考研英語沖刺試卷

考研英語沖刺試卷考研英語沖刺試卷考研英語沖刺試卷考研英語沖刺試卷編制僅供參考審核批準(zhǔn)生效日期地址：電話：傳真:郵編:考研英語沖刺試卷考試時(shí)間：180分鐘滿分：100分SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]ontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Youprobablyhavealongmentallistofmomentsandfactsyouwishyoucouldremember---butactuallyyoucannot.Thegoodnews,1,isthatwhilesuchmemoriesmaybecurrently2,theyarenotentirelygone,andcouldtheoreticallybe3,accordingtoanewbrainresearch.Inthestudy,biologistJeffreyJohnson416collegeparticipantsthroughanFMRImachine(which5nervousactivityviabloodflow)tocomparebrainpatterns6memoryformationandrecall.First,heshowedthestudentsvariouscommonwordsandhadthem7afewtasks:saythewordbackwardsinyourhead,8itsuses,andpicturehowanartistwould9it.Then,20minuteslater,afterthestudentsre-enteredtheFMRImachine,Johusonshowedthemthelistofwordsandaskedthemtorecall10theycouldfrombefore.Finally,hecomparedbrainactivityfromboth11Using12iscalled“patternanalysis”,it’spossibleto13auniquepatternofbrainactivitytoeveryindividualthingwedo.Thismeansthatwhenaparticipantsaystheword“apple”backwordsthe14patternofbrainactivityisdifferentthanwhenhepicturesthefruit.15interestingly,thereisclosesimilaritybetweenthepatternthatemergeswhenwe16anactivityandwhenwelaterrecallit.Thestrongerourmemory,the17thepattern,butasJohnsonfound,evenatamoment18wecannotrememberanything,ournervecellsstillfireinawaythat19theactivityofwhenweformedthememory.This20thatsometimeinthefuturewemaybeablet1.[A]although [B]rather [C]though [D]therefore2.[A]forgetful [B]absent [C]faultless [D]unavailable3.[A]retrieved [B]recognized [C]claimed [D]accumulated4.[A]let [B]put [C]ran [D]got5.[A]measures [B]calculates [C]assesses [D]evaluates6.[A]between [B]during [C]across [D]throughout7.[A]assign [B]display [C]perform [D]overtake8.[A]bringforward [B]thinkof [C]checkout [D]catchon9.[A]predict [B]manifest [C]depict [D]specify10.[A]however [B]whenever [C]whatever [D]whichever11.[A]procedures [B]sessions [C]progresses [D]sections12.[A]which [B]that [C]as [D]what13.[A]attach [B]subject [C]submit [D]stick14.[A]controversial [B]relevant [C]particular [D]associated15.[A]Even [B]But [C]So [D]As16.[A]setabout [B]sitfor [C]engagein [D]gothrough17.[A]stronger [B]closer [C]further [D]weaker18.[A]when [B]that [C]which [D]as19.[A]hampers [B]distinguishes [C]duplicates [D]resembles20.[A]highlights [B]implies [C]entails [D]exclaimsSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Communicationhaschangeddramaticallyoverthepasthalf-century.Theterm“GlobalVillage”wasfirstusedintheearly1960’stodescribethewaysinwhichtheelectronicagewasreshapingtherapidityandpervasivenesswithwhichinformationisdisseminatedacrosstheworld.Now,withtheenormousgrowthoftheInternetandotherformsofdigitalcommunication,thatideaisallthemoreapplicable.Newtechnologyhaschangedthewayswereceiveinformationandthewayswecollectandstoreit.Ifyoulooktopastcenturies,peoplehavehadtorelyonword-of-mouthasawayoffindingoutnewsbeyondtheirowntowns.Historyitselfwaspassedalongthroughspecializedindividualswhomemorizednamesandeventsfromthepreviouscenturies.Themostwellknownformofhistoryismyth,whichcomesfromtheGreekwordfor“aspokenorwrittenstory.”Manyofthesestorieshavebeenveryinfluentialandcontinuetobereadandstudiedinourowntimes:thefamousexamplesaretheworksoftheGreekpoetHomer.Manytechniquesareusedtopreserveastory,event,history,ormythfromgenerationtogeneration.Symbolsareusedasdevicestotriggeracommonconnectioninthelisteners.Repetitionofnamesandfamiliesthroughoutasinglestoryareusedasawaytokeepimportantinformationfreshinthemind.Therelianceonacommontraditionorreferencewithinaparticularcultureallowsthestorytellertogetmoremeaningacrosswiththefewestwordssaid.Theseareallmemoryaidsthatservetoallowboththetellerandthelistenertofullyrealizeastorythatmayhaveitsoriginshundredsofyearsinthepast.Forinstance,nativepeoplesinNorthAmerica’sNorthwestTerritoryhavepasseddowndetailedmethodsforhuntingandstoringofreindeerandwhalethatincludegeographicinformationthatstillholdrelevancetoday.Theneedforanoraltraditionhasdiminishedinpracticalvaluewiththeadventofthewrittentextandtherapidgrowthofcomputersasameansofdisseminatinginformation.Therearemanyharmfulsideeffectstothelossofthispractice.Youngergenerationscanbecomealienatedfromtheirculturalidentityandknowledgeaboutcustoms,tradition,mores,thenaturalworldandhistorywilldisappear.ThisisespeciallytrueinaboriginalculturessuchasinNativeAmerican,NativeAustralianandSouthAmericanpeoples,whereassimilationintothedominantculturecancomeatthecostofhistoricalcustoms.Sincetheprevalenceofthewrittenword,andlaterinventionsthathavemadepassingalongtheprintedwordeasier,thedemandsonourmemoryasameansofcatalogingfactsandhistoricaldatahasbeenconsiderablyreduced.However,thetechniquesusedforhundredsofyearsbythosewhosejobitwastokeepthesehistoriesalivehaveadeeplyingrainedinfluenceonustoday.Keepingthatknowledgeandthosetraditionsaliveisveryimportant.Spendamomentrecallingamemoryofanoraltraditioninyourfamilyhistorythathasimpactedyoureducation.Howhasthisoraltraditionaffectedyou?

21.Theterm“GlobalVillage”impliesthat_____________.[A]theelectronictechnologyisdevelopingrapidly[B]the1960switnessedthebirthofelectronicrapidly[C]modernIThaseliminatedgeographicalbarriers[D]digitaltechniquehasfounddiverseapplication22.Centuriesago,informationdistributionwas_____________.[A]carriedoutbymouth-to-mouthmessages[B]conductedmorebyspeakingthanbywriting[C]confinedinsmallandencloseddistricts[D]dependentonspecializedindividuals23.Thetextindicatesthatmyth_____________.[A]isthetruerecordofancienthistory[B]ishandeddownbymeansofvarioussymbols[C]saveskeyinformationforlatergenerations[D]characterizesanation’scommontradition24.Theauthorassertsthatmoderncommunicationmeanscan_____________.[A]resultinthealienationofyoungergeneration[B]deprivetheyouthoftheirnationalidentity[C]leadtotheextinctionofmythandcustoms[D]causedestructionofmythandcustoms25.Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe_____________.[A]TheDrasticChangeinCommunication[B]TheImpactofComputeronOurLife[C]TheprimaryValueofOralTradition[D]TheFunctionofMythandHistoryText2Technologyisatwo-edgedsword.Rarelyisthisasclearasitisintherealmofhealthcare.Technologyallowsdoctorstotesttheirpatientsforgeneticdefects--andthentoturnaroundandspreadtheresultsthroughouttheworldviatheInternet.Forsomeoneinneedoftreatment,that’sgoodnews.Butforsomeoneinsearchofajoboraninsurancepolicy,thetidingscanbeallbad.LastweekPresidentBillClintonproposedacorollarytothepatients’billofrightsnowbeforeCongress:arighttomedicalprivacy.Beginningin2002,underrulessettobecomelawinFebruary,patientswouldbeabletostipulatetheconditionsunderwhichtheirpersonalmedicaldatacouldberevealed.Theywouldbeabletoexaminetheirrecordsandmakecorrections.Theycouldlearnwhoelsehadseentheinformation.Improperuseofrecordsbyacaregiverorinsurercouldresultinbothcivilandcriminalpenalties.Theplanwas,saidClinton,“anunprecedentedsteptowardputtingAmericansbackincontroloftheirownmedicalrecords.”Whiletheadministrationbilledtherulesasanattempttostrikeabalancebetweentheneedsofconsumersandthoseofthehealth-careindustry,neitherdoctorsnorinsurancecompanieswerehappy.Thedoctorssaidtherulescouldactuallyerodeprivacy,pointingtoaprovisionallowingmanaged-careplanstousepersonalinformationwithoutconsentifthepurposewas“health-careoperations.”That,physicianssaid,wasaloopholethroughwhichHMOsandotherinsurerscouldpryintothedoctor-patientrelationship,inthenameofassessingthequalityofcare.Meanwhile,theinsurersprotestedthattheruleswouldmakethemvulnerabletolawsuits.Theywereespeciallydisturbedbyaprovisionholdingthemliableforprivacybreachesby“businesspartners”suchaslawyersandaccountants.Bothgroupsagreedthatprivacyprotectionswoulddriveupthecostofhealthcarebyatleastanadditional$billion,andmaybemuchmore,overthenextfiveyears.Theyalsocomplainedabouttheincreasedleveloffederalscrutinyrequiredbythenewrules’enforcementprovisions.Oneaimoftherulesistoreassurepatientsaboutconfidentiality,therebyencouragingthemtobeopenwiththeirdoctors.Todayvariouscancersandsexuallytransmitteddiseasescangountreatedbecausepatientsareafraidofembarrassmentoroflosinginsurancecoverage.Thefearisreal:ClintonaidesnotedthataJanuarypollbyPrincetonSurveyResearchAssociatesfoundthatoneinsix.adultshadatsometimedonesomethingunusualtoconcealmedicalinformation,suchaspayingcashforservices.authorbeginshisarticlewith“technologyisatwo-edgedsword”to_____________.[A]warnoftheharmpatientsarepronetosuffer[B]callonpeople’sattentiontothepotentialdangertechnologycanbringtous[C]showthatdoctor’simproperuseoftechnologycanendupinbadresults[D]showtheadvantagesanddisadvantagesoftechnology

totheproposalmadebyPresidentClinton,patientswillbeabletodothefollowingEXCEPT_____________.[A]enjoymorerightstotheirmedicalrecords[B]beopenwiththeirdoctors[C]decidehowtousetheirmedicalinformation[D]suetheirinsurersforimproperuseoftheirmedicalrecordstendtothinkthattherules_____________.[A]mayruindoctor-patientrelationship[B]candomoreharmthangood[C]willpreventdoctorsfromdoingmedicalresearch[D]willendupinmorehealthcarecostandpoorermedicalserviceexampleoftheJanuarypollbyPrincetonSurveyResearchAssociatesisusedtoshowthat__________________.[A]Americanpatients’concealmentoftheirmedicalinformationhasbecomeabigconcern[B]alargeportionofpatientswouldratherleavetheirdiseasesuntreated[C]concealingmedicalinformationiswidespreadinthe.[D]payingcashformedicalserviceisacommonpracticeamongAmericanpatientsthearticlewecanlearnthat________________.[A]Americangovernmentwilltightenitscontrolovertheuseofpatients’personalinformation.[B]doctorsandinsurersarebothagainsttherulesforthesamereasons[C]patientsareentitledtohavecompletecontroloftheirmedicalinformation[D]thenewrulesputinsurersinaverydisadvantageouspositionText3AnewmaladyisrunningrampantlyincorporateAmerica:managementphobia.Manypeopledon’twanttobeamanager,andmanypeoplewhoaremanagersaredesiredtojumpoffthemanagementtrack—orhavealready.“Ihatedallthemeetings,”saysa10-yearaward-winningmanager,“AndIfoundthemoreyoudidforpeoplewhoworkedforyou,themoretheyexpected.Iwasacounselor,motivator,financialadviserandpsychologist.”

Withtechnologychanginginawink,youcanneverslackoff4thesedaysifyou’reonthetechnicalside.It’sararepersonwhocanmanagetokeepuponthetechnicalsideandhandleamanagementjob,too.Inaddition,withScottAdams’spopularcartooncharacteraswellasmanytelevisionsituationcomediesroutinelyportrayingmanagersasidiotsorenemies,theyjustdon’tgetmuchrespectanymore.

Supervisingotherswasalwaysatoughtask,butinthepastthatstresswasoffsetbyhopesforcareermobilityandfinancialrewards.Alongwithasizablepayraise,peoplechosenasmanagerswouldbeginanearlyautomaticclimbupthecareerladdertolucrativeexecutiveperks:stockoptions,companycars,clubmemberships,plusthekeytotheexecutivewashroom.Butintoday’sglobal,morecompetitivearena,amanagersitsonaninsecureperch.Restructuringhaveeliminatedlayerafterlayerofmanagementascompaniescametoviewtheirorganizationsascollectionsofcompetenciesratherthanhierarchies.Therearefarfewerrungsonthecorporateladderformanagerstoclimb.Inaddition,managerialjobsdemandmorehoursandheadachesthaneverbeforebutofferslim,ifany,financialpaybacksandperks.

Inanageofentrepreneurship,whenthemostpraisedpeopleinbusinessarethoselaunchingsomethingnew,managementseemslikeaninvisible,thanklessrole.Employersarelookingforpeoplewhocandothings,notforpeoplewhomakeotherpeopledothings.Managementlayoffshavedonemuchtoerodeinterestinmanagerialjobs.

Withmorepeoplewaryofjoiningmanagement,arecorporationsbeinghurtorworryingaboutdevelopingfutureleaders

Notmanyare.Whileemployershavedismissedalotofmanagers,theybelieveasurpluslingersonatmanycompanies.Anotherreasoncompaniesaren’tshortofmanagers,contendsRobertKelley,aCarnegie31.The10-yearaward-winningmanagersuggeststhat__________.[A]managerialjobsdemandmorehoursandoffermoreheadaches[B]managersshouldnotdotoomuchbeyondthescopeofhisjob[C]beingamanagerrequiresmanyotherskillsbesidesmanagement[D]apersoncangetalotofdevelopmentinamanagementrole.32.Theword“perk”(Line3,Paragraph3)probablymeans___________.[A]privileges[B]status[C]mobility[D]rungs33.Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsappliestotoday’smanagers?

[A]Theirstresscanbereducedbythefinancialandemotionalrewards.[B]Theyarebeginningtoneglecttheirdevelopmentonthetechnicalside.[C]Theyfeelmoreinsecureintheirpositionsbecauseofthereductionincompanyhierarchies.[D]Theyarenotrespectedanymorebythemediadespitetheirhardefforts.34.Whichskilldoemployersvaluemostinthisageofentrepreneurship?

[A]Management[B]Creativity[C]Cooperation[D]Diligence35.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthat______________.[A]thelossofinterestinthemanagerialjobswoulddamageAmericacorporateculture[B]moreandmoremanagerswouldbelaidoffinordertorelievethefinancialburden[C]thosewhoarestilllingeringonmanagerialjobsarenotforesighted.[D]manyemployeesaretosomeextentamanagersofthemselvesText4Thankstoslumpingmarkets,investmentbanksaresheddingmanyoftheirhighly-paidtraders.Whenmarketsrecover,thebanksmightbetemptedtoreplacethemwithrathercheapertalent.Onealternativehasbeenaroundforawhilebuthasyettocatchon:autonomoustradingagents-computersprogrammedtoactlikethehumanversionwithoutsuchpeskycostsasholidays,lunchbreaksorbonuses.Programtradinghas,ofcourse,beendonebefore;someblamedthe1987stockmarketcrashoncomputersinstructedwithsimpledecision-makingrules.Butrobotscanbesmarterthanthat.DaveCliff,aresearcheratHewlett-PackardLaboratoriesinBristol,England,hasbeencreatingtradingrobotsforsevenyears.Incomputersimulationsheletsthemevolve“genetically”,andsoallowsthemtoadaptandfitmodelsofreal-worldfinancialmarkets.Hisexperimentshavesuggestedthataredesignofsomemarketscouldleadtogreaterefficiency.Lastyear,aresearchgroupatIBMshowedthatMr.Cliff’sartificialtraderscouldconsistentlybeatthehumanvariety,invariouskindsofmarket.Nearlyalltaketheshapeofanauction.Onewell-knowntypeistheEnglishauction,familiartopatronsofthesalesroomsofChristie’sandSotheby’AttheotherextremeistheDutchauction,familiarto17th-centurytulip-tradersintheNetherlandsaswellastobiddersforAmericanTreasurybonds.Here,buyersremainsilent,andasellerreduceshispriceuntilitisaccepted.Mostmarketsforshares,commodities,foreignexchangeandderivativesareahybridofthesetwotypes:buyersandsellerscanannouncetheirbidorofferpricesatanytime,anddealsareconstantlybeingclosed,aso-called“continuousdoubleauction”.Mr.Cliff’snovelideawastoapplyhisevolutionarycomputerprogramstomarketplacesthemselves.Whynot,hethought,tryandseewhattypesofauctionwouldlettradersconvergemostquicklytowardsanequilibriumprice

Theresultsweresurprising.Inhismodels,auctionsthatletbuyersandsellersbidatanytimelikemostoftoday’sfinancialexchangeswerelessefficientthanonesthatrequiredrelativelymorebidsfromeitherbuyersorsellers.These“evolvedauctions”alsowithstoodbigmarketshocks,suchascrashesandpanics,betterthantoday’sreal-worldversions.Mr.Cliff’smostrecentresults,whichwillbepresentedinSydney,Australia,onDecember10th,showthatthebesttypeofauctionforanymarketdependscruciallyonevenslightdifferencesinthenumberofbuyersandsellers.BankofAmericahasbeeninvestigatingthesenewauctions,alongwithrobotictraders,forpossibleuseinelectronicexchanges.Thehopeisthattoday’sfinancialauctionsandonlinemarketplacesmightworkbetterbybecomingmoreliketheirEnglishandDutchforebears.Butwhattocallsuchmulti-ethnichybrids

Here’sintroducingthe“Cliffhanger”.passageismainly_____________.[A]anintroductionoftradingrobots[B]areviewoftwokindsofauctions[C]asurveyofthetradingmarket[D]abouttradingalternativesofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?[A]David’srobottradershavenowbeenusedinreal-worldmarkets.[B]Robottraderscanevolvelikecreatures.[C]Thereisroomforimprovementinefficiencyintradingmarkets.[D]TheEnglishauctionisthemostpopulartradingform.youweretradingAmericanTreasurybonds,youwouldmostlikelytakethetradingformof_____________.[A]theEnglishauction[B]thecontinuousdoubleauction[C]theDutchauction[D]theevolvedauctioncaninferfromthetextthat_____________.[A]existingauctionscannotwithstandmarketshocks[B]theDutchauctionisbetterthanthecontinuousdoubleauction[C]it’shardfortraderstoreachanequilibriumprice[D]thebesttypeofauctiontakesplacewhenthenumberofthebuyersisequaltothatofsellersrobottraders,thewriter’sattitudecanbesaidtobe_____________.[A]biased[B]objective[C]pessimistic[D]optimisticPartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext,somesegmentshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)ThepatrioticoutpouringthatfollowedtheWorldTradeCenterandPentagonattacks—80percentofAmericansdisplayedtheflagontheircar,house,orlapel—broughthopesofrenewedvoterinterest.Yetturnoutinthisyear’scongressionalprimarieswasamere17percent,nobetterthanfouryear.Nodoubt,ordinarilyAmericansshareresponsibilityfortheirlapseinparticipation;itisalwayseasiertoleavetheworkofdemocracytoothers.41.America’spoliticianshavealsomanagedtoinventthemostunappetizingcampaignsimaginable.42.Manyoftheattacksaresotwistedthatevenawhiffoffreshairwouldtopplethem. Trueleadershiphasbecomesorarethatpoliticiansmaynolongerevendreamofsteppingforwardtosaysomethingotherthanwhatpollstellthemissafe.Tuesday’selectionwillsurelypasswithoutmuchofadebateonthemomentousforeignanddomesticissuesfacingthenation.Andwherearethenewsmedia43.Andit’sfailingagain—acomparisonofnewscoveragein10statesshowsthemidtermelectionisgetting13percentlesscoveragethisyearthanin1998. Whenjournalistsdeigntocoverelections,theymagnifytheverythingstheyrailagainst.Candidatesareignoredorportrayedasboringiftheyrunissue-basedcampaigns.Attacksoundbitesgetairtime;positivestatementslandonthecutting-roomfloor.Asfortrivialissues,whydidcandidateBush’s1970sdrunk-drivingarrestgetmoretimeonthenetworknewscastsinthefinaldaysofthe2,000electionthanGore’sforeignpolicystatementsgotintheentiregeneralelection?

It’snotsurprisingvotersaredisenchantedwithcampaigns.Duringthe2,000election,aspartoftheVanishingVoterProjectatHarvardUniversity’sShorensteinCenteronthePress,PoliticsandPublicPolicy,weinterviewed100,000Americanstodiscoverwhythey’redisengagingfromelections.44. Officialsunfailinglyurgecitizens“todoyourdutyandvote.”Yet,theseofficialsembracepoliciesthatmakeithardertodothat.Today,87percentofAmericansresideinstatesthatcloseregistrationtwoweeksormorebeforetheelection.ThemajorityofunregisteredAmericanswhootherwisewouldcastavoteareoutofluck.Onlysixstatesallowelection-dayregistration.45.[A]Electoralcompetitioniskeytodemocracy,andAmerica’svotersaren’tgettingthefullbenefitofthat.Onlyacoupleofdozenofthisyear’s435USHouseracesarecompetitive.Twoyearsago,percentofincumbentswon,typicallybymarginsof70percentormore.[B]Ifequivalentofferingswereservedatrestaurants,Americanswouldnevereatout.Attackadshavedoubledinfrequencysincethe1,770sandnowaccountforamajorityoftheadsfeaturedprominentlyincampaigns.[C]AmidtheuproaroverFlorida’sballotirregularities,nocommentatorhasseenfittoaskwhypollstherecloseat7p.m.Floridaisoneof26statesthatclosetheirpollsbefore8p.m.Unsurprisingly,turnoutinthesestatesisseveralpercentagepointsbelowthatofstateswherepollsareopenuntil8p.m.orlater.[D]They’resoenamoredofinfotainmentandsensationalismthattheycan’tfindtimeforthemidtermelections.Inthe1998midterms,coveragewasdownbymorethanhalfover1994.[E]Butit’stimetostopblamingthecitizens.Candidates,publicofficials,andjournalistsarenotgivingAmericansthetypeofcampaigntheydeserve.[F]SolookforasmallturnoutTuesday,butdon’taskcitizenstolookinthemirror.Someofthemhavecasttheireyeonwhat’sgoingonincandidate—landmedia—landandareaskingwhytheyshouldbebitplayersinthatartifice. [G]Theirresponsestellthestory:81percentbelieve“mostpoliticalcandidateswillsayalmostanythingtogetthemselveselected”;75percentfeel“politicalcandidatesaremoreconcernedwithfightingeachotherthanwithsolvingthenation’sproblems”.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheAnswerSheet.(10points)Lightpollutionnowhasbecomeabigproblemandledtomuchwasteinoursociety.Ithasbeenestimatedthat30%oftheelectricitygeneratedforoutdoorilluminationiswasted.Important,too,aretheenvironmentalcostsofproducingtheenergytopowerwastedlight.Forexample,foreverykilowatt-hourofelectricityused,almosttwopoundsofcarbondioxideandalmosttwogramsofsulphurdioxideareemittedintotheenvironment.46)Thusbysimplyeliminatingwastedlight,thoseamountscanbesubstantiallyreducedwithnonegativeeffectonnecessarylightningandwithdecidedlypositiveenvironmentalbenefitsfortheregion.Forindividualsandfamiliesanothersignificantissueisthatoflight