心理學(xué)英文版神經(jīng)科學(xué)和行為

Myers’PSYCHOLOGY

Chapter2

NeuroscienceandBehavior中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第1頁NeuralCommunicationBiologicalPsychologybranchofpsychologyconcernedwiththelinksbetweenbiologyandbehaviorsomebiologicalpsychologistscallthemselvesbehavioralneuroscientists,neuropsychologists,behaviorgeneticists,physiologicalpsychologists,orbiopsychologistsNeuronanervecellthebasicbuildingblockofthenervoussystem中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第2頁NeuralCommunicationDendritethebushy,branchingextensionsofaneuronthatreceivemessagesandconductimpulsestowardthecellbodyAxontheextensionofaneuron,endinginbranchingterminalfibers,throughwhichmessagesaresenttootherneuronsortomusclesorglandsMyelin[MY-uh-lin]Sheath

alayeroffattycellssegmentallyencasingthefibersofmanyneuronsenablesvastlygreatertransmissionspeedofneutralimpulses中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第3頁NeuralCommunication中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第4頁NeuralCommunicationActionPotential

aneuralimpulse;abriefelectricalchargethattravelsdownanaxongeneratedbythemovementofpositivelychargedatomsinandoutofchannelsintheaxon’smembraneThreshold

thelevelofstimulationrequiredtotriggeraneuralimpulse中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第5頁NeuralCommunicationCellbodyendofaxonDirectionofneuralimpulse:towardaxonterminals中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第6頁NeuralCommunicationSynapse[SIN-aps]junctionbetweentheaxontipofthesendingneuronandthedendriteorcellbodyofthereceivingneurontinygapatthisjunctioniscalledthesynapticgaporcleftNeurotransmitterschemicalmessengersthattraversethesynapticgapsbetweenneuronswhenreleasedbythesendingneuron,neuro-transmitterstravelacrossthesynapseandbindtoreceptorsitesonthereceivingneuron,therebyinfluencingwhetheritwillgenerateaneuralimpulse中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第7頁NeuralCommunication中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第8頁NeuralCommunicationSerotoninPathwaysDopaminePathways中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第9頁NeuralCommunication中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第10頁NeuralCommunicationAcetylcholine[ah-seat-el-KO-leen]

aneurotransmitterthat,amongitsfunctions,triggersmusclecontractionEndorphins[en-DOR-fins]

“morphinewithin”natural,opiatelikeneurotransmitterslinkedtopaincontrolandtopleasure中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第11頁NeuralCommunicationNeurotransmittermoleculeReceivingcellmembraneReceptorsiteonreceivingneuronAgonistmimicsneurotransmitterAntagonistblocksneurotransmitter中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第12頁TheNervousSystemNervousSystem

thebody’sspeedy,electrochemicalcommunicationsystemconsistsofallthenervecellsoftheperipheralandcentralnervoussystemsCentralNervousSystem(CNS)

thebrainandspinalcordPeripheralNervousSystem(PNS)

thesensoryandmotorneuronsthatconnectthecentralnervoussystem(CNS)totherestofthebody中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第13頁TheNervousSystemCentral(brainandspinalcord)NervoussystemAutonomic(controlsself-regulatedactionofinternalorgansandglands)Skeletal(controlsvoluntarymovementsofskeletalmuscles)Sympathetic(arousing)Parasympathetic(calming)Peripheral中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第14頁TheNervousSystemNervesneural“cables”containingmanyaxonspartoftheperipheralnervoussystemconnectthecentralnervoussystemwithmuscles,glands,andsenseorgansSensoryNeurons

neuronsthatcarryincominginformationfromthesensereceptorstothecentralnervoussystem中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第15頁TheNervousSystemInterneuronsCNSneuronsthatinternallycommunicateandintervenebetweenthesensoryinputsandmotoroutputsMotorNeuronscarryoutgoinginformationfromtheCNStomusclesandglandsSomaticNervousSystemthedivisionoftheperipheralnervoussystemthatcontrolsthebody’sskeletalmuscles中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第16頁TheNervousSystemAutonomicNervousSystem

thepartoftheperipheralnervoussystemthatcontrolstheglandsandthemusclesoftheinternalorgans(suchastheheart)SympatheticNervousSystem

divisionoftheautonomicnervoussystemthatarousesthebody,mobilizingitsenergyinstressfulsituationsParasympatheticNervousSystem

divisionoftheautonomicnervoussystemthatcalmsthebody,conservingitsenergy中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第17頁TheNervousSystem中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第18頁TheNervousSystem中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第19頁TheNervousSystemReflexasimple,automatic,inbornresponsetoasensorystimulusSkinreceptorsMuscleSensoryneuron(incominginformation)Motorneuron(outgoinginformation)BrainInterneuronSpinalcord中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第20頁TheNervousSystemNeuralNetworksinterconnectedneuralcellswithexperience,networkscanlearn,asfeedbackstrengthensorinhibitsconnectionsthatproducecertainresultscomputersimulationsofneuralnetworksshowanalogouslearningInputsOutputsNeuronsinthebrainconnectwithoneanothertoformnetworksThebrainlearnsbymodifyingcertainconnectionsinresponsetofeedback中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第21頁TheBrainLesiontissuedestructionabrainlesionisanaturallyorexperimentallycauseddestructionofbraintissue中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第22頁Electroencephalogram(EEG)anamplifiedrecordingofthewavesofelectricalactivitythatsweepacrossthebrain’ssurfacethesewavesaremeasuredbyelectrodesplacedonthescalp中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第23頁TheBrainCT(computedtomography)Scanaseriesofx-rayphotographstakenfromdifferentanglesandcombinedbycomputerintoacompositerepresentationofaslicethroughthebody;alsocalledCATscanPET(positronemissiontomography)Scan

avisualdisplayofbrainactivitythatdetectswherearadioactiveformofglucosegoeswhilethebrainperformsagiventaskMRI(magneticresonanceimaging)atechniquethatusesmagneticfieldsandradiowavestoproducecomputer-generatedimagesthatdistinguishamongdifferenttypesofsofttissue;allowsustoseestructureswithinthebrain中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第24頁P(yáng)ETScan中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第25頁MRIScan中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第26頁TheBrainBrainstem

theoldestpartandcentralcoreofthebrain,beginningwherethespinalcordswellsasitenterstheskullresponsibleforautomaticsurvivalfunctionsMedulla[muh-DUL-uh]

baseofthebrainstemcontrolsheartbeatandbreathing中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第27頁TheBrain中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第28頁TheBrainReticularFormationanervenetworkinthebrainstemthatplaysanimportantroleincontrollingarousalThalamus[THAL-uh-muss]

thebrain’ssensoryswitchboard,locatedontopofthebrainstemitdirectsmessagestothesensoryreceivingareasinthecortexandtransmitsrepliestothecerebellumandmedulla中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第29頁TheBrainCerebellum[sehr-uh-BELL-um]

the“l(fā)ittlebrain”attachedtotherearofthebrainstemithelpscoordinatevoluntarymovementandbalance中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第30頁TheBrainLimbicSystemadoughnut-shapedsystemofneuralstructuresattheborderofthebrainstemandcerebralhemispheresassociatedwithemotionssuchasfearandaggressionanddrivessuchasthoseforfoodandsexincludesthehippocampus,amygdala,andhypothalamus.Amygdala[ah-MIG-dah-la]

twoalmond-shapedneuralclustersthatarecomponentsofthelimbicsystemandarelinkedtoemotion中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第31頁TheBrainHypothalamusneuralstructurelyingbelow(hypo)thethalamus;directsseveralmaintenanceactivitieseatingdrinkingbodytemperaturehelpsgoverntheendocrinesystemviathepituitaryglandislinkedtoemotion中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第32頁TheLimbicSystem中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第33頁TheLimbicSystemElectrodeimplantedinrewardcenter中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第34頁TheCerebralCortexCerebralCortex

theintricatefabricofinterconnectedneuralcellsthatcoversthecerebralhemispheresthebody’sultimatecontrolandinformationprocessingcenterGlialCells

cellsinthenervoussystemthatsupport,nourish,andprotectneurons中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第35頁TheCerebralCortexFrontalLobes

involvedinspeakingandmusclemovementsandinmakingplansandjudgmentsParietalLobes

includethesensorycortexOccipitalLobes

includethevisualareas,whichreceivevisualinformationfromtheoppositevisualfieldTemporalLobes

includetheauditoryareas中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第36頁TheCerebralCortex中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第37頁TheCerebralCortexMotorCortexareaattherearofthefrontallobesthatcontrolsvoluntarymovementsSensoryCortexareaatthefrontoftheparietallobesthatregistersandprocessesbodysensations中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第38頁TheCerebralCortex中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第39頁TheCerebralCortexFunctionalMRIscanshowsthevisualcortexactivatedasthesubjectlooksatfaces中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第40頁VisualandAuditoryCortex中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第41頁AssociationAreasMoreintelligentanimalshaveincreased“uncommitted”orassociationareasofthecortex中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第42頁TheCerebralCortexAphasiaimpairmentoflanguage,usuallycausedbylefthemispheredamageeithertoBroca’sarea(impairingspeaking)ortoWernicke’sarea(impairingunderstanding)Broca’sArea

anareaoftheleftfrontallobethatdirectsthemusclemovementsinvolvedinspeechWernicke’sArea

anareaofthelefttemporallobeinvolvedinlanguagecomprehensionandexpression中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第43頁SpecializationandIntegration中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第44頁SpecializationandIntegrationBrainactivitywhenhearing,seeing,andspeakingwords中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第45頁BrainReorganizationPlasticitythebrain’scapacityformodification,asevidentinbrainreorganizationfollowingdamage(especiallyinchildren)andinexperimentsontheeffectsofexperienceonbraindevelopment中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第46頁OurDividedBrainCorpusCallosumlargebandofneuralfibersconnectsthetwobrainhemispherescarriesmessagesbetweenthehemispheresCorpuscallosum中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第47頁OurDividedBrainTheinformationhighwayfromtheeyetothebrain中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第48頁SplitBrainaconditioninwhichthetwohemispheresofthebrainareisolatedbycuttingtheconnectingfibers(mainlythoseofthecorpuscallosum)betweenthem中英文日報導(dǎo)航站第49頁SplitBrain“Lookatthedot.”Twowordsseparatedbyadotaremomentarilyprojected.“Whatworddidyousee?”or“Pointwithyou