TheworkerasCreatororMachine張漢熙高級英語第二冊課件

Lesson8TheworkerasCreatororMachine---byFromm,Erich(1900-1980)Lesson8TheworkerasCreator1AimsToknowtheauthor,ErichFrommTolearnthewritingtechniqueofcausationToappreciatethelanguagefeaturesAimsToknowtheauthor,Erich2TeachingContents1.ErichFromm2.Causationandthethesis2.Detailedstudyofthetext3.Organizationalpattern4.Languagefeatures5.ExercisesTeachingContents1.ErichFrom3Timeallocation1.Theintroductionoftheauthor(10min.)2.Causationandthethesis(10min.)3.Detailedstudyofthetext(115min.)4.Structureanalysis(15min.)5.Languageappreciation(15min.)6.Exercises(15min)Timeallocation1.Theintroduc4Fromm,ErichGerman-AmericanpsychoanalystandauthorBorninFrankfurt,GermanyPh.D.UniversityofHeidelbery海德堡大學In1934,hecametotheUS,practicedpsychoanalysisandlecturedatvariousinstitutions.Fromm,ErichGerman-Americanps5TheworkerasCreatororMachine張漢熙高級英語第二冊課件6

7Fromm,ErichAsapsychoanalyst,heappliedpsychoanalysistosocial,political,religious,moralactivities.Hewasparticularlyinterestedinthestudyofindividualandsociety.Hepaidmuchattentiontoselfhumanrealization.Fromm,ErichAsapsychoanalyst8Fromm,ErichHetookviewsofFreudandheattemptedasynthesis(combination)andreformulation(systematicalexpression)ofFreudandMarx.Fromm,ErichHetookviewsofF9Fromm,ErichHeisalsoaself-styledMarxist,buthisideaisagainstthetheoryofMarxism,forheusedtoviewthingsfrompsychoanalysis,notfromclassstruggle.Fromm,ErichHeisalsoaself10HispointofviewHeheldthatmanisaproductofhisculture.Socialcharacterisnotdeterminedbyinstinct(biologicaldrive)butrathershapedbyculturaltraining.個體的人格是文化的產物，而不是生物學的產物。HispointofviewHeheldthat11HisworksEscapefromFreedom《逃離自由》TheSaneSociety《健全的社會》TheArtofLoving《愛的藝術》PsychoanalysisandReligion《精神分析學與宗教》HisworksEscapefromFreedom12HisworksMayManPrevail《愿人類成功》TheRevolutionofHope《希望革命》TheAnatomyofHumanDestructiveness《人類毀滅之分析》BeyondtheChainsofIllusions《越過幻想之鏈》HisworksMayManPrevail《愿人類成13HisworksThispieceisanexcerptfrom“TheSaneSociety”1955.Inthisbook,FrommismainlyconcernedwiththeeffectofasociologicalenvironmentonAmericanswhichexalts(praise)successthroughcompetitionhumanalienationHisworksThispieceisan14thataccompaniestechnologicaldevelopmentwhichisolatestheworkmanfromthefinishedproduct.thataccompaniestechnolo15alienate–estrange,turnaway,setagainst,disunite,separate,divideAnt.---unite,reconcilealienate–estrange,turnaway16ThethemeofthetextThistextisdiscussingtheworkers’positioninthesociety.Theworkersarenolongercreatorbutbecomingmoreandmorelikemachine.Itisaboutmen’sattitudetowardswork.Workhasbecomeanalienatingfactor.ThethemeofthetextThistext17ThetextThechangeofthemeaningofworkInancienttimes,work----satisfactory,apleasurablethingInmoderntimes,work---aduty,forcedlabor,ThetextdealswiththereasonandresultofthisalienationThetextThechangeofthemean18literarystyleexpositionThemainthesisisbetterexpressedinthefirstsentenceofthedeletedparagraph“themeaningofworkinanalienatedsociety”.literarystyleexposition19Thethesis---

“Heispartofthemachine,ratherthanitsmasterasanactiveagent.”(para.6)Thethesis---“Heispartof20ThemethodThemethodthewriterusesintheexpositorywritingiscausalanalysis/causation因果分析ThemethodThemethodthewrite21Causation

Itmeanssomethinghappenedis1)becauseofsthelse2)asaresultofsth.elseInthislesson,thewriterexplainedthereasonwhymanchangestheattitudetowardworkanditseffect.CausationItmeanssomething22DetailedstudyofthetextPara.1---thespecificpositivevaluesofworkDetailedstudyofthetextPara23Para.1Whatarethespecificpositivevaluesofwork?1.Workenableshumanbeingstorisefromtheanimalkingdom.2.Workliberatesmenfromnatureandmakesthemintosocialbeingsandworktogetherinacooperativeway.Para.1Whatarethespecificp24positivevalues:3.Workmoldsandchangesnatureandhimself.4.Workdevelopsman’sdifferentpowers,skills,capacities,personalityandcreativity.positivevalues:3.Workmolds25Para.1Manisfirstofallananimal,andhecanbedifferentiatedfromotheranimalsinthat,amongotherthingsheproduces,hemakestools,andothernewthingsoutoftherawmaterialshefindsaroundhim.Para.1Manisfirstofallan26kingdom---allnaturalobjectshavebeenclassifiedintothreegreatdivisionsanimalkingdomvegetablekingdommineralkingdomkingdom---allnaturalobjects27Heseparates….

Bybecomingnature’smaster,bystationinghimselfabovenature,manseparateshimselffromnature.Butatthesametimeheconnectshimselfonceagaintonaturetofurtherconquerheranddevelophisunderstandingofher.Heseparates….Bybecom28Inmoldingnature…Man’sabilitiesandpowersasaspecies,andman’eindividualabilitiesandpowers(ofcooperation,reasonandsenseofbeauty)increaseanddeepenasaresultofcontrollingnatureandremakinghertofulfillhisneeds.Inmoldingnature…Man’sabi29allareexpressions…Alltheabove–mentionedworkshowshowmanhastransformednaturethoughthisreasonandskillcreatively.allareexpressions…Allthe30Para.2detaileddescriptionofthemeaningofworktoman.Para.2detaileddescriptionof31Workwas…satisfactionTheparagraphdealswiththesubjectofcraftsmanship.AccordingtoMillsandFrommcraftsmanshipinvolvesthecontroloftheworkprocessbytheindividualworker.AtitsheightinthelateMiddleAges,itenhancedman’sproductivepowersandwasasourceofgreatsatisfactiontothecraftsman.Workwas…satisfactionThepara32C.Wright.MillsAnAmericansociologist,knownasoneoftheveryfewoutstandingsocialcriticsduringtheMcCarthyperiod.hisbestknownworkisWhiteCollar(1951),fromwhichhisquotationistaken,andThePowerandElite.Hediedin1962.C.Wright.MillsAnAmericansoc33TheworkerasCreatororMachine張漢熙高級英語第二冊課件34McCarthyAmericanpolitician.AU.S.senatorfromWisconsin(1947-1957),hepresidedoverthepermanentsubcommitteeoninvestigationsandheldpublichearingsinwhichheaccusedarmyofficials,membersofthemedia,andpublicfiguresofbeingCommunists.Hischargeswereneverproved,andhewascensuredbytheSenatein1954.

McCarthyAmericanpoliticia35McCarthy麥卡錫，約瑟夫·雷芒德1908-1957美國政治家，來自威斯康星州的美國參議員(1947-1957年）。他指責許多軍隊官員、新聞媒介內部工作人員和公眾人物為共產黨，并指揮一個永久委員會分會對他們進行調查和公開審判。他的指控從未成立，1954年他受到議會的譴責McCarthy麥卡錫，約瑟夫·雷芒德1908-1957美36Whyworkwasapleasuretoman?Becausetheworkerisfreetocontrolhisownworkingaction.Heisresponsibleforthewholeproductionprocess.Whyworkwasapleasuretoman37Whydoesthewriteruseaquotation?toprovehisideainamoredirectwaytogiveakindofauthoritytowhathesays----Aparaphrasewouldnotprovidethatdirectnessandauthority.Whydoesthewriteruseaquot38Whatdoes“Thereisnosplitofwork…”mean?Thereisacloserelationshipbetweenworkandpleasure.Theygohandinhand.Whiletheworkerisworking,heenjoyshimself.Whenheismakingsth,helearnssth.Whatdoes“Thereisnosplito39Para.3Backgroundknowledge–whyworkisaduty?What’sprotestant’sideaaboutwork?Theyheldthatallmenarebornsinful.Theymustworkhardtopurifytheirsouls.Godthenwilltakethemtoparadiseaftertheydie.Para.3Backgroundknowledge40newlywonfreedomFreedomfromfeudalrestrictions.Thecraftsmanfeltsafeandsecureinhisguildandprofession,butbecameafraidnowthathewasentirelyonhisowninahighlycompetitivesociety.newlywonfreedomFreedomfrom41Theoutcome…EarlyProtestantismmaintainedthatmostsoulsarepredestinedbybirthbyGodtoeternaldamnationandafewtobesavedafterdeath.Butthere’snowaythatanyonecanknowwhichiswhich.obviouslypeoplelivedinfear.AllonecouldhopeforwasasignfromGodthathemightbeamongtheelect,eventhoughasignwasnoguarantee.Theoutcome…EarlyProtestanti42Itwasbelievedthatanyformofsinfulnesswaslikelyindicationofdamnation,whereasceaselesswork,especiallyifitresultedinwealth,couldbesignofsalvation.Clearly,worklostalltheintrinsicpositiveaspectsitformerlyhad,andinsteadbecamepurelyandsimplyamethodtoachievewealthandsuccess.Itwasbelievedthatanyform43asceticism

---aspecialterminreligionself-denyingmodeoflivingasimple,strictwayoflifewithnoluxuriesorphysicalpleasures,whichpeopleusuallyleadbecauseoftheirreligiousbeliefs.asceticism---aspecialterm44Para.4Workasduty,asameansforsavingone’ssoulexistsonlyfortheupperandmiddleclasses.Workasforcedlaborisforthelaboringpeople.Para.4Workasduty,asameans45Para.5Incapitalistsocietytheworkerfeelsestrangedfromtheworkheisdoing.Para.5Incapitalistsocietyt46modernman…Withworkstrippedbothofitscraftsmanshipqualityandmeaningandofitssenseofreligiousobligation,itnolongerholdsanydeepattraction.Therefore,peoplefeelthemselvesatloss,withnopurposeordirection.Lifeisempty.Workbecomesmerelyatime-fillertoescapetheemptinessandmeaninglessofone’slife.modernman…Withworkstripped47ThisisanotherpsychoanalyticanalysisofFromm.Weknowthebourgeoisieamassedwealththroughtheexploitationofworkerandtheworkerwereforcedtoselltheirlaborinordertosurvive.Thisisanotherpsychoanalytic48somethingnew…Anewideologicaldrivingforceforworkhasreplacedthelostones.Thedriveisnowformorebigger,andbetterproducts.Frommagainmissestherealpointhere.Profitistherealdrivingforceofcapitalism.somethingnew…Anewideologic49Para.6Whatroletheworkerplaysinthemanufacturingofproducts?Apassiverole,theworkerplaysasmallisolatedpartintheprocessofproduction.Heisnotconcernedwiththewholeproduct,becausehemakesonlyapartofit.Hisworkcanbeexplainedasperformingactionswhichcannotbeperformedbymachines.Para.6Whatroletheworkerpl50Heisconcernedneitherwith…Hedoesn’tcareabouttheendproductitselforthepartitplaysintheoveralleconomyorthewayinwhichitservestheneedsofsociety.Heisconcernedneitherwith…H51PeterDrucher

ReknownedmanagementconsultantThisquotationistakenfromConceptoftheCorporation(1946)p.179PeterDrucher

Reknownedmanage52TheworkerasCreatororMachine張漢熙高級英語第二冊課件53Workappearsassomethingunnatural….Totheworker,workseemslikeanintrusion,somethingwhichshouldnothappen.Itisanempty,unpleasant,deadening,degradingandpointlessmeanstoanend---thepaycheck.Workappearsassomethingunna54devoidof----lackingofIfsomeoneorsth.isdevoidofaqualityofthing,theyhaveabsolutelynoneofit.---Hewasdevoidofanytalentwhatsoever.---Suchplanshavebeenalmostentirelydevoidofsocialcontent.devoidof----lackingofIfs55place/putapremiumon---重視；鼓勵；助長Iputapremiumonpunctuality.Workpaidaccordingtotheamountputsapremiumonspeedandnotonquality.按件付酬是導致重速度、輕質量的原因。place/putapremiumon---重視56putapremiumon

Givingmoneytobeggarsmayputapremiumonidleness.Doeshightaxationputapremiumonbusinessdishonesty?高稅收是否助長了商業(yè)欺詐行為？putapremiumonGivingmoney57Nowonderthatthisputsapremium..It’snotsurprisingthattheworker’sobjectiveatworkistodoaslittleaspossibletogethispay.Nowonderthatthisputsapre58slowdown

---deliberatedecreaseinthespeedofproductionslowdown---deliberatedecrea59slovenly

---untidy,asindressorappearance,sloppy,

Someonewhoisslovenly

iscareless,untidyandinefficientintheirappearanceandbehavior懶散的；草率的slovenly---untidy,asindres60para.7workisameansofgettingmoney;workertriestoworklesstogetthesamepaypara.7workisameansof61para.8Whatistherootcauseofthis?Howdoyouknow?para.8Whatistherootcauseo62para.8Therootcauseofthisalienationisthecapitalistsystem.Fromthestatement:“Thewholesocialorganizationofwhichheisapart”(para.8)

Theworkerisnotactive.Hehasnoresponsibilityfortheworkheisdoing.Heisnotinterestedinthewholeproduct.para.8Therootcauseofthisa63capital-----Thecapitalistorthemoneyofthecapitaliststhatcanhireworkerandpurchasealltheotherequipmentnecessaryforproduction.capital-----Thecapitalist64humanproblemofindustryIndustryisthemainthingandthehumanworkerispartofit.Inthecapitalists’eye,theworkersarethetroublemakers.Iftheworker’sproblemissolvedindustrywouldgomoreefficiently.humanproblemofindustryIndus65industrialproblemofhumanbeingsFrommhereattackstheattitudeofthecapitalistsandsocietytowardstheworkers.Hethinkshumanbeingisthebiggerthingandindustryistheonlyactivityofit.Manshouldbegiventhepriority.Frommissayingthepsychologicalresearchshouldbeginfromthestudyofindustrialproblemamonghumanbeingsinsteadofhumanprobleminindustry.industrialproblemofhumanbe66formulation

formulate–toexpressinshortclearformformulation67underlying---presentbutnotobvious;implicitThereareunderlyingsimilaritiesbetweenallhumanbeings.Theunderlyingthemeofthenovelisveryserious.underlying---presentbutnot68Para.9IndustrialpsychologistsaretryingtomanageandcontrolthemindoftheworkersWhatproblemaretheindustrialpsychologistsmainlyconcernedwith?HowtomaketheworkerworkmoresmoothlyandefficientlyPara.9Industrialpsychologist69Taylor,FrederickWinslow(1856-1915)Americanengineer,inventorandefficiencyexpertwhopioneeredtheprinciplesof“scientificmanagement”inindustryandbusiness.Taylor,FrederickWinslow(18570TheworkerasCreatororMachine張漢熙高級英語第二冊課件71“inthenameof….”

Undertheguiseofimprovingrelationsbetweenpeople,everypossibletrick/meansisemployedontheworker,whichisonlyfitfortheworkerwhoiscompletelydisinterestedinhiswork.“Happiness”“humanvalues”arealsoformulatedinordertomanipulatetheworker.“inthenameof….”Underthe72“inthenameof….”

在人際關系的名義下，他們用適合于對一切完全冷漠的人手段來對付工人就是幸福和人的價值觀也是從與公眾建立更好的關系這個角度提出來的?！癷nthenameof….”在人際關系的名義下，73Itisgoingto…Betterrelationswiththepublicwillyieldlargerprofitstomanagement.Themanagementwillearnlargerprofitsifithasbetterrelationswiththepublic.Itisgoingto…Betterrelation74payoff:toyieldfullrecompenseorreturn,foreithergoodorevilpayoff:toyieldfullrecompen75colddollarsandcentsColdcash;hardcash;nothingbutmoneycolddollarsandcentsColdcas76attitude---What’sFromm’sattitudetoward“humanrelations”and“happiness”?dehumanizing/robotizingrelations---inhumanrelationsmechanicalrepetitiveactionwhichiswithoutdoubtcompulsoryattitude---What’sFromm’satt77spontaneityspontaneous---done,happeningfromnaturalimpulse,notcausedorsuggestedbysthorsb.outside.Shemadeaspontaneousofferofhelp.spontaneityspontaneous---78Thealienatedandprofoundly…Thetworesultsofalienationandunsatisfactorycharacterofworkare:one,thedesireasagoalinlife,nottowork;Theotheradeep-seatedoftenunconscioushatredofworkandeverythingandeverybodyconnectedwithit.Thealienatedandprofoundly…79Ouradvertising…Frommthinksadvertisingnowadaysappealsmoretolazinessandpassivitythantothesexualappealofwomeninordertoselltheirgoods.Ouradvertising…Frommthin80Butthisusefulness….Butsuchpracticaluseonlyplaystherolewhichrationalizestheappealtoextremeidlenessandwillingnesstoacceptthings.但這種實用性往往只起著使追求十足的消極散漫和坐享其成成為合理化的作用。Butthisusefulness….Butsuch81Manyabusinessman…AccordingtoFrommmanybusinessmenfelltrappedbythesystemwhichforcesthemtosellwhatevertheycanregardlessofthequalityorusefulnesstheproduct.Manyabusinessman…Accordingt82Hehasafeeling…Thebusinessmanknowsthequalityofusefulnessofhisproductisnotwhatitshouldbe.Hedespisesthegoodsheproduces,consciousofthedeceptioninvolved.fraudulency:deceit,trickery,cheatingHehasafeeling…Thebusinessm83Onlyoccasionallycomesup…Allthesefeelings,accordingtoFromm,generallyliedormantintheunconscious.Onlyoccasionallyhebecomesawareofthem,andhefeelsupsetforamomentandthenimmediatelyforgetthem.Onlyoccasionallycomesup…All84SumupFromm’spsychoanalyticalapproachbecomesquiteclearhere.Thereisnotraceofclassanalysisatall.Infact,Frommsympathizesequallywiththeworkerandthecapitalist.Profitandexploitationoftheworkersasthemaindrivingforceofthecapitalistsarenotmentionedatall.SumupFromm’spsychoanalytical85Organizationalpattern5sectionsSect.Ipara1-2ThewriterdealswithgeneralpositivevaluesofworkPara.1.thegeneralideaofthemeaningofworktomaninancienttimes.Organizationalpattern5sectio86OrganizationalpatternPara.2.morespecificallystateswhatworkmeanstocraftsmanin13-14thcentury.WorkwassatisfactorypleasurableinstructivemeaningfulHecitesexamplesofcraftsmanin13-14thcenturytoillustratework.OrganizationalpatternPara.2.87OrganizationalpatternSect.IIpara3-4Hedealswiththechangeinthemeaningofworktoman,especiallyatthebeginningofmodernsociety(capitalism)Whatdoesworkmeantomanthen?adutyandobsession---uppermiddleclassforcedlabor---poorlaboringpeopleOrganizationalpatternSect.II88OrganizationalpatternSect.IIIpara5-7Hedealswiththechangeinthemeaningofworktomannow.Workhasbecomeanalienatingfactor.Workalienatestheworkersfromothers,andworkerhasbecomepartofthemachine.Heisnotamaster,butslaveofmachine.OrganizationalpatternSect.III89OrganizationalpatternSect.IVpara8-9ThecauseofthechangesThewritermakesageneralsurveyintheresearchofthecausesofthechangesfromtheindustrialpsychologicalpointofview.OrganizationalpatternSect.IV90OrganizationalpatternTherelationshipbetweentheworkerandworkisdeterminedbythewholesocialorganization.Theworkerknowsverylittleaboutotherthings.Theworkerispassive.Heisisolated(alienated)fromothers.OrganizationalpatternThe91OrganizationalpatternSect.Vpara10-13Theeffects(results)ofthisalienation.Theworkershavetworeactionsresultingfromalienation.laziness(para11-12)hostility(para13)OrganizationalpatternSect.Vp92Languagefeatures:longinvolvedsentencespassivevoiceabstractnounsLanguagefeatures:longinvolve93Languagefeaturesproduction;attention;formulation;organization;management;isolation;laziness;passivity;receptivity;hostility;rationalization;routinization;spontaneity;manipulation;fraudulency;satisfaction;intoxicationLanguagefeaturesproduction;a94--ship加在人稱名詞上表示“作為…的身份或狀態(tài)”authorship著者身份friendship友誼citizenship公民權membership會籍；黨籍--ship加在人稱名詞上表示“作為…的身份或狀態(tài)”95注：在封建尊稱中的用法yourLordship殿下nonce-words臨時造的詞dogshipsonshipbachelorship注：在封建尊稱中的用法96注：5lordship6deanship10trusteeship12seamanship15marksmanship注：5lordship97注：17township18censorship20citizenship10princeship王子身份（職位）注：17township98--dom表示等級、領土、集體或狀態(tài)freedom;martyrdom殉道;kingdom;officedom(政界)；wisdom表示集體，構成許多nonce-wordsbourgeoisdom--dom表示等級、領土、集體或狀態(tài)99ParaphraseBecauseofthefactthatmanproduces,hehasevolvedbeyondallotheranimals.Workliberateshumanbeingfromnatureandmakeshimcooperatewithotherpeopleandbeindependentfromnature.ParaphraseBecauseofthefact100ParaphraseAlltheworkmentionedabovearetheexamplesofhowmanhastransformednaturecreativelythroughhisintelligenceandskill.Whilemanisworking,heenjoyshimselfandtheculturaldevelopmentoftheworkeralsogoestogetherwiththeworkheisdoing.ParaphraseAlltheworkmention101ParaphraseAccordingtoWeber,workbecamethechiefelementinathinkingsystemofaverystrictandself-denyingwayoflifeinthemindofpeople.Workwastheonlyrelieftothosewhofeltaloneandisolated.Theworkerisalienated/estranged/separatedfromtheworkheisdoing.ParaphraseAccordingtoWeber,102ParaphraseWorkhelpsmantoearnmoney,whichisonlyanactivitywithoutmuchsignificance.Moneycannotbringouttheworker’sself-respect.Mostindustrialpsychologistsaremainlytryingtomanageandcontrolthemindoftheworker.ParaphraseWorkhelpsmantoea103ParaphraseBetterrelationswiththepublicwillyieldlargerprofitstomanagement./orCapitalistswillearnalotprofitsifithasbetterrelationswiththepublic.ParaphraseBetterrelationswit104Paraphrase11.Theusefulnessofmanysmallappliancesisoftenusedbyadvertisersasreasonablemeanstoappealtoextremeidlenessandwillingnesstoacceptthings.12.Thebusinessmanknowsheisdeceivingthecustomersintohisproductandheshowssecretcontemptforit.Paraphrase11.Theusefulnesso105Lesson8TheworkerasCreatororMachine---byFromm,Erich(1900-1980)Lesson8TheworkerasCreator106AimsToknowtheauthor,ErichFrommTolearnthewritingtechniqueofcausationToappreciatethelanguagefeaturesAimsToknowtheauthor,Erich107TeachingContents1.ErichFromm2.Causationandthethesis2.Detailedstudyofthetext3.Organizationalpattern4.Languagefeatures5.ExercisesTeachingContents1.ErichFrom108Timeallocation1.Theintroductionoftheauthor(10min.)2.Causationandthethesis(10min.)3.Detailedstudyofthetext(115min.)4.Structureanalysis(15min.)5.Languageappreciation(15min.)6.Exercises(15min)Timeallocation1.Theintroduc109Fromm,ErichGerman-AmericanpsychoanalystandauthorBorninFrankfurt,GermanyPh.D.UniversityofHeidelbery海德堡大學In1934,hecametotheUS,practicedpsychoanalysisandlecturedatvariousinstitutions.Fromm,ErichGerman-Americanps110TheworkerasCreatororMachine張漢熙高級英語第二冊課件111

112Fromm,ErichAsapsychoanalyst,heappliedpsychoanalysistosocial,political,religious,moralactivities.Hewasparticularlyinterestedinthestudyofindividualandsociety.Hepaidmuchattentiontoselfhumanrealization.Fromm,ErichAsapsychoanalyst113Fromm,ErichHetookviewsofFreudandheattemptedasynthesis(combination)andreformulation(systematicalexpression)ofFreudandMarx.Fromm,ErichHetookviewsofF114Fromm,ErichHeisalsoaself-styledMarxist,buthisideaisagainstthetheoryofMarxism,forheusedtoviewthingsfrompsychoanalysis,notfromclassstruggle.Fromm,ErichHeisalsoaself115HispointofviewHeheldthatmanisaproductofhisculture.Socialcharacterisnotdeterminedbyinstinct(biologicaldrive)butrathershapedbyculturaltraining.個體的人格是文化的產物，而不是生物學的產物。HispointofviewHeheldthat116HisworksEscapefromFreedom《逃離自由》TheSaneSociety《健全的社會》TheArtofLoving《愛的藝術》PsychoanalysisandReligion《精神分析學與宗教》HisworksEscapefromFreedom117HisworksMayManPrevail《愿人類成功》TheRevolutionofHope《希望革命》TheAnatomyofHumanDestructiveness《人類毀滅之分析》BeyondtheChainsofIllusions《越過幻想之鏈》HisworksMayManPrevail《愿人類成118HisworksThispieceisanexcerptfrom“TheSaneSociety”1955.Inthisbook,FrommismainlyconcernedwiththeeffectofasociologicalenvironmentonAmericanswhichexalts(praise)successthroughcompetitionhumanalienationHisworksThispieceisan119thataccompaniestechnologicaldevelopmentwhichisolatestheworkmanfromthefinishedproduct.thataccompaniestechnolo120alienate–estrange,turnaway,setagainst,disunite,separate,divideAnt.---unite,reconcilealienate–estrange,turnaway121ThethemeofthetextThistextisdiscussingtheworkers’positioninthesociety.Theworkersarenolongercreatorbutbecomingmoreandmorelikemachine.Itisaboutmen’sattitudetowardswork.Workhasbecomeanalienatingfactor.ThethemeofthetextThistext122ThetextThechangeofthemeaningofworkInancienttimes,work----satisfactory,apleasurablethingInmoderntimes,work---aduty,forcedlabor,ThetextdealswiththereasonandresultofthisalienationThetextThechangeofthemean123literarystyleexpositionThemainthesisisbetterexpressedinthefirstsentenceofthedeletedparagraph“themeaningofworkinanalienatedsociety”.literarystyleexposition124Thethesis---

“Heispartofthemachine,ratherthanitsmasterasanactiveagent.”(para.6)Thethesis---“Heispartof125ThemethodThemethodthewriterusesintheexpositorywritingiscausalanalysis/causation因果分析ThemethodThemethodthewrite126Causation

Itmeanssomethinghappenedis1)becauseofsthelse2)asaresultofsth.elseInthislesson,thewriterexplainedthereasonwhymanchangestheattitudetowardworkanditseffect.CausationItmeanssomething127DetailedstudyofthetextPara.1---thespecificpositivevaluesofworkDetailedstudyofthetextPara128Para.1Whatarethespecificpositivevaluesofwork?1.Workenableshumanbeingstorisefromtheanimalkingdom.2.Workliberatesmenfromnatureandmakesthemintosocialbeingsandworktogetherinacooperativeway.Para.1Whatarethespecificp129positivevalues:3.Workmoldsandchangesnatureandhimself.4.Workdevelopsman’sdifferentpowers,skills,capacities,personalityandcreativity.positivevalues:3.Workmolds130Para.1Manisfirstofallananimal,andhecanbedifferentiatedfromotheranimalsinthat,amongotherthingsheproduces,hemakestools,andothernewthingsoutoftherawmaterialshefindsaroundhim.Para.1Manisfirstofallan131kingdom---allnaturalobjectshavebeenclassifiedintoth