1999年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語試題及答案

1999年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語試題及答案>SectionIStructureandVocabularyPartADirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)Anyonewithhalfaneyeontheunemploymentfiguresknewthattheassertionabouteconomicrecoveryjustaroundthecornerwasuntrue.wouldbetobewas(D)[D]beingPovertyisnotinmostcitiesalthough,perhapsbecauseofthecrowdedconditionsincertainareas,itismorevisiblethere.raretemporaryprevalent(C)segmentalPeoplewholiveinsmalltownsoftenseemmorefriendlythanthoselivinginpopulatedareas.denselyintenselyabundantly(A)highlyAsawayofthemailswhiletheywereaway,theJohnsonsaskedthecleaningladytosendlittleprintedslipsaskingthesenderstowriteagainlater.pickingupcopingwithpassingout(B)gettingacrossTom'smothertriedhardtopersuadehimtofromhisintentiontoinvesthissavingsinstockmarketpulloutgiveupdrawin(D)backdownAnincreasingproportionofourpopulation,unabletolivewithoutadvancedmedical,willbecomeprogressivelymorereliantonexpensiveerferenceinterruptionintervention(C)[D]interactionThesecausesproducedthegreatchangeinthecountrythatmodernizedtheofhighereducationfromthemid-1860'stothemid-1880,s.branchcategorydomain(C)scopeNobodyyetknowshowlongandhowseriouslytheinthefinancialsystemwilldragdowntheeconomy.shallownessshakinessscantiness(B)stiffnessCrisiswouldbetherighttermtodescribetheinmanyanimalspecies.[A]minimization[B]restrictiondescent(D)declineThecityisanimportantrailroadandindustrialandconventioncenter.conjunctionnetworkjunction(C)linkProf.White,myrespectedtutor,frequentlyremindsmetomyselfofeverychancetoimprovemyEnglish.assureinformavail(C)[D]notifyResearchersdiscoveredthatplantsinfectedwithavirusgiveoffagasthatdiseaseresistanceinneighboringplants.contractsactivatesmaintains(B)prescribesCorporationsandlaborunionshavegreatbenefitsupontheiremployeesandmembersaswellasuponthegeneralpublic.conferredgrantedflung(A)submittedThemovementofthemoonconvenientlyprovidedtheunitofmonth,whichwasfromonenewmoontothenext.[A]measured[B]reckonedjudged(B)assessedThejudgeruledthattheevidencewasinadmissibleonthegroundsthatitwastotheissueathand.irrationalunreasonableinvalid(D)irrelevantFuelscarcitiesandpriceincreasesautomobiledesignerstoscaledownthelargestmodelsandtodevelopcompletelynewlinesofsmallcarsandtrucks.persuadedpromptedimposed(B)[D]enlightened>SectionIIClozeTestDirections:Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companieslowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprograms,workhardtoorganizethem,andcontinueworkingtokeepthemandactive.Whentheworkiswelldone,aofaccident-freeoperationsisestablishedtimelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.Successfulsafetyprogramsmaygreatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesbyrulesorregulations,othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.But,therearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained.Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalone,safety.Thefewertheinjury,thebettertheworkman1sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingatorataloss.[A]atinon(D)with[A]alivevividmobile(A)diverse[A]regulationclimatecircumstance(B)requirement[A]where[B]howwhat(A)unless[A]alterdiffershift(B)distinguish[A]constitutingaggravatingobserving(C)justifying[A]SomeManyEven(D)[D]Still[A]comesoffturnsuppaysoff(C)holdsup[A]claimsreportsdeclarations(A)proclamations[A]anadvantageabenefitaninterest(D)aprofitSectionIIIReadingComprehensionDirections:Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkillspeopleeachyearthanautomobileaccidents.sevenmoretimesseventimesmoreoverseventimes(B)seventimesIt'seasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevaguechangesplaceinourever-changingworld.takingtotaketake(A)takenThisisanexcitingareaofstudy,andonewhichnewapplicationsarebeingdiscoveredalmostdaily.[A]fromEachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A]z[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)Text1It'saroughworldoutthere.StepoutsideandyoucouldbreakalegslippingonyourdoormatLightupthestoveandyoucouldburndownthehouse.Luckily,ifthedoormatorstovefailedtowarnofcomingdisaster,asuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Orsothethinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980s,whenjuriesbeganholdingmorecompaniesliablefortheircustomers7misfortunes.Feelingthreatened,companiesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabels,tryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccidentToday,stepladderscarrylabelsseveralincheslongthatwarn,amongotherthings,thatyoumight—surprise!—falloff.Thelabelonachild'sBatmancapecautionsthatthetoy/zdoesnotenableusertofly.〃Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary--thedangersofdruginteractions,forexample--andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulations,itisn'tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.About50percentofthecompanieslosewheninjuredcustomerstakethemtocourtNowthetideappearstobeturning.Aspersonalinjuryclaimscontinueasbefore,somecourtsarebeginningtosidewithdefendants,especiallyincaseswhereawarninglabelprobablywouldn7thavechangedanything.InMay,JulieNimmons,presidentofSchuttSportsinIllinois,successfullyfoughtalawsuitinvolvingafootballplayerwhowasparalyzedinagamewhilewearingaSchutthelmet"We'rereallysorryhehasbecomeparalyzed,buthelmetsaren7tdesignedtopreventthosekindsofinjuries/1saysNimmons.Thejuryagreedthatthenatureofthegame,notthehelmet,wasthereasonfortheathlete7sinjury.Atthesametime,theAmericanLawInstitute--agroupofjudges,lawyers,andacademicswhoserecommendationscarrysubstantialweight--issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones.''Importantinformationcangetburiedinaseaoftrivialities,“saysalawprofessoratCornelllawSchoolwhohelpeddraftthenewguidelines.Ifthemoderateendofthelegalcommunityhasitsway,theinformationonproductsmightactuallybeprovidedforthebenefitofcustomersandnotasprotectionagainstlegalliability.Whatwerethingslikein1980swhenaccidentshappened?Customersmightberelievedoftheirdisastersthroughlawsuits.Injuredcustomerscouldexpectprotectionfromthelegalsystem.Companieswouldavoidbeingsuedbyprovidingnewwarnings.(B)Juriestendedtofindfaultwiththecompensationscompaniespromised.Manufacturersasmentionedinthepassagetendto.satisfycustomersbywritinglongwarningsonproductsbecomehonestindescribingtheinadequaciesoftheirproductsmakethebestuseoflabelstoavoidlegalliability(C)feelobligedtoviewcustomers7safetyastheirfirstconcernThecaseofSchutthelmetdemonstratedthat.someinjuryclaimswerenolongersupportedbylawhelmetswerenotdesignedtopreventinjuriesproductlabelswouldeventuallybediscarded(A)somesportsgamesmightlosepopularitywithathletesTheauthor'sattitudetowardstheissueseemstobe.biasedindifferentpuzzling(D)objectiveText2InthefirstyearorsoofWebbusiness,mostoftheactionhasrevolvedaroundeffortstotaptheconsumermarket.Morerecently,astheWebprovedtobemorethanafashion,companieshavestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother.Suchbusiness-to-businesssalesmakesensebecausebusinesspeopletypicallyknowwhatproductthey'relookingfor.Nonetheless,manycompaniesstillhesitatetousetheWebbecauseofdoubtsaboutitsreliability.''Businessesneedtofeeltheycantrustthepathwaybetweenthemandthesupplier/1sayssenioranalystBlaneErwinofForresterResearch.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany7sprivateintranet.AnothermajorshiftinthemodelforInternetcommerceconcernsthetechnologyavailableformarketing.Untilrecently,Internetmarketingactivitieshavefocusedonstrategiesto"pull"customersintosites.Inthepastyear,however,softwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniesto"push"informationdirectlyouttoconsumers,transmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytotargetedcustomers.Mostnotably,thePointcastNetworkusesascreensavertodeliveracontinuallyupdatedstreamofnewsandadvertisementstosubscribers7computermonitors.Subscriberscancustomizetheinformationtheywanttoreceiveandproceeddirectlytoacompany7sWebsite.CompaniessuchasVirtualVineyardsarealreadystartingtousesimilartechnologiestopushmessagestocustomersaboutspecialsales,productofferings,orotherevents.ButpushtechnologyhasearnedthecontemptofmanyWebusers.OnlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequestOncecommercialpromotionbeginstofillthescreenuninvited,thedistinctionbetweentheWebandtelevisionfades.That7saprospectthathorrifiesNetpurists.ButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresorttopushstrategiestomakemoney.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyards,Amazon,andotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinteractivity,hospitality,andsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.Andthecostofcomputingpowercontinuestofreefall,whichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupshopinsilicon.Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfromnowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonlineplunge.WelearnfromthebeginningofthepassagethatWebbusiness.hasbeenstrivingtoexpanditsmarketintendedtofollowafancifulfashiontriedbutinvaintocontrolthemarket(A)hasbeenboomingforoneyearorsoSpeakingoftheonlinetechnologyavailableformarketing,theauthorimpliesthat.thetechnologyispopularwithmanyWebusersbusinesseshavefaithinthereliabilityofonlinetransactionsthereisaradicalchangeinstrategy(C)itisaccessiblelimitedlytoestablishedpartnersIntheviewofNetpurists,.thereshouldbenomarketingmessagesinonlineculturemoneymakingshouldbegivenprioritytoontheWebtheWebshouldbeabletofunctionasthetelevisionset(D)thereshouldbenoonlinecommercialinformationwithoutrequestsWelearnfromthelastparagraphthat.pushinginformationontheWebisessentialtoInternetcommerceinteractivity,hospitalityandsecurityareimportanttoonlinecustomersleadingcompaniesbegantotaketheonlineplungedecadesago(B)settingupshopsinsiliconisindependentofthecostofcomputingpowerText3Aninvisibleborderdividesthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomonthebehalfofstudents7careerprospectsandthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomforbroaderreasonsofradicaleducationalreform.Veryfewwritersonthesubjecthaveexploredthisdistinction--indeed,contradiction--whichgoestotheheartofwhatiswrongwiththecampaigntoputcomputersintheclassroom.Aneducationthataimsatgettingastudentacertainkindofjobisatechnicaleducation,justifiedforreasonsradicallydifferentfromwhyeducationisuniversallyrequiredbylaw.Itisnotsimplytoraiseeveryone7sjobprospectsthatallchildrenarelegallyrequiredtoattendschoolintotheirteens.Rather,wehaveacertainconceptionoftheAmericancitizen,acharacterwhoisincompleteifhecannotcompetentlyassesshowhislivelihoodandhappinessareaffectedbythingsoutsideofhimself.Butthiswasnotalwaysthecase;beforeitwaslegallyrequiredforallchildrentoattendschooluntilacertainage,itwaswidelyacceptedthatsomewerejustnotequippedbynaturetopursuethiskindofeducation.Withoptimismcharacteristicofallindustrializedcountries,wecametoacceptthateveryoneisfittobeeducated.Computer-educationadvocatesforsakethisoptimisticnotionforapessimismthatbetraystheirotherwisecheeryoutlook.Bankingontheconfusionbetweeneducationalandvocationalreasonsforbringingcomputersintoschools,computeredadvocatesoftenemphasizethejobprospectsofgraduatesovertheireducationalachievementTherearesomegoodargumentsforatechnicaleducationgiventherightkindofstudentManyEuropeanschoolsintroducetheconceptofprofessionaltrainingearlyoninordertomakesurechildrenareproperlyequippedfortheprofessionstheywanttojoin.Itis,however,presumptuoustoinsistthattherewillonlybesomanyjobsforsomanyscientists,somanybusinessmen,somanyaccountants.Besides,thisisunlikelytoproducetheneedednumberofeverykindofprofessionalinacountryaslargeasoursandwheretheeconomyisspreadoversomanystatesandinvolvessomanyinternationalcorporations.But,forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewell-developedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobandnot.Ofcourse,thebasicsofusinganycomputerthesedaysareverysimple.Itdoesnottakealifelongacquaintancetopickupvarioussoftwareprograms.Ifonewantedtobecomeacomputerengineer,thatis,ofcourse,anentirelydifferentstory.Basiccomputerskillstake--attheverylongest--acoupleofmonthstolearn.Inanycase,basiccomputerskillsareonlycomplementarytothehostofrealskillsthatarenecessarytobecominganykindofprofessional.Itshouldbeobserved,ofcourse,thatnoschool,vocationalornot,ishelpedbyaconfusionoveritspurpose.Theauthorthinksthepresentrushtoputcomputersintheclassroomis.[A]far-reachingbyin(C)through.canbeseenfromthecomparisonofthesefigures,theprincipleinvolvestheactiveparticipationofthepatientinthemodificationofhiscondition.AsWhatThat(A)It.AlthoughIhadbeeninvitedtotheopeningceremony,Iwasunabletoattendsuchshortnotice.toinwith(D)[D]ondubiouslyorientedself-contradictory(B)radicallyreformatoryThebeliefthateducationisindispensabletoallchildrenisindicativeofapessimismindisguisecameintobeingalongwiththearrivalofcomputersisdeeplyrootedinthemindsofcomputeredadvocates(D)originatedfromtheoptimisticattitudeofindustrializedcountriesItcouldbeinferredfromthepassagethatintheauthor'scountrytheEuropeanmodelofprofessionaltrainingis.dependentuponthestartingageofcandidatesworthtryinginvarioussocialsectionsoflittlepracticalvalue(C)attractivetoeverykindofprofessionalAccordingtotheauthor,basiccomputerskillsshouldbeincludedasanauxiliarycourseinschoolhighlightedinacquisitionofprofessionalqualificationsmasteredthroughalife-longcourse(A)equallyemphasizedbyanyschool,vocationalorotherwiseText4WhenaScottishresearchteamstartledtheworldbyrevealing3monthsagothatithadclonedanadultsheep,PresidentClintonmovedswiftly.Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclonehumans,heorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperiment—althoughnoonehadproposedtodoso--andaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrincetonPresidentHaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswithrecommendationsforanationalpolicyonhumancloning.Thatgroup--theNationalBioethicsAdvisoryCommission(NBAC)—hasbeenworkingfeverishlytoputitswisdomonpaper,andatameetingon17May,membersagreedonanear-finaldraftoftheirrecommendations.NBACwillaskthatClinton's90-daybanonfederalfundsforhumancloningbeextendedindefinitely,andpossiblythatitbemadelaw.ButNBACmembersareplanningtowordtherecommendationnarrowlytoavoidnewrestrictionsonresearchthatinvolvesthecloningofhumanDNAorcells--routineinmolecularbiology.Thepanelhasnotyetreachedagreementonacrucialquestion,however,whethertorecommendlegislationthatwouldmakeitacrimeforprivatefundingtobeusedforhumancloning.Inadraftprefacetotherecommendations,discussedatthe17Maymeeting,Shapirosuggestedthatthepanelhadfoundabroadconsensusthatitwouldbe“morallyunacceptabletoattempttocreateahumanchildbyadultnuclearcloning.”Shapiroexplainedduringthemeetingthatthemoraldoubtstemsmainlyfromfearsabouttherisktothehealthofthechild.Thepaneltheninformallyacceptedseveralgeneralconclusions,althoughsomedetailshavenotbeensettled.NBACplanstocallforacontinuedbanonfederalgovernmentfundingforanyattempttoclonebodycellnucleitocreateachild.Becausecurrentfederallawalreadyforbidstheuseoffederalfundstocreateembryos(theearlieststageofhumanoffspringbeforebirth)forresearchortoknowinglyendangeranembryo7slife,NBACwillremainsilentonembryoresearch.NBACmembersalsoindicatedthattheywillappealtoprivatelyfundedresearchersandclinicsnottotrytoclonehumansbybodycellnucleartransfer.Buttheyweredividedonwhethertogofurtherbycallingforafederallawthatwouldimposeacompletebanonhumancloning.Shapiroandmostmembersfavoredanappealforsuchlegislation,butinaphoneinterview,hesaidthisissuewasstill〃upintheair.”Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat.federalfundshavebeenusedinaprojecttoclonehumanstheWhiteHouserespondedstronglytothenewsofcloningNBACwasauthorizedtocontrolthemisuseofcloningtechnique(B)theWhiteHousehasgotthepanel7srecommendationsoncloningThepanelagreedonallofthefollowingexceptthat.thebanonfederalfundsforhumancloningshouldbemadealawthecloningofhumanDNAisnottobeputundermorecontrolitiscriminaltouseprivatefundingforhumancloning(C)itwouldbeagainstethicalvaluestocloneahumanbeingNBACwillleavetheissueofembryoresearchundiscussedbecause.embryoresearchisjustacurrentdevelopmentofcloningthehealthofthechildisnotthemainconcernofembryoresearchanembryo7slifewillnotbeendangeredinembryoresearch(D)theissueisexplicitlystatedandsettledinthelawItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat.someNBACmembershesitatetobanhumancloningcompletelyalawbanninghumancloningistobepassedinnotimeprivatelyfundedresearcherswillrespondpositivelytoNBAC'sappeal(A)theissueofhumancloningwillsoonbesettledText5Science,inpractice,dependsfarlessontheexperimentsitpreparesthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.SirIsaacNewtonsupposedlydiscoveredgravitythroughthefallofanapple.Appleshadbeenfallinginmanyplacesforcenturiesandthousandsofpeoplehadseenthemfall.ButNewtonforyearshadbeencuriousaboutthecauseoftheorbitalmotionofthemoonandplanets.Whatkepttheminplace?Whydidn7ttheyfalloutofthesky?Thefactthattheapplefelldowntowardtheearthandnotupintothetreeansweredthequestionhehadbeenaskinghimselfaboutthoselargerfruitsoftheheavens,themoonandtheplanets.Howmanymenwouldhaveconsideredthepossibilityofanapplefallingupintothetree?Newtondidbecausehewasnottryingtopredictanything.Hewasjustwondering.Hismindwasreadyfortheunpredictable.Unpredictabilityispartoftheessentialnatureofresearch.Ifyoudon'thaveunpredictablethings,youdon'thaveresearch.Scientiststendtoforgetthiswhenwritingtheircutanddriedreportsforthetechnicaljournals,buthistoryisfilledwithexamplesofit.Intalkingtosomescientists,particularlyyoungerones,youmightgathertheimpressionthattheyfindthe''scientificmethod“asubstituteforimaginativethoughtTveattendedresearchconferenceswhereascientisthasbeenaskedwhathethinksabouttheadvisabilityofcontinuingacertainexperiment.Thescientisthasfrowned,lookedatthegraphs,andsaidz/thedataarestillinconclusive.”"Weknowthat,“themenfromthebudgetofficehavesaid,/zbutwhatdoyouthink?Isitworthwhilegoingon?Whatdoyouthinkwemightexpect?”Thescientisthasbeenshockedathavingevenbeenaskedtospeculate.Whatthisamountsto,ofcourse,isthatthescientisthasbecomethevictimofhisownwritings.Hehasputforwardunquestionedclaimssoconsistentlythathenotonlybelievesthemhimself,buthasconvincedindustrialandbusinessmanagementthattheyaretrue.Ifexperimentsareplannedandcarriedoutaccordingtoplanasfaithfullyasthereportsinthesciencejournalsindicate,thenitisperfectlylogicalformanagementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresultsmeasurableindollarsandcents.Itisentirelyreasonableforauditorstobelievethatscientistswhoknowexactlywheretheyaregoingandhowtheywillgetthereshouldnotbedistractedbythenecessityofkeepingoneeyeonthecashregisterwhiletheothereyeisonthemicroscope.Nor,ifregularityandconformitytoastandardpatternareasdesirabletothescientistasthewritingofhispaperswouldappeartoreflect,ismanagementtobeblamedfordiscriminatingagainstthe“oddballs"amongresearchersinfavorofmoreconventionalthinkerswho"workwellwiththeteam.,,TheauthorwantstoprovewiththeexampleofIsaacNewtonthat.inquiringmindsaremoreimportantthanscientificexperimentsscienceadvanceswhenfruitfulresearchesareconductedscientistsseldomforgettheessentialnatureofresearch(A)unpredictabilityweighslessthanpredictioninscientificresearchTheauthorassertsthatscientistsshouldn,treplace''scientificmethod“withimaginativethoughtshouldn,tneglecttospeculateonunpredictablethingsshouldwritemoreconcisereportsfortechnicaljournals(B)shouldbeconfidentabouttheirresearchfindingsItseemsthatsomeyoungscientists.haveakeeninterestinpredictionoftenspeculateonthefuturethinkhighlyofcreativethinking(D)stickto"scientificmethod"Theauthorimpliesthattheresultsofscientificresearch?maynotbeasprofitableastheyareexpectedcanbemeasuredindollarsandcentsrelyonconformitytoastandardpattern(A)aremostlyunderestimatedbymanagement>SectionIVEnglish-ChineseTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslateunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modempracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandplace,eachgenerationofhistoriansdeterminesanewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.Inthissearchtheevidencefoundisalwaysincompleteandscattered;itisalsofrequentlypartialorpartisan.Theironyofthehistorianzscraftisthatitspractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsarebutcontributionstoanunendingprocess.Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemsekes.Whilehistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytoliteratureandphilosophy,theemergingsocialsciencesseemedtoaffordCaliforniahasmorelightthanitknowstodowithbuteverythingelseisexpensive.howwhatwhich(B)whereThesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,don'thavesmallchildrenandgetalongtospendmostoftheirtimetogether.sowelltoowellwellas(D)wellenoughMarlinisayoungmanofindependentthinkingwhoisnotaboutcomplimentstohispoliticalleaders.[A]payinggreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquestionsandprovidingrewardingapproachestoanunderstandingofthepast.Socialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplinegovernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesratherthantheimperativesofthecontemporaryworld.73)Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.Methodologyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalprofession.74)Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.Historians,especiallythosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeenaccusedof"tunnelmethod,“frequentlyfallvictimtothe/ztechnicistfallacy/7Alsocommoninthenaturalsciences,thetechnicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthedisciplineasawholewithcertainpartsofitstechnicalimplementation.Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources,andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.SectionVWritingDirections:Studythefollowinggraphscarefullyandwriteanessayinatleast150words.YouressaymustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Youressayshouldcoverthesethreepoints:effectofthecountry'sgrowinghumanpopulationonitswildlifepossiblereasonfortheeffectyoursuggestionforwildlifeprotectionTH