考研英語專用語法手冊(cè)

考研英語專用語法手冊(cè)考研英語專用語法手冊(cè)考研英語專用語法手冊(cè)資料僅供參考文件編號(hào)：2022年4月考研英語專用語法手冊(cè)版本號(hào)：A修改號(hào)：1頁(yè)次：1.0審核：批準(zhǔn):發(fā)布日期：考研英語專用語法手冊(cè)一、時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)需要掌握的要點(diǎn)：1.以下幾類動(dòng)詞一般不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)，同樣不用于完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：(1)表示感知的動(dòng)詞：hear,feel,notice,recognize,see,taste,smell；(2)表示意愿、情感的動(dòng)詞：desire,dislike,forgive,hate,like,love,prefer,refuse,want,wish,fear；(3)表示思考、看法的動(dòng)詞：believe,doubt,expect,forget,hope,feel,mean,know,agree,realize,mind,recall,recollect,remember,trust,suppose；(4)表示所有、占有的動(dòng)詞：belongto,owe,own,possess,hold(容納)；(5)其他動(dòng)詞：cost,appear,concern,contain,consist,deserve,matter,seem。如：I’dsaywheneveryouaregoingaftersomethingthatisbelongingtoyou,anyonewhoisdeprivingyouoftherighttohaveitiscriminal.(1997年考研題，belong表示歸屬，不用于進(jìn)行式)Hewasseeingsomebodycreepingintothehousethroughtheopenwindowlastnight.(1990年考研題，see表示結(jié)果，不用于進(jìn)行式)2.不用will/shall表達(dá)將來時(shí)的形式：(1)begoingto表示現(xiàn)在的打算和意圖；(2)arrive,come,drive,go,leave,retire,return,setoff,start,takeoff等表示移位的動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行體表示按計(jì)劃肯定要發(fā)生的將來動(dòng)作；(3)beto(do)表示安排、計(jì)劃、決定、命令或注定要發(fā)生的事，如：Greatereffortstoincreaseagriculturalproductionmustbemadeiffoodshortageistobeavoided.(4)beaboutto(do)表示將要(做)，如：Marlinisayoungmanofindependentthinkingwhoisnotabouttopaycomplimentstohispoliticalleaders.(5)beonthepoint/vergeof(doing)表示“馬上就要”，一般不與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用；(6)be,begin,come,depart,getoff,go,leave,return,start的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示按日歷或時(shí)刻表要發(fā)生的將來動(dòng)作或事件，如：Ifyouwantyourfilmtobeproperlyprocessed,you’llhavetowaitandpickituponFriday,whichisthedayaftertomorrow.(畫線部分一般不用willbe)(7)在時(shí)間、條件、讓步從句中，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)，但要注意區(qū)別從句的類型，如：Idon’tknowwherehewillgotomorrow.我不知道他明天去哪兒。(賓語從句)I’lltellhimwhenyouwillringagain.我告訴他你什么時(shí)候再來電話。(賓語從句)比較：I’lltellhimwhenyouringagain.你再打電話時(shí)我告訴他。(狀語從句)(8)在makesure,makecertain,see(toit)后的that從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)，如：Seetoitthatyouincludeinthepaperwhateverquestionstheydidn’tknowtheanswertolasttime.(include不能用willinclude或其他形式)3.完成時(shí)是時(shí)態(tài)測(cè)試的重點(diǎn)，注意與完成時(shí)連用的句型和時(shí)間狀語：(1)by/between/upto/till+過去時(shí)間、since、bythetime/when+表示過去發(fā)生情況的從句，主句用過去完成時(shí)。如：Wehadjusthadourbreakfastwhenanoldmancametothedoor.Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayedhadbeenproduced.(表示1919年時(shí)已發(fā)生的情況)(2)by+將來時(shí)間、bythetime/when+謂語動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的從句，主句用將來完成時(shí)。如：BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedinEuropeIhopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.(3)bynow、since+過去時(shí)間、in/during/for/over/thepast/lastfew(或具體數(shù)字)years/days/months，主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),但在itis+具體時(shí)間since/before這一句型中，主句更多的時(shí)候不用完成時(shí)。如：Thechangesthathadtakenplaceinairtravelduringthelastsixtyyearswouldhaveseemedcompletelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsattheturnofthe19thcentury.ItisfouryearssinceJohnleftschool.(4)在Itisthe+序數(shù)詞/形容詞最高級(jí)+that的定語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：

Itisn’tthefirsttimethatIhavefoundmyselfinanembarrassingsituation.(5)在nosooner…than…,hardly/scarcely…when/before…句型中，主句常用過去完成時(shí)。(6)其他與完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語：allthiswhile,allthisyear,forsometime,sofar,already,before,just,long,yet等。4.完成進(jìn)行時(shí)指動(dòng)作在完成時(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上還要繼續(xù)下去。如：

Thecompanyhasbeenpromisingariseinsalaryforages,butnothinghashappened.TheschoolboardlistenedquietlyasJohnreadthedemandthathisfollowershadbeendemonstratingfor.時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)答題思路：(1)先根據(jù)選項(xiàng)的區(qū)別點(diǎn)確定考題要點(diǎn)為時(shí)態(tài)，然后回到題句中尋找給出的或暗示的時(shí)間狀語，縮小選擇范圍，進(jìn)而選出正確答案；(2)根據(jù)謂語動(dòng)詞與句子主語或非謂語動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語的關(guān)系，確定句子是主動(dòng)語態(tài)還是被動(dòng)語態(tài)。二、不定式1.不定式做主語(1)做形式主語的代詞：不定式做主語,通常用it充當(dāng)形式主語,把做主語的不定式短語后置。如：Ittookmeonlyfiveminutestofinishthejob.Tobefrank,itisagreatrelieftohavethetaskfulfilledinsoshortatime.(2)引導(dǎo)邏輯主語的介詞：不定式的邏輯主語一般由介詞for引導(dǎo),但下列表示人的性格行為特征的形容詞做表語時(shí),不定式的邏輯主語則由of引導(dǎo)：absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,foolish,silly,stupid,good,nice,kind,thoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,lazy,wicked,wrong。如：Expertssaywalkingisoneofthebestwaysforapersontostayhealthy.It’scleverofyoutohaveinventedsuchadevice.(3)不定式做主語補(bǔ)足語：掌握常用不定式做主語補(bǔ)足語的句型。注意不定式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，并采用相應(yīng)形式。如：saidreportedthoughtbetodosth.believedknownsupposedByronissaidtohavelivedonvinegarandpotatoes.Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspapertohavebeenrobbedinbroaddaylightyesterday.2.不定式做賓語(1)必須接不定式做賓語的動(dòng)詞：掌握要求接不定式做賓語的動(dòng)詞：agree,afford,aim,arrange,appear,ask,attempt,choose,claim,decide,desire,determine,expect,fail,guarantee,hope,endeavor,intend,long,mean,manage,offer,ought,plan,pledge,pretend,prepare,promise,proceed,prove,resolve,refuse,request,swear,tend,try,venture,wait,wish。如：Eventhoughthechildrenpretendedtobeasleep,thenurseswerenotdeceivedwhentheycameintotheroom.注意:1)有的動(dòng)詞要求特殊疑問詞+不定式做賓語,這類動(dòng)詞有：consider,discover,explain,forget,guess,know,learn,observe,remember,see,tell,understand,wonder，如：Whilestillayoungboy,Bizetknewhowtoplaythepianowellandashegrewolder,hewroteoperas,themostfamousofwhichisCarmen.2)如果該特殊疑問詞在不定式中做介詞賓語,介詞往往置于該特殊疑問詞的前面。如:Theprofessorcanhardlyfindsufficientgroundsonwhichtobasehisargumentinfavorofthenewtheory.Withoutfacts,wecannotformworthwhileopinionforweneedtohavefactualknowledgeuponwhichtobaseourthinking.(2)可以用不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語(復(fù)合賓語)的動(dòng)詞：下列動(dòng)詞可以用不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語(復(fù)合賓語)：advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,command,compel,enable,determine,encourage,expect,feel,find,force,hate,have,hear,help,inform,invite,let,like,make,mean,need,notice,notify,oblige,order,permit,persuade,remind,request,require,see,send,teach,tell,tempt,trouble,urge,want,warn,watch,wish。注意：畫線動(dòng)詞后面的不定式不帶to。如：Becauseoftherecentaccidents,ourparentsforbidmybrotherandmetoswimintheriverunlesssomeoneagreestowatchoverus.3.不定式做定語(1)被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或next,last,only,not,a,the,very等限定詞時(shí)，該名詞用不定式做定語。如：thefirstwomantosetfootonthemoon第一個(gè)登上月球的女性(2)如果其動(dòng)詞要求不定式做賓語，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如：tendencytodo→tendtodo,decisiontodo→decidetodoThisbookisanattempttohelpyouuseEnglishandrecognizehowitisused.(3)如果其形容詞形式要求接不定式做補(bǔ)語，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如：ambitiontodo“干……的雄心”→beambitioustodo“有雄心干……”curiositytodo

“對(duì)……的好奇心”→becurioustodo“對(duì)……好奇”abilitytodo“做……的能力”→abletodo“有能力做……”AccordingtoDarwin,randomchangesthatenhanceaspecies’abilitytosurvivearenaturallyselectedandpassedontosucceedinggeneration.(4)表示方式、原因、時(shí)間、機(jī)會(huì)、權(quán)利等名詞用不定式做定語，這些名詞包括：way,method,reason,time,place,chance,occasion,opportunity,evidence,power,right,movement,drive(運(yùn)動(dòng)),effort等。如：IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtimetocatchthelastbus.Weappreciateyoureffortstobringaboutacomprehensivesolutiontotheexistingproblem.(5)不定代詞something,nothing,little,much,alot習(xí)慣上用不定式做定語。如：Thoughwehavemadegreatprogress,thereisstillmuchtobeimproved.4.不定式做狀語不定式做狀語主要表示目的、程度、結(jié)果、方式。(1)inorderto(do),soasto(do)結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)目的狀語，soasto不能置于句首。如：Tosucceedinascientificresearchproject,oneneedstobepersistent.Iadvisethemtowithdrawsoasnottogetinvolved.(2)so…asto,such…asto,enough…to,too…to結(jié)構(gòu)做程度狀語。如：Thesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,don’thavesmallchildrenandgetalongwellenoughtospendmostoftheirtimetogether.ThevocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglisharesotrivialandfewashardlytobenoticed.(3)不定式做結(jié)果狀語只能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的結(jié)果，有時(shí)用only加強(qiáng)語氣。常見的不定式動(dòng)詞有find,hear,see,betold,form,give,make,produce等。如：Greatlyagitated,Irushedtotheapartmentandtriedthedoor,onlytofinditlocked.(4)not/nevertoo…to,too…notto,but/onlytoo…to,tooready/eager/apt/inclinedto表示肯定意義。如：Iamonlytoopleasedtohearfromyoufurther.能再聽到你的消息，我太高興了。三、動(dòng)名詞1.必須接動(dòng)名詞做賓語的動(dòng)詞牢記下列要求接動(dòng)名詞做賓語的動(dòng)詞：acknowledge,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,advise,avoid,admit,confess,consider,defend,delay,deny,dislike,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,forgive,imagine,include,involve,justify,keepmind,miss,mention,pardon,practice,postpone,permit,report,resent,resume,recall，recollect，risk,resist,suggest,tolerate。如：Althoughateenager,Fredcouldresistbeingtoldwhattodoandwhatnottodo.Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.2.動(dòng)名詞做介詞短語考生尤其要識(shí)別下列短語中的to是介詞，不是不定式符號(hào)：objectto,resortto,reactto,contributeto,lookforwardto,beaccustomedto,becommittedto,beexposedto,besubjectedto,bedevotedto,bededicatedto,beopposedto,bereconciledto,becontraryto,be(get)usedto,comecloseto,getdownto,giveoneselfupto,prefer…to,seeto,setto,taketo,inadditionto,withregardto,withaviewto,onthewayto。如：TherewasnosignthatMr.Jospin,whokeepsafirmcontrolonthepartydespitehavingresignedfromleadershipofit,wouldintervenepersonally.Ourmoderncivilizationmustnotbethoughtofashavingbeencreatedinashortperiodoftime.Nowhereinnatureisaluminumfoundfree,owingtoitsalwaysbeingcombinedwithotherelements,mostcommonlywithoxygen.Asthechildrenbecomefinanciallyindependentofthefamily,theemphasisonfamilyfinancialsecuritywillshiftfromprotectiontosavingfortheretirementyears.Everyonewithhalfaneyeontheunemploymentfiguresknewthattheassertionabouteconomicrecoverybeingjustaroundthecornerwasuntrue.四、分詞分詞起形容詞和副詞的作用，在句中做定語或狀語。在概念上考生應(yīng)清楚：●現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)，表示動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行。●過去分詞表示被動(dòng)，表示動(dòng)作結(jié)束了的狀態(tài)或結(jié)果。1.分詞做定語，弄清現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別分詞短語做定語相當(dāng)于省略了的定語從句，考生應(yīng)掌握：(1)現(xiàn)在分詞與被修飾詞之間具有主動(dòng)意義。如：It’seasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevaguechangestakingplaceinourever-increasingworld.(相當(dāng)于thechangeswhichtakeplace...)TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecentlygivingwhathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic.(相當(dāng)于whichgave...)Howmanyofusattending,say,ameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion(相當(dāng)于Howmanyofuswhowillattend...)(2)過去分詞與被修飾詞之間具有被動(dòng)意義。如：Goodnewswassometimesreleasedprematurely,withtheBritishrecaptureoftheportannouncedhalfadaybeforethedefendersactuallysurrendered.(相當(dāng)于…recaptureoftheportwhichhadbeenannounced…)Justasthevalueofatelephonenetworkincreaseswitheachnewphoneaddedtothesystem,sodoesthevalueofacomputersystemincreasewitheachprogramthatturnsout.(相當(dāng)于…eachnewphonewhichisaddedto…)Theauthorgaveadetaileddescriptionbasedonhispersonalobservationofnature.(相當(dāng)于…descriptionwhichwasbasedon…)(3)下列不及物動(dòng)詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語，但不具有被動(dòng)意義：deceased,departed,elapsed,faded,fallen,gone,grown-up,retired,returned,risen,set,vanished,much-travelled,newlyarrived,recentlycome。如：anescapedprisoner一個(gè)逃犯aretiredworker一位退休工人afadedcurtain一個(gè)褪了色的窗簾anewlyarrivedstudent一個(gè)新來的學(xué)生2.分詞做狀語，注意區(qū)分分詞的一般式與完成式(1)表示時(shí)間，多置于句首，注意如果分詞表示的動(dòng)作的時(shí)間先于謂語動(dòng)詞，要用完成式。如：Havingcompletedonetask,westartedonanotherone.

(complete先于start之前發(fā)生)(2)表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根據(jù)情況有時(shí)要用完成式，有時(shí)用一般式。如：Hewasn’taskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety,beingconsideredinsufficientlypopularwithallmembers.Thereseemedlittlehopethattheexplorer,havingbeendesertedinthetropicalforest,wouldfindhiswaythroughit.(3)表示伴隨、方式，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：Helenborrowedmydictionarytheotherdaysayingthatshewouldreturnitsoon.Annawasreadingapieceofsciencefiction,completelylost

totheoutsideworld.(4)表示結(jié)果，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：Thecityfounditselfinacrisissituationlastsummerwhentheairconditioningondozensofthenewbusesbrokedown,themunusable.(5)表示補(bǔ)充說明(同位)，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：Thearticleopensandcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports,eachmakingonemajorpointincontrastwiththeother.Fordtrieddividingthelabor,eachworkerassignedaseparatetask.3.分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)分詞的邏輯主語一般為句子的主語，否則分詞短語要有自己的邏輯主語，稱為分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)只是句子的一個(gè)部分，但在翻譯時(shí)經(jīng)常譯成獨(dú)立的句子，考生要注意英漢兩種語言在結(jié)構(gòu)上的區(qū)別。如：Allflightshavingbeencanceledbecauseofthesnowstorm,wedecidedtotakethetrain.Darknesssettingin,theyoungcouplelingeredonmerrymaking.4.分詞做表語和補(bǔ)語，尤應(yīng)注意由使役動(dòng)詞變來的分詞的形式(1)現(xiàn)在分詞表示主語或賓語的特征，多以事物做(邏輯)主語。如：HisvictoryinthefinalwasnomoreconvincingthanIhadexpected.(2)過去分詞表示主語或賓語所處的狀態(tài)或?qū)δ呈碌男睦矸磻?yīng)和感受，多以人做(邏輯)主語。如：Thesestudentsarequickatlearning.We’llhavethemtrainedinnewmethods.Peoplecannotbutfeelpuzzled.Fortheysimplycannotunderstandhowhecouldhavemadesuchastupidmistake.五、非謂語動(dòng)詞的其他考點(diǎn)1.接不定式或動(dòng)名詞做賓語都可以，但在意思上有區(qū)別的動(dòng)詞的用法meantodo想要(做某事)

proposetodo打算(做某事)meandoing意味(做某事)

proposedoing建議(做某事)forgettodo忘記(要做的事)

remembertodo記得(要做某事)forgetdoing忘記(已做的事)

rememberdoing記得(已做過的事)goontodo繼而(做另一件事)

stoptodo停下來去做另一件事goondoing繼續(xù)(做原來的事)

stopdoing停止正在做的事regrettodo(對(duì)將要做的事)遺憾

regretdoing(對(duì)已做過的事)后悔如：Mr.Jankinregrettedhavingblamedhissecretaryforthemistake,forhelaterdiscovereditwashisownfault.Theboyisconstantlybeingtoldnottoscratchthepaintoffthewall,buthegoesondoingitallthesame.2.不定式的習(xí)慣用法句型：cannothelpbutdo

cannotbutdocannotchoosebutdo

candonothingbutdohavenochoice/alternativebuttodo上述句型的意思接近，即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。其共同的特點(diǎn)是都有一個(gè)否定詞和but。如：Nobodycanhelpbutbefascinatedbytheworldintowhichheistakenbythesciencefiction.WhenIconsiderhowtalentedheisasapainter,Icannothelpbutbelievethatthepublicwillappreciatehisgift.3.動(dòng)名詞的習(xí)慣用法句型：bebusy/activedoingsth.

havedifficulty/trouble/problemdoingsth.It’snogood/use/picnicdoingsth.

haveagood/great/wonderfultimedoingsth.spend/wastetimedoingsth.

Thereisnopoint/sense/harm/usedoingsth.cannothelpdoingsth.

Thereisnodoingsth.Iknowitisn’timportantbutIcan’thelpthinkingaboutit.Alicewashavingtroublecontrollingthechildrenbecausethereweresomanyofthem.Thereisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.4.therebe非謂語動(dòng)詞的用法(1)做賓語時(shí)取決于謂語動(dòng)詞的持續(xù)要求。如：Thestudentsexpectedtheretobemorereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexams.(expect要求接不定式做賓語)(2)做目的狀語或程度狀語時(shí)用fortheretobe，做其他狀語用therebeing。如：Fortheretobesuccessfulcommunication,theremustbeattentivenessandinvolvementinthediscussionitselfbyallpresent.(fortheretobe…在句中做目的狀語)Itisn’tcoldenoughfortheretobeafrosttonight,soIcanleaveJim’scaroutquitesafely.(fortheretobe…在句中做程度狀語)Therebeingnofurtherquestions,we’llstopheretoday.(therebeing…做原因狀語)(3)引導(dǎo)主語用fortheretobe。如：Itisunusualfortheretobenolatecomerstoday.(4)做除for外的介詞賓語，用therebeing。如：Hewouldalwaysignorethefactoftherebeingsuchacontradictioninhisinnerthought.六、虛擬語氣1.主從句謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)(1)掌握主從句謂語動(dòng)詞的規(guī)范搭配:

主句從句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反would/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞過去式+dowere(不分人稱)/did與過去事實(shí)相反would/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞過去式+havedonehaddone與將來事實(shí)相反would/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞過去式+doshoulddo如：Ifthedoctorhadbeenavailable,thechildcouldnothavedied.Thereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened,shouldtherebeasuddenloudnoise.(2)區(qū)分主從句表示的不同時(shí)間概念：主從句謂語動(dòng)詞所指時(shí)間不同，這叫做錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句，動(dòng)詞形式應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況來調(diào)整。如：Haditnotbeenforthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.(主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，從句與過去事實(shí)相反)HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,hewouldbeourchairmannow.(主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，從句與過去事實(shí)相反)(3)識(shí)別事實(shí)和假設(shè)混合句：Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamake-upexaminationhadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparentswereillatthetime.(句子前半部分為假設(shè)情況，而“父母病了”是事實(shí))Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butIwasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.(前半部分為假設(shè)，后半部分是事實(shí))2.名詞性從句的虛擬形式名詞性從句是指賓語從句、主語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。從句的謂語動(dòng)詞需用(should+)動(dòng)詞原形表示虛擬?？忌鷳?yīng)熟悉：(1)下列動(dòng)詞做謂語時(shí)，that賓語從句中的動(dòng)詞用虛擬形式：desire,advise,recommend,command,direct,order,ask,demand,request,require,insist,maintain,move,propose,prefer,urge,vote。如：Inthepastmengenerallypreferredthattheirwivesworkinthehome.Imovethathebedischargedforhisseriousmistake.(2)下列形容詞和分詞做表語或補(bǔ)語時(shí)，that主語從句中動(dòng)詞用虛擬形式：advisable,desirable,insistent,preferable,urgent,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,essential,imperative,important,necessary,obligatory,possible,probable,proper,vital,advised,arranged,commanded,demanded,desired,ordered,proposed,recommended,requested,required,suggested。如：Theboarddeemsiturgentthatthesefilesshouldbeprintedrightaway.Itisessentialthatallthesefiguresbecheckedtwice.(3)下列名詞接同位語從句或表語從句時(shí)，從句中動(dòng)詞用虛擬形式：insistence,preference,recommendation,suggestion,proposal,motion,desire,requirement,request,order,necessity,importance,regulation,rule,resolution,understanding。如：JohnWagner’smostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatitbeanalyzedinareligious,aswellasworldly,frameofreference.Theykeeptellingusitisofutmostimportancethatourrepresentativebesenttotheconferenceonschedule.3.含蓄虛擬條件句的謂語動(dòng)詞形式含蓄虛擬語氣是指假設(shè)條件不通過if從句表達(dá)，而是暗含在其他結(jié)構(gòu)中。考生應(yīng)熟悉：(1)連詞but,butthat,or,orelse；副詞otherwise,unfortunately等表示轉(zhuǎn)折假設(shè)。如：Asafetyanalysiswouldhaveidentifiedthetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunately,itwasneverdone.Victorobviouslydoesn’tknowwhat’shappened;otherwisehewouldn’thavemadesuchastupidremark.(2)介詞短語暗含假設(shè)條件，常用的有：without,butfor,undermorefavorableconditions等。如：ButfortheEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastSunday.(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned或was/were+不定式完成式或hadintended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般式暗示虛擬語氣。如：Iintendedtohavecalledonyou,butIwasbusyatthattime.(4)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式暗示虛擬語氣。如：Ishouldhavecalledtomakeanairlinereservation,butIdidn’t.4.常用虛擬形式的句型(1)從句中動(dòng)詞用過去式或過去完成式表示虛擬的句型：wouldrather

wouldassoon

asthough

suppose…h(huán)adrather

wouldsooner

asif

supposing…Ifonly…

Itis(high)timethat…(從句中動(dòng)詞只用過去式)如：Hiswifewouldrathertheydidn’ttalkaboutthematteranymore.I’dratheryouwentbytrain,becauseIcan’tbeartheideaofyourbeinginanairplaneinsuchbadweather.IfIwereinamovie,thenitwouldbeabouttimethatIburiedmyheadinmyhandsforacry.Myfatheralwaystalksasthoughhewereaddressingapublicmeeting.(2)Ifitwerenotfor…(與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反)Ifithadnotbeenfor…(與過去事實(shí)相反)相當(dāng)于butfor。如：Ifithadnotbeenforhishelp(=butforhishelp),wewouldnothavesucceeded.(3)Ifonly…謂語動(dòng)詞視情況選用適當(dāng)?shù)男问?。如：Ifonlythecommitteewouldapprovetheregulationsandputthemintoeffectassoonaspossible.(4)lest/forfearthat/incase從句謂語用(should+)動(dòng)詞原形。如：Themadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurehimself.(5)whether…or…有時(shí)謂語用be的原形，引導(dǎo)讓步虛擬從句，這種用法經(jīng)常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,betheyChristian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.七、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞注意情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式的用法有兩方面的含義：1.表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況(1)musthave+過去分詞，表示對(duì)已發(fā)生情況的肯定推測(cè)，譯為“(昨天)一定……”。如：MypainmusthavebeenapparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedsympathetically:“Areyoufeelingallright”

(2)can’t/couldn’thave+過去分詞，表示對(duì)已發(fā)生情況的否定推測(cè)，譯為“(昨天)一定沒……”。如：Marycouldn’thavereceivedmyletter;otherwiseshewouldhaverepliedbeforenow.(3)may/mighthave+過去分詞，表示對(duì)已發(fā)生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推測(cè)，或事實(shí)上根本沒發(fā)生，譯為“也許……”。如：AtFloridaPower’sCrystalRiver2.表示虛擬語氣(1)needn’thave+過去分詞，表示做了不必做的事，譯為“其實(shí)沒必要……”。如：Asitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty,weneedn’thavedressedupsoformally.(2)should/shouldnothave+過去分詞，表示應(yīng)該做某事但實(shí)際上未做，或本不應(yīng)該做但實(shí)際上做了,譯為“本(不)應(yīng)該……”。如：Iregrethavinglefttheworkunfinished;Ishouldhaveplannedeverythingaheadcarefully.(3)oughttohave+過去分詞，表示動(dòng)作按理該發(fā)生了，但實(shí)際上未發(fā)生，譯為“該……”，與should的完成式含義類似。如：Theporteroughttohavecalledthefire-brigadeassoonashesawthefireinthestock,whichwentupinsmoke.(4)couldhave+過去分詞，表示過去本來可以做但卻未做，譯為“完全可以……”。如：Whatyousaidisright,butyoucouldhavephraseditmoretactfully.(5)may/mighthave+過去分詞，表示過去可以做但實(shí)際未做，譯為“(那樣)也許會(huì)……”。如：Itmighthavebeenbettertoincludemorepunchystatisticsandphotosofequipmentintheintroductiontofurtherassistfirst-timeofficeautomationmanagers.3.幾個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞?？嫉木湫?1)may/might(just)aswell“不妨，最好”，與hadbetter相近。如：Sincetheflightwascancelled,youmightaswellgobytrain.(2)cannot/can’t…too…“越……越好，怎么也不過分”。注意這個(gè)句型的變體cannot…over…。如：Youcannotbetoocarefulwhenyoudriveacar.Thefinalchaptercoversorganizationalchangeanddevelopment.Thissubjectcannotbeoveremphasized.(3)usedn’t或didn’tuseto為usedto(do)的否定式。(4)should除了“應(yīng)該”一層意思外，考研大綱還規(guī)定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：Ididn’texpectthatheshouldhavebehavedlikethat.八、形容詞、副詞及其比較級(jí)1.形容詞的句法功能形容詞在句中做定語、表語和主語?？忌鷳?yīng)注意：(1)以“a”開頭的形容詞如alone,alike,asleep,awake等不能做前置定語，可做表語或后置定語。(2)某些以副詞詞綴“-ly”結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞，如friendly,leisurely,lovely等。(3)下列動(dòng)詞既是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞又是系動(dòng)詞，注意用做系動(dòng)詞時(shí)，要求形容詞做表語：remain,keep,become,get,grow,go,come,turn,stay,stand,run,prove,seem,appear,look。如：Allthoseleftundonemaysoundgreatintheory,buteventhetruestbelieverhasgreatdifficultywhenitcomestospecifics.2.副詞主要測(cè)試其修飾作用考生應(yīng)了解：副詞可修飾謂語動(dòng)詞、非謂語動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、整個(gè)句子。如：Thispairofshoesisn’tgood,butthatpairishardlybetter.(與前半句的否定意義吻合)It’sessentialthatpeoplebepsychologicallyabletoresisttheimpactbroughtaboutbythetransitionfromplannedeconomytomarketeconomy.Andrew,myfather’syoungerbrother,willnotbeatthepicnic,muchtothefamily’sdisappointment.Mostofusareoftheopinionthatthissetoftrainingprogramisamongthemostwiselydevisedoneswehaveseensofar.3.考比較級(jí)時(shí)，考生應(yīng)把握(1)形容詞和副詞比較級(jí)的形式是否和比較連詞對(duì)應(yīng)出現(xiàn)，即是否符合原級(jí)比較及比較級(jí)的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：DoyouenjoylisteningtorecordsIfindrecordsareoftenasgoodas,orbetterthananactualperformance.Onthewhole,ambitiousstudentsaremorelikelytosucceedintheirstudiesthanarethosewithlittleambition.(2)比較的成分是否屬于同類事物或同類概念。如：Thenumberofregisteredparticipantsinthisyear’smarathonwashalfthatoflastyear’s.Youngreaders,moreoftenthannot,findthenovelsofDickensfarmoreexcitingthanThackeray’s.(3)比較級(jí)的修飾語如alittle,alot,the,any,even,far,hardly,lots,much,rather，還有表示倍數(shù)比較的詞等，他們的位置是：修飾語+as…as…,或修飾語+more…than…。如：Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkillsseventimesmorepeopleeachyearthanautomobileaccidents.“Doyouregretpayingfivehundreddollarsforthepainting”“No,Iwouldgladlyhavepaidtwiceasmuchforit.”(4)下列詞和短語不用比較級(jí)形式卻表示比較概念：inferior，minor，senior，prior，preferto，superior，major，junior，preferable，differfrom，comparedwith，incomparisonwith，differentfrom，ratherthan。如：Theirwatchissuperiortoalltheotherwatchesonthemarket.4.最高級(jí)形式應(yīng)注意的問題(1)最高級(jí)比較范圍用介詞in,over,of,among。in,(all)over用于在某一范圍內(nèi)的比較，如：inChina,allovertheworld；of,among用于在同一群體內(nèi)同類事物的比較，如：amongtheteachers,ofthefourdresses。注意：among…相當(dāng)于oneof…，不說amongall…。這一點(diǎn)考生應(yīng)與漢語表達(dá)區(qū)別開來。如：Ofallvisiblelights,redlighthasthelongestandviolettheshortestwavelength.(2)比較級(jí)形式表示最高級(jí)意義時(shí)，比較對(duì)象的范圍應(yīng)用：anyother+單數(shù)名詞theother+復(fù)數(shù)名詞theothersanyone/anythingelse上述詞是用來將比較級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變成最高級(jí)意義的關(guān)鍵詞語，切不可遺漏，否則會(huì)造成邏輯混亂的錯(cuò)誤。如不能說：Johnrunsfasterthananyone.注意與漢語表達(dá)的不同。5.有關(guān)比較級(jí)的特殊句型(1)notsomuch…as…與其說……不如說……Thechiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthisn’tsomuchariseinbirthratesasafallindeathratesasaresultofimprovementsinmedicalcare.(2)no/notanymore…than…兩者一樣都不……Theheartisnomoreintelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake,anymorethantheycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink.(3)no/notanyless…than…兩者一樣都……Sheisnolessbeautifulthanhersister.(4)justas…so….正如……，……也……(用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu))Justasthesoilisapartoftheearth,soistheatmosphere.九、平行結(jié)構(gòu)1.注意由并列連詞或等立連詞連接的成分在語法形式上是否相同，即都是形容詞，或都是介詞短語，或都是不定式，或都是動(dòng)名詞，或都是句子等。如：Symposiumtalkswillcoverawiderangeofsubjectsfromoverfishingtophysicalandenvironmentalfactorsthataffectthepopulationsofdifferentspecies.Intheteachingofmathematics,thewayofinstructionisgenerallytraditional,withteacherspresentingformallecturesandstudentstakingnotes.2.注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)中相比較的內(nèi)容在語法形式上是否相同。如：Itisbettertodieonone’sfeetthantoliveonone’sknees.Despitethetemporarydifficulties,themanagerprefersincreasingtheoutputtodecreasingit.3.其他具有并列或比較意義的短語。(1)ratherthan,letalone雖不是并列連詞，但在結(jié)構(gòu)上連接兩個(gè)語法形式相同的成分。如：Wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstyleratherthaninapersonalstyle.Forthenewcountrytosurvive,letaloneforitspeopletoenjoyprosperity,neweconomicpolicieswillberequired.(2)如果平行的兩個(gè)成分在形式上是介詞短語，而且介詞相同，一般說來第二個(gè)介詞不要省略。如：Attimes,morecaregoesintothecompositionofnewspaperandmagazineadvertisementsthanintothewritingofthefeaturesandeditorials.十、代詞1.與所指代的名詞在性、數(shù)、格上是否一致如：Eachcigaretteapersonsmokesdoessomeharm,andeventuallyhemaygetaseriousdiseasefromitseffect.Itwasduringthe1920’sthatthefriendshipbetweenthetwoAmericanwritersHemingwayandFitzgeraldreacheditshighestpoint.Ourdepartmentwasmonitoredbytwosupervisors,Billandme.2.that的指代作用that指代不可數(shù)名詞和單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞(如是復(fù)數(shù)，用those)，后面通常跟有修飾語，如出現(xiàn)在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的thatof。如：Conversationcallsforawillingnesstoalternatetheroleofspeakerwiththatoflistener,anditcallsforoccasional“digestivepauses”byboth.Nobreadeatenbymanissosweetasthatearnedbyhisownlabor.3.one的指代作用one指代帶不定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)為ones。theone指代帶定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。如：Agoodwriterisonewhocanexpressthecommonplaceinanuncommonway.4.do的替代作用do代替動(dòng)詞，注意數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。如：Forhimtoberejected,whatisessentialisnotthathispolicyworks,butthatthepublicbelievethatitdoes.十一、主謂一致問題主謂一致是指主語與謂語在數(shù)上要一致。把握主謂一致問題，考生主要解決的是對(duì)不同結(jié)構(gòu)的主語單復(fù)數(shù)的認(rèn)定，進(jìn)而選擇適當(dāng)?shù)闹^語。1.主謂一致常出現(xiàn)在主謂倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：Justoutsidetheruinsisamagnificentbuildingsurroundedbytalltrees.Althoughagreatnumberofhousesinthatareaarestillinneedofrepair,therehasbeenimprovementinthefacilities.2.主語與謂語之間有定語從句或其他結(jié)構(gòu)修飾，所以距離較遠(yuǎn)，考生易誤認(rèn)主語。如：Theamountofpressurewhichthematerialsaresubjecttoaffectsthequalityoftheproducts.3.關(guān)系代詞做主語的定語從句中，謂語的數(shù)要與先行詞一致。如：Despitemuchresearch,therearestillcertainelementsinthelifecycleoftheinsectthatarenotfullyunderstood.Therearemanyvaluableserviceswhichthepublicarewillingtopayfor,butwhichdonotbringareturninmoneytothecommunity.4.動(dòng)名詞短語、不定式短語、名詞性從句做主語，謂語用單數(shù)。如：Buyingclothesisoftenatime-consumingjobbecausethoseclothesthatapersonlikesarerarelytheonesthatfithimorher.Tounderstandthesituationcompletelyrequiresmorethoughtthanhasbeengiventhusfar.5.主語帶有(t