team

will

win

the

championship

is

still

not

clear.

Who

will

be

the

monitor

makes

no

difference.連接副詞:how,

when,

where,

why,

How

he

did

it

puzzled

us

all.

Why

he

was

absent

from

class

is

a

mystery.Tip:主語(yǔ)從句后置第十二頁(yè)，共三十一頁(yè)。表語(yǔ)從句從屬連詞：whether，that，as

if

He

looks

as

if

he

didn’t

care.

The

question

is

whether

they

would

like

to

help

us.連接代詞:which,who,

what,

The

problem

is

which

road

we

should

take.

What

I

want

to

know

is

who

can

finish

it

in

one

week.連接副詞:how,

when,

where,

why,

Thequestioniswhentheywillarrive.

That

is

why

they

stayed

there

for

two

weeks.第十三頁(yè)，共三十一頁(yè)。賓語(yǔ)從句從屬連詞：whether，that，if

I

think

that

you

want

to

be

a

teacher

is

practical.

I

don’t

know

whether/if

his

son

is

still

living

with

them.連接代詞:which,who,

what,

Ireallywanttoknowwhathedidyesterday.

Tell

me

which

you

like

most.連接副詞:how,

when,

where,

why,

He

told

us

where

he

found

that

missing

boy.

I

asked

him

why

he

didn’t

show

up

at

the

party

last

night.Tip:賓語(yǔ)從句后置第十四頁(yè)，共三十一頁(yè)。定語(yǔ)從句

引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞，除引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句外，還在定語(yǔ)從句中承擔(dān)一個(gè)句子成分。關(guān)系代詞：who,

whom,

whose,

which,

that

The

girl

who

got

the

first

place

in

the

English

Competition

is

my

roommate.

The

policeman

is

talking

to

a

girl

whose

iphone

has

been

robbed.These

are

the

books

that

I

bought

through

on-line

purchasing關(guān)系副詞：when,

where,

why

Do

you

still

remember

the

days

when

we

worked

together？

ShelivedinBeijingforfiveyears,whereshestudiedChinese.Thesearethereasonswhytheydon’tliketheirboss.第十五頁(yè)，共三十一頁(yè)。狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連詞或詞組：when/while/as,

whenever,

before

after,

since,

till/until,,

as

soon

as/the

moment/the

minute,hardly…when/scarcely…when/nosooner…than/instantly/directly,once,every/eachtime

I

think

that

you

want

to

be

a

teacher

is

practical.

I

don’t

know

whether/if

his

son

is

still

living

with

them.

We’ll

leave

the

minute

everything

is

ready.

I

had

hardly

sat

down

when

the

telephone

rang.

No

sooner

had

he

arrived

home

than

it

began

to

rain.地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)連詞：where,

wherever,

anywhere

The

police

ordered

the

suspect

to

stay

where

he

was.

He

likes

to

make

friends

wherever

he

goes.

Come

in

and

sit

anywhere

you

like.第十六頁(yè)，共三十一頁(yè)。狀語(yǔ)從句條件狀語(yǔ)連詞或詞組：if,

unless,

as

long

as/so

long

as/so

far

as,

in

case,

suppose/supposing/provided

that/providing,

on

condition

that

If

you

can

practice

enough,

you

are

sure

to

pass

the

driving

test

this

time.

I’d

like

to

go

swimming

unless

the

water

is

too

cold.

Supposing

that

he

doesn’t

help,

what

shall

we

do？原因狀語(yǔ)連詞：because/since/as/now

that,

considering

that

,

seeing

Sinceyou’renotinterestedinthisTVplay,let’schangethechannel.Nowthat

youaregrownup,you

should

not

rely

on

your

parents.第十七頁(yè)，共三十一頁(yè)。狀語(yǔ)從句結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)連詞或詞組：so…that/such…that,

so

that/

This

is

such

a

heavy

box

that

nobody

can

move

it.

His

car

broke

down

halfway

to

the

company

so

that

he

had

to

take

a

taxi.目的狀語(yǔ)連詞：that/so

that/in

order

that,

lest,

for

fear

that,

in

case

The

two

boys

were

whispering

so

that

they

should

no

interrupt

other

students.

We

must

check

the

car

regularly

so

that

it

can

run

well.

I’ll

show

you

the

place

on

the

map

lest

you

should

get

lost.

You’d

better

take

an

umbrella

with

you

in

case

in

rains.第十八頁(yè)，共三十一頁(yè)。狀語(yǔ)從句方式狀語(yǔ)連詞或詞組：as,as

if,

as

though,

The

little

girl

likes

to

do

something

as

her

mother

tells

her.

He

speaks

Chinese

as

if

he

were

a

Chinese.

It

looks

as

if

it

is

going

to

rain.比較狀語(yǔ)連詞：than,

as

He

studies

much

harder

than

his

brother.

This

Park

is

far

more

beautiful

than

I

expected.讓步狀語(yǔ)連詞：though/although/as/while,

even

if/even

though,

however/no

matter

how

Although

he

is

young,

he

has

been

in

may

countries.

He

won’t

go

to

see

that

kind

of

film

even

though

he

has

time.

Try

as

he

might,

he

couldn’t

move

this

stone.

第十九頁(yè)，共三十一頁(yè)。同位語(yǔ)從句從屬連詞：that

There

is

truth

in

the

old

saying

that

necessity

is

the

mother

of

invention.

There

is

a

rumor

that

Mr.Zhang

has

been

dismissed.連接副詞:how,

when,

where,

why,

I

have

no

idea

how

I

can

get

the

car

going

in

such

cold

weather.

I

have

no

idea

why

she

dropped

out

of

school.第二十頁(yè)，共三十一頁(yè)。Summary:句子類(lèi)型簡(jiǎn)單句(Simple

Sentence)并列句(Compound

Sentence)復(fù)合句(Complex

Sentence)三種句子類(lèi)型(結(jié)構(gòu))三種句子類(lèi)型(用途)陳述句疑問(wèn)句(一般/特殊/選擇/翻譯疑問(wèn))祈使句感嘆句第二十一頁(yè)，共三十一頁(yè)。句子結(jié)構(gòu)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)：S(主語(yǔ)）+

Vi(謂語(yǔ)不及物動(dòng)詞）主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)：S(主語(yǔ)）+

Vi(謂語(yǔ)及物動(dòng)詞)+

O(賓語(yǔ)）主系表結(jié)構(gòu):

S(主語(yǔ))+LV(系動(dòng)詞)+P(表語(yǔ))雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)：S(主語(yǔ))+Vt(謂語(yǔ)及物動(dòng)詞+InO(間

接賓語(yǔ))+DO(直接賓語(yǔ)）復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)：S(主語(yǔ))+Vt(謂語(yǔ)及物動(dòng)詞)+

O(賓語(yǔ))+C(賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))五種基本結(jié)構(gòu)第二十二頁(yè)，共三十一頁(yè)。(一)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)：S(主語(yǔ)）+

Vi(謂語(yǔ)不及物動(dòng)詞）

Everyone

laughed.The

price

peaked

in

August.Views

on

the

issue

in

question

vary

from

person

to

person.Notions

about

euthanasia

differ

widely.The

number

of

female

professors

dropped

significantly

in

1970.The

number

of

female

professors

dropped

significantly

in

1970.

第二十三頁(yè)，共三十一頁(yè)。(二)主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)：S(主語(yǔ)）+

Vi(謂語(yǔ)及物動(dòng)詞)+O(賓語(yǔ)Liverpoolwon

the

game.Travelling

broadens

one’s

vision.We

often

hear

about

an

‘overnight

success’Instead,they

live

in

high-rise

apartments

complexes.We

are

all

exposed

to

such

advertisements

every

day.The

train

is

building

up

speed.The

train

is

building

up

speed.第二十四頁(yè)，共三十一頁(yè)。(三)主系表結(jié)構(gòu):

S(主語(yǔ))+LV(系動(dòng)詞)+P(表語(yǔ))

That

car

is

mine.She

is

in

good

health.She

looks

beautiful.The

primary

purpose

of

a

zoo

is

to

educate.First

of

all,

pig

farming

is

still

an

important

industry

in

China.In

most

countries,the

most

important

animal

is

a

national

symbol.In

most

countries,

the

most

important

animal

is

a

national

symbol.第二十五頁(yè)，共三十一頁(yè)。Tip:常用系動(dòng)詞be,

feel,look,

sound,

taste,

smell,

seem,

appear,

become,

grow,

get,

turn,

fall,

go,come,

run,

remain,

continue,

stay,

keep,

rest,

prove,

turn

outBack第二十六頁(yè)，共三十一頁(yè)。(四)雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)：S(主語(yǔ))+Vt(謂語(yǔ)及物動(dòng)詞+InO(間接賓語(yǔ))+DO(直接賓語(yǔ)Beckham

lent

me

his

car.Someone

left

you

this

note.Travelling

to

foreign

countries

gives

us

an

opportunity

to

experience

another

culture

and

broaden

our

horizon.His

mother

–in-law

bought

him

a

luxurious

car

as

the

marriage

present.His

mother

–in-law

bought

him

a

luxurious

car

as

the

marriage

present.第二十七頁(yè)，共三十一頁(yè)。(五)復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)：S(主語(yǔ))+Vt(謂語(yǔ)及物動(dòng)詞)+O(賓語(yǔ))+C(賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))

They

elected

him

spokesman.Everysceneonthescreenkeeps

me

up-to-date.She

found

it

a

little

difficult

to

handle

all

these

things