流利說-懂你英語-Level4-Unit2

流利說_懂你英語_Level4_Unit2流利說_懂你英語_Level4_Unit2流利說_懂你英語_Level4_Unit2xxx公司流利說_懂你英語_Level4_Unit2文件編號(hào)：文件日期：修訂次數(shù)：第1.0次更改批準(zhǔn)審核制定方案設(shè)計(jì)，管理制度Level4Unit2Part1Listening-ExtinctionEvents1TheEarthwasformedabout4.6billionyearsago.Thefirstlifeappearedaboutabillionyearslater.Thefirstplantsdidn'tappearuntilaround2billionyearsago.Untilabout580millionyearsago,lifeformsweresmallandmicroscopic.Sincethattime,lifehasevolvedintomanydifferenttypes,orspecies.However,scientistsestimatethatmorethan99%ofthemarenowextinct.TherehavebeenseveralextinctioneventsinthehistoryoftheEarth.Inanextinctioneventmanylifeforms,orspeciesoflife,dieout.Thecausesofmassextinctioneventsareunsolvedmysteries.Theseeventsarenotpredictableandcanhappenatanytime.Scientiststhinkthatsomeofthemwerestartedbyasteroidimpactsorvolcaniceruptions.Eventslikethesecanchangetheglobalconditionsthatlifedependson.Onemajorextinctioneventhappenedabout66millionyearsago.ThateventmayhavebeenstartedbyalargeasteroidthathittheEarth.Asaresult,thedinosaursandabouthalfofallspeciesontheplanetdiedout.Whentheasteroidhittheearth,itstartedachainofevents.Achainofeventsisaseriesofeventslinkedtogether,likeachain.Thisparticularchainofeventshappenedoveraperiodofmonthsandyears.WhentheasteroidhittheEarth,itcausedahugecloudofdusttoentertheatmosphere.ThiscloudofdustblockedthesunanddarkenedtheEarthformanymonths.Withoutenoughsunlight,plantsandplant-eatinganimalsquicklydied.Withthedeathsofsomanyplantsandanimals,thefoodchaincollapsed.Thisledtothedeathsofmanymorespecies.Massextinctioneventshaveplayedanimportantpartintheevolutionoflife.Infact,someextinctioneventshavehelpedtoaccelerateevolution.Forexample,somemammalslivedthroughtheageofthedinosaurs,buttheycouldn'tcompete.Whenthedinosaurswereremoved,themammalswereabletocompetemoresuccessfully.Oncetheycouldcompete,mammalsevolvedtoahigherstate.Withoutextinctionevents,perhapswewouldn'tbeheretoday.Level4Unit2Part1Listening-ExtinctionEvents2Scientistsestimatethattherehavebeenatleast5massextinctionsinthelast540millionyears.Theyalsobelievethatwehaveenteredanewextinctionevent.Speciesarebecomingextinctatamuchfasterratethanbefore.Insteadofasteroidsorvolcaniceruptions,thecurrenteventistheresultofhumanactivities.Humanactivities,forexample,haveledtoglobalwarming.Globalwarmingistheresultofanincreaseincarbongasesinouratmosphere.Thesegasestrapheatfromthesun,sotheEarthisgettingwarmer.Asaresult,sealevelsarerisingandweatherpatternsarechanging.Inaddition,wehumansaredestroyingthehabitatsofmanyplantsandanimals.Cuttingdownforestsandpollutingriversdestroysthehabitatsofmanyformsoflife.ThereisnolongeranydoubtthatthisishappeningSpeciesoflifearedisappearingatanincreasingrate.Globaltemperaturesarerisingandweatherpatternsarechanging.Scientistsarewarningusthatfastactionisnecessarytosaveourfuture.Ifwedon'tact,wemaygothewayofthedinosaurs.(Thisnewextinctioneventiscausedbyhumans.)Level4Unit2Part1Vocabulary-BodySystemsThebody'scirculatorysystemincludestheheartandbloodvessels.Theheartpumpsbloodtoallpartsofthebodythroughanetworkofarteriesandveins.Thedigestivesystembreaksdownandabsorbsfoodintothebody.Itsuppliestheenergythatthebodyneedsforgrowthandrepair.Afterdigestion,excessfoodisturnedintowasteandeliminatedfromthebody.Thenervoussystemincludesthebrain,spinalcordandnerves.Thisisyourbody'scontrolsystem.Itcontrolsyour

musclesandorgans,includingyourcirculatoryanddigestivesystems.Therespiratorysystemincludesthenoseandlungs.Itbringsairandoxygenintothebodyandremovescarbondioxide.Thelungsarewhereoxygenentersthebloodstreamandcarbondioxideisremoved.Theimmunesystemprotectsthebodyagainstinfectionsanddiseases.Sneezingandfeverareexamplesofhowtheimmunesystemworks.Ifaninfectioninvadesthebody,theimmunesystemattacksit.(Thebloodvesselsthatcarryoxygen-richblood

from

theheartarecalledarteries.)(Thedigestivesystemiswherefoodisbrokendownandabsorbedintothebody.)(Thenervoussystemregulatesyourheartbeatanddigestion.)Level4Unit2Part1Vocabulary-GreatDiscoveriesThecontrolleduseoffireallowedpeopletocookfoodandsurviveinthecolderclimates.Fireprovidedlightsothatpeoplecouldworkand

socialize

forlongerhours.Withtheinventionof

agriculture,peoplecouldgrowfoodand

settleintocommunities.Bygrowingfood,peoplecouldspendlesstimehuntingandmoretimeforotherthingssuchasart.The

domestication

ofanimalsallowedpeopletoraiseanduseanimalsforfoodandwork.Byraisingherdsofanimalssuchassheep,humanshadaregularsupplyofmeatandclothing.Thestrengthofanimalssuchashorsesand

oxen

wasusedforworkandtransportation.Thedevelopmentof

toolsandmachineshasresultedinmoreefficient

manufacturingandconstruction.Withbettertoolsandmachines,workcanbedonewithfewerpeopleandatmuchlowercosts.Thedevelopmentofscienceandengineeringhasimprovedmanythings,includingcommunications.Withanunderstandingofelectricity,telephonesandradiosallowpeopletocommunicateoverlongdistances.(Scienceandengineeringhavechangedthewaywecommunicatewitheachother.)(Withthedevelopmentofagriculture,peoplehadmoretimeforotheractivities.)(Theuseofmachineshasreducedthenumberofpeopleneededtomakethings.)Level4Unit2Part1Dialogue-SmartphoneAddictionItookavacationlastnight.Whatareyoutalkingabout?Wheredidyoutakeyourvacation?Ididn'tgoanywhere.Ijustspentaneveningwithoutmysmartphone.Howwasit?Itwasgreat.Igotarealmagazineandreaditwithnointerruption.Itwasverypeaceful.Yes,Ihaven'tdonethatinalongtime.Youknowwhat?

I'mbeginningtohatesmartphones.Reallybutyoucan'tlivewithoutone,right

Yes,that'stheproblem.Thesethingsarechangingthewaypeoplelive.Yes,Ijustsawadocumentaryaboutthat.Ahusbandwascomplainingtohiswifethatshewasspendingtoomuchtimeonhersmartphone.WhathappenedDidtheygetadivorce

Youguessedit.Intheend,theygotadivorce.It'sabitironic,don'tyouthink?Smartphoneweresupposedtobringpeopletogether,buttheyarepullingpeopleapart.Yes,youareright.Hey,justaminute.I'vegotamessageonmysmartphone,anditcan'twait.Level4Unit2Part1Dialogue-RudeBossHey,wakeupandgetbacktowork.What'swrongwithyou?I'monmybreaksir,andIhaveabadheadache.Well,wearenotpayingyoutosleep.Ifyou'regoingtosleep,sleepsomeplaceelse.Yes,sir,sorry,itwon'thappenagain.Ithadbetternot.Justaminute.Don'ttalktomelikethat.Whatdidyousay?Youhurtme.youdon'thavetotreatpeoplelikethat.Well,ifyoudon'tlikeit,Isuggestyouleave.OK,Iwill.I'vehadenoughofyou.I'llgetajobsomewhereelse.(Themanagertreatstheemployeesinathreateningmanner.)(Theemployeetreatsthemanagerrespectfully.)

Level4Unit2Part2Listening-PointofView1Thismanisholdingapieceoffruitinhishand.Thepieceoffruitiseitheranorangeoranapple.Wecan’tseewhichitisbecausewecan’tseeinsidethebox.Theprobabilitythatitisanorangeisequaltotheprobabilitythatitisanapple.Itmaybeanapple,anditmaybeanorange.It’sgottobeoneortheother.Itcan’tbeanythingelse.Nowlet’slookatitfromtheman’spointofview.Fromhispointofview,theprobabilitiesaredifferent.Fromhispointofview,theprobabilitythathehasanorangeis100%or0%.That’sbecauseheknowswhathehas.Forhimthereisnouncertainty.Ifhehasanorange,theprobabilityis100%.Ifhedoesn’thaveanorange,theprobabilityis0%.Heeitherhasitorhedoesn’t.Fromourpointofview,theprobabilitythathehasanorangeis50%.Fromhispointofview,theprobabilitythathehasanorangeis100%or0%.Sotheprobabilitydependsonyourpointofview.Level4Unit2Part2Listening-PointofView2Peopleseethingsfromdifferentpointsofview.Thisoftenleadstoargumentsbetweenpeople.Herearesomeexamples.Fromthisman’spointofview,heisrelaxing.Heneedstorelaxbecausehehasbeenworkingtoohard.Hehasn’tbeengettingenoughsleep.Hiswifeseesthingsdifferently.Sheisn’tawareofhowhardhehasbeenworking.Fromherpointofview,heisdoingnothing.However,sheknowswhatneedstobedonearoundthehouse.Itisn’tfairthatshehastoworkwhilehedoesnothing.Whenpeopleseethingsfromdifferentpointsofview,theyoftencometodifferentconclusions.Thesedifferencescancauserealcommunicationproblems.Level4Unit2Part2Vocabulary–DisastersEarthquakesarecausedbyforcesdeepwithintheEarth.Whentheearthshakes,buildingscancollapseandpeoplecanbeburiedinside.Anexplosionisarapid,violentreleaseofenergy.Explosionscanbecausedbychemicalreactions,suchasinsideanengine.Asparkcanigniteamixtureofgases,andreleaseenergyforgoodordestructivepurposes.Accidentsareoftencausedbypeopledoingfoolishthingsorbynotbeingcareful.Onemajorcauseofaccidentsisdrivingtoofast.Accidentswithfirecanbeveryserious,andcanresultinverypainfulinjuries.Epidemicsaretherapidspreadofadisease,suchasthefluorebola.Throughouthistory,epidemicshavekilledmillionsofpeople.Stormsarecausedbychangesintheatmosphereresultinginhighwindsandheavyrain.Thunderstormsarecausedbyelectricchargesintheatmospherethatproducelightning,whichcancauseforestfires.Somestormscauseflooding,andmajordamagetohomesandcities.FollowersoftheislamreligionarecalledMuslims.TheseMuslimsareprayinginsideamosque.Muslimsarecalledtoprayer5timesaday,beginningjustbeforesunrise.ChristianityisbasedontheteachingofJesusChrist,wholivedmorethan2000yearsago.ChristiansbelievethatJesusisthesonofgod.Christiansoftengatherinchurchesorcathedralstoworship.FollowersofJudaismarecalledJews.TheseJewsaremeetinginsidethesynagogue,whichisaplaceofworshipandstudy.Judaismwasfoundedover35hundredyearsago,inthemiddleeast.JudaismisbasedontheteachingofMoses,whotheybelieveisthemostimportantprophet.BuddhismbeganinIndiaandisbasedontheteachingsoftheBuddha.Thereligionisabout25hundredyearsold.SomeBuddhistspracticeaformofmeditationinwhichtheyemptytheirmindsofanythought.Hinduismistheworld’sthirdmostpopularreligionandisthemainreligionofIndia.Hinduismhasnofounderandisamixtureofmanybeliefs.SomeHindusbelieveinthecycleofbirth,life,deathandrebirth.Level4Unit2Part2Vocabulary–ReligionsvFollowersofthe

islam

religionarecalled

Muslims.TheseMuslimsareprayinginsideaMosque.Muslimsarecalledtoprayer5timesaday,beginningjustbeforesunrise.Christianity

isbasedontheteachingofJesusChrist,wholivedmorethan2000yearsago.ChristiansbelievethatJesusisthesonofgod.Christiansoftengatherinchurchesor

cathedrals

to

worship.FollowersofJudaismarecalled

Jews.TheseJewsaremeetinginsidea

synagogue,whichisaplaceofworshipandstudy.Judaismwasfoundedover35hundredyearsagointheMiddleEast.Judaismisbasedontheteachingsof

Moses,whotheybelieveisthemostimportant

prophet.BuddhismbeganinIndiaandisbasedontheteachingsoftheBuddha.Thereligionisabout25hundredyearsold.SomeBuddhistspractice

aformofmeditation

inwhichtheyemptytheirmindsofanythought.Hinduism

isthe

world’sthirdmostpopularreligion

andisthemainreligionofIndia.Hinduismhasnofounderandisamixtureofmanybeliefs.SomeHindusbelieveinthecycleofbirth,life,deathandrebirth.Level4Unit2Part2Dialogue-MissingAircraftDoyouhaveanymoreinformationaboutthelocationofthemissingaircraft?No,wedon’t.Theonlyinformationwehaveisthatitdisappeared.Whataboutthelastcommunicationwiththeaircraft?Thelastcommunicationwasabout15minutesbeforeitdisappeared.Wasthereanythingunusualinthecommunication?No,therewasn'tanythingunusual.Nothingpointedtoanykindofproblem.Anyway,weareconfidentthatwewillfindit.It’salargeaircraftsoitshouldn’tbedifficulttofind.Howmanycountriesarehelpingwiththesearch.Rightnow,wehavesearchteamsfrom3countriesstartingthesearch.It’sabigareatosearch,socanyougiveusanestimateabouthowlongitwilltake.Yes,it’sabigareasoitmighttakealongtime.Butwewon’tgiveup.Wewillsearchuntilwefindit.Havetheyfoundthewreckageyet?Whatareyoutalkingabout?Youknow,theairplanethatdisappearedlastyear.Oh,yes,nowIknowwhatyouarereferringto.Yes,theyfoundsomepieceofit.Whatabouttheblackboxes?No,theystillhaven’tfoundtheblackboxes.It’shardtobelievetheystilldon’tknowwhathappened.Perhapsthey’llneverknow,especiallyiftheydon’tfindtheblackboxes.Whateverhappenedtoit,thereisnogoodreasonwhyamodernairlineisallowedtodisappear.Iagreewithyou.

Level4Unit2Part3Listening-Alcatraz1AlcatrazisasmallislandinSanFranciscoBay,1.5milesfromSanFrancisco.

FromAlcatraz,youcanseethefamousGoldenGateBridge.

Alcatrazisalsofamousandisnowamajortouristattraction.

Touristscanreachtheislandbyboatfromthecity.Alcatrazhasoftenappearedinmovies,including"EscapefromAlcatraz"whichwasmadein1979.

Onereasonit’sfamousisbecauseitusedtobeaprison,averyspecialprison.

Itwasdesignedforprisonerswhowerecausingtroubleinotherprisons,suchastryingtoescape.

Itwasamaximumsecurityprison,soescapewasalmostimpossible.

Thewatersarounditarecold,andonlyverystrongswimmerscanswimfromtheislandtoSanFrancisco.Thefirstgroupofprisonersarrivedin1934.

Therewere137prisoners,includingbankrobbersandmurderers.

TheycamebytrainfromanotherprisoninthestateofKansas.

Duringthattriptherewasheavysecurity.

Theprisonerswereunderguardandhandcuffed.

Nobodywantedthemtoescape.Level4Unit2Part3Listening-Alcatraz2Theprisonwasdesignedtoholdupto336prisoners.

Howevertheaveragepopulationwasonlyabout270.

Althoughtherewereseveral

notoriousinmates,suchasAlCapone,mostoftheinmateswerenotwell-known.Manyhadtriedtoescapefromotherprisonsorwereconsideredviolent.

Ifamandidnotbehaveatanotherprison,hecouldbesenttoAlcatraz.

AtAlcatraztherewasjustoneinmateineachprisoncell.PrisonlifeatAlcatrazwashighlystructuredandboring.

Itwasdesignedtoteachprisonerstofollowrules.

Theyhadfourrights:food,clothing,shelter,andmedicalcare.

Everythingelsewasa

privilege

thathadtobeearned.Privilegesincludedworking,visitsfromfamilymembers,andaccesstotheprisonlibrary.

Therewerealsoactivitiessuchaspaintingandmusic.

Onceaprisonershowedthathecouldfollowtherules,hecouldbetransferredbacktoanotherprisontofinishhis

sentence.Alcatrazwasusedasaprisonfor29years.

Duringthattime,noprisonerescapedsuccessfully.

Therewere14escapeattempts,involving36prisoners.

Twenty-threewerecaughtalive,andsixwereshotandkilled.

2mentriedtoescapetwice.

2drownedand5werelistedasmissingand

presumed

drowned.ThemostviolentescapeattemptoccurredonMay2nd,1946when6prisonerstriedtoescape.

Thateventiscalledthe"BattleofAlcatraz."Whileitwasinuse,Alcatrazheldsomeofthemostnotorious

criminals

inAmericanhistory,suchasAlCapone.AlCaponewasacrimebosswhobuilthiscareerinChicago.

Theprisonwasfinallyclosedin1963.

Itwasclosedbecauseitwastooexpensivetooperate.(NoprisonereverescapedfromAlcatraz.)Level4Unit2Part3Vocabulary-Graphs&ChartsAbargraphusesrectangularbarsofdifferentlengthstoshowandcomparedata.

Thelengthsofthebarsareproportionaltothevaluestheyrepresent.

Thebarscanbevertical,upanddown,orhorizontal.Acirclegraph,oftencalledapiegraph,isshapedlikeacircle.

Itisdividedintosegmentsthatlooklikepiecesofapie.

Percentagesareusedtocomparethesegments,whichareorderedfrombiggesttosmallest.Linegraphsareusedtoshowtherelationshipbetweentwovariables,suchastimeanddistance.

Thesevariablesareplottedon2axes,theX-axisandtheY-axis.

TheX-axisoftenshowstimewhiletheY-axisshowshowquantities,suchasdistance,temperatureorprofitschangewithtime.Aflowchartisatypeofgraphthatshowshowaprocessorprojectflowsfromstarttofinish.Aflowchartconsistsofstartpoints,inputs,outputsanddecisionpoints.

Anorganizationalchart,ororgchartshowsthestructureofacompany.

Itshowshowpeopleanddepartmentswithinacompanyareconnected.

Itdefinestherolesandresponsibilitiesofpeopleanddepartmentswithinacompany.(Linegraphsareverygoodatshowinghowthingschangeovertime.)(Aflowchartshowshowaprocessorprojectflowsfromstarttofinish.)Level4Unit2Part3Vocabulary-LegalTermsLawsarerulesthatpeoplearesupposedtofollow.

Asystemoflaws

governs

thebehaviorofpeoplewithinacountry.Criminalsarepeoplewhobreakthelaw.

Peoplewhocommitacrimearecalledcriminals.

Somecriminalsareverydangerousandneedtobeputinjail.

Ajailorprisonisaplacewherecriminalsarelockedbehindbars,sometimesformanyyears.

Prisonsaredesignedtokeepcriminalsawayfromotherpeople.A

courthouse

iswheresomeone

chargedwith

committingacrime

goesontrial.Incourt,evidenceispresentedtoshowtheguiltorinnocenceofthepersonontrial.Whensomeonebreaksthelaw,theymaybearrestedbythepolice.

Toarrestsomeonemeanstotakeandholdthemuntiltheygoontrial.(Anactionthatisagainstthelawisanillegalaction.)(Someonewhocommitsacrimemaybesenttoprison.)(Whenapersonischargedwithbreakingalaw,theyaretriedinacourtoflaw.)(Anactionthatfollowsthelawisalegalaction.)Level4Unit2Part3Dialogue-CurrencyExchangeMayIhelpyou,sir?I’dliketochangesomeUSdollarsintoJapaneseyen,please.Yes,certainlysir.Howmuchwouldyouliketochange?I’dliketochange500dollars.MayIseeyourpassportplease?Idon’thaveitwithme,butIdohavemydriver’slicense.WouldthatbeOK?No,I'msorry,sir.Ineedtoseeyourpassport,it’sthelaw.Look,I’mnotaskingforaloan.Ijustwanttoconvertmydollarsintoyen.WhydoIneedmypassport?Iunderstandyourfrustrationsir,butthat’sthelaw.Icannotdosomethingthatisillegal.OK,doyouhaveanysuggestions?Sure,theeasiestthingforyoutodoistouseamachineinoneofthehotelsnearhere.

Youcanborrowsomeone’spassportandthendotheconversion.Sothemachinedoesn’tcheckmyfingerprintsoranythinglikethat?No,sir.Butthereisalimitastohowmuchyoucanchangeatonetime.

Youalsohavetopayahigherfee.Thanksforyourhelp.You’rewelcome,sir.

Level4Unit2Part4Listening-AICapone1AICaponewasoneofthemostfamouscriminalsinAmericanhistory.Hecamefromanimmigrantfamily.HisparentscamefromItaly,andhisfatherwasabarber.Asaboy,hebelongedtoastreetgang.Hequitschoolafterfinishingthe6thgrade.HebuilthiscareerasacrimebossinChicago.Hebecamebossat26whenthepreviousleaderwasnearlykilled.Hiscrimeorganizationmadealotofmoney,morethan100milliondollarsayear.Mostofthemoneycamefromillegalactivities,especiallythesaleofillegalliquor.Hisorganizationwasalsoinvolvedingamblingandprostitution.Caponewasaflashydresserwhoenjoyedbeingfamous.Heprotectedhimselfbybribingpoliceandpublicofficials.Thoughhewasinvolvedinthedeathsofmany,hewasneverconvictedofaseriouscrime.Whenhewasfinallyarrested,itwasforminorcrimes.In1929,heandhisbodyguardwerearrestedforcarryingdeadlyweapons.Forthattheyweresentencedtoayearinprison.Caponewasreleasedinninemonthsforgoodbehavior.(Whenhewentout,helovedtobethecenterofattention.)(Thelargestportionofitsincomewasfromtheillegalsalesofliquor.)Level4Unit2Part4Listening-AICapone2In1930,CaponewasPublicEnemyNo.1inChicago.Ayearlaterhewasarrestedforfailuretopaytaxes.Thegovernmenthadfinallyfoundawaytocatchhim.Afteratrial,hewasfoundguiltyandsentencedto11yearsinprison.HespentthefirsttwoyearsofhissentenceataprisoninAtlanta,Georgia.ThenhewassenttoAlcatraz,thecountry'smostfamousprison.AtAlcatraz,hewas

diagnosed

withadiseasethatbeganto

takeover

hisbrain.Asaresult,hespentmuchofhistimeintheprisonhospital.Bythetimehewasreleasedfromprisonin1939,hewasnolongerabletoleadhisorganization.Hediedofastrokeand

pneumonia

in1947.Level4Unit2Part4Vocabulary-EconomicTermsIncomeismoneyreceivedforaworkorfrominvestments.Foracompanytosurvive,itsincomeneedstobemorethanitsexpenses.Peoplewhoearnagoodsalarycanbuywhattheyneedtosurvive.Areceiptisgiventoyouafteryouhavepaidforsomething.Areceiptisproofthatyouhavepaidforsomething.Areceiptshowsthatsomethinghasbeenpaidfor.Afterpayingforsomething,besuretogetareceipt.Aninvoiceisarequestforpayments.Aninvoiceliststhepricesandproductsbeingbought.Toinvoicesomeonemeanstogivethemabillforproductsorservices.Onceaninvoiceispaid,itcanbeusedasareceipt.Taxesarewhatwepaytothegovernmentforgovernmentservices.Taxespayformanyservices,suchaseducation,police,andhealthcare.Anincometax,isataxonyourincome.Insomecountries,incometaxesareveryhigh.Interestiswhatwepaytolenderswhenweborrowmoney.Ifsomeonelendsyoumoney,youpayinterestfortheuseofthatmoney.（Peoplepaytaxestopayforgovernmentservices.）Level4Unit2Part4Vocabulary-PersonalityTypesEmotionalpeopleoftenshowtheirfeelingsandhaveabadtemper.Theymakedecisionsbasedon