2022年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)（一）試題

2022年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)(一)試題SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Theideathatplantshavesomedegreeofconsciousnessfirsttookrootintheearly2000s;theterm"plantneurobiology^^was1aroundthenotionthatsomeaspectsofplantbehaviorcouldbe2tointelligenceinanimals.3plantslackbrains,thefiringofelectricalsignalsintheirstemsandleavesnonethelesstriggeredresponsesthat4consciousness,researcherspreviouslyreported.Butsuchanideaisbunk,accordingtotheauthorsofthenewarticle.Plantbiologyiscomplexandfascinating,butit5sogreatlyfromthatofanimalsthatso-called6ofplants9intelligenceisintriguingbutinconclusive,thescientistswrote.Inanimals,neurobiologyreferstothebiologicalmechanismsthroughwhichanervoussystemregulatesbehavior,accordingtoHarvardUniversity'sMindBrainBehaviorInterfacultyInitiative.Overmillionsofyears,brainsindiverseanimalspecieshaveevolvedtoproducebehaviorsthatexpertsidentifyasintelligent:Amongthemarereasoningandproblem-solving,tooluseandself-recognition.Beginningin2006,somescientistshave7thatplantspossessneuron-likecellsthatinteractwithhormonesandneurotransmitters,8“aplantnervoussystem,9tothatinanimalsJsaidleadstudyauthorLincolnTaiz,aprofessoremeritusofmolecular,cellanddevelopmentalbiologyattheUniversityofCaliforniaSantaCruz.“They10claimedthatplantshave"brain-likecommandcenters7attheirroottips,“TaiztoldLiveScienceinanemail.This11makessenseifyousimplifytheworkingsofacomplexbrain,12ittoanarrayofelectricalpulses;cellsinplantsalsocommunicatethroughelectricalsignals,accordingtothearticle.13,thesignalinginaplantisonly14similartothebillionsofsynapsesfiringinacomplexanimalbrain,whichismorethan"amassofcellsthatcommunicatebyelectricity,Taizsaid.“Forconsciousnesstoevolve,abrainwithathreshold15ofcomplexityandcapacityisrequired/9he16.Otherresearcherswhorecentlyinvestigatedtheneuroscienceofconsciousness——awarenessofone'sworldandasenseofself-foundthatinanimals,onlyvertebrates,arthropodsandcephalopodshadbrainscomplexenoughtoenablethemtobeconscious.“Iftheloweranimals一whichhavenervoussystems一lackconsciousness,the17thatplantswithoutnervoussystemshaveconsciousnessarceffectivelynilJTaizsaid.Andwhat'ssogreataboutconsciousness,anyway?Plantscan'trunawayfrom18,soinvestingenergyinabodysystemthat19athreatandcanfeelpainwouldbeavery20evolutionarystrategy,accordingtothearticle.zoovisitswerethecrucialformativeexperiencethatledthemtomajorinbiologicalsciences.Thesearemostlystudentswhohadnoopportunityaschildrentotraveltowildernessareas,wildliferefugesornationalparks.AlthoughgoodTVshowscanhelpstirchildren'sinterestinconservation,theycannotreplacetheexcitementofazoovisitasanintense,immersiveandinteractiveexperience.Theyalsogettomeetadultswhohaveturnedtheirloveforanimalsintoacareer,andwithwhomtheycanidentify.Surelytheremustbesomemiddlegroundthatbalanceszoos5treatmentofanimalswiththeireducationalpotential.GregNewberryEmmaMairis'articleisaninsultanddisservicetothethousandsofpassionatededicatedpeoplewhoworktirelesslytoimprovethelivesofanimalsandourplanet.Ms.Marrisusesoutdatedresearchanddecades-oldexamplestounderminethenoblemissionoforganizationscommittedtoconnectingchildrentoaworldbeyondtheirown.Zoosandaquariumsareattheforefrontofconservationandconstantlyevolvingtoimprovehowtheycareforanimalsandprotecteachspeciesinitsnaturalhabitat.Aretheretragedies?Ofcourse.Buttheyaretheexception,notthenormthatMs.Marrisimplies.Adistressedanimalinazoowillgetasgoodorbettertreatmentthanmostofusatourlocalhospital.DeanGalleaAsafellowenvironmentalist,animal-protectionadvocateandlongtimevegetarian,IcouldproperlybeinthesamecampasEmmaMarrisontheissueofzoos.ButIbelievethatwell-runzoos,andtheheroicanimalsthatsuffertheircaptivity,doserveahigherpurpose.Wereitnotforopportunitiestoobservethesebeautiful,wildcreaturesclosetohome,manymorepeoplewouldbedrivenbytheirfascinationtotraveltowildareastoseekout,disturbandevenhuntthemdown.Zoosare,inthatsense,akintonaturalhistoryandarchaeologymuseums,servingtosatisfyourneedforcontactwiththeselivingcreatureswhileleavingthevastmajorityundisturbedintheirnaturalenvironments.JohnFraserEmmaMarrisselectivelydescribesandmisrepresentsthefindingsofourresearch.Ourstudiesfocusedontheimpactofzooexperiencesonhowpeoplethinkaboutthemselvesandnature,andthedatapointsextractedfromourstudiesdonot,inanyway,discountwhatislearnedinazoovisit.Zoosaretoolsforthinking.Ourresearchprovidesstrongsupportforthevalueofzoosinconnectingpeoplewithanimalsandwithnature.Zoosprovideacriticalvoiceforconservationandenvironmentalprotection.Theyaffordanopportunityforpeoplefromallbackgroundstoencounterarangeofanimals,fromdronebeestospringbokorsalmon,tobetterunderstandthenaturalworldwelivein.|A|Zoos,whichsparenoefforttotakecareofanimals,shouldnotbesubjectedtounfaircriticism.Topressurezoostospendlessontheiranimalswouldleadtoinhumaneoutcomesforthepreciouscreaturesintheircare.Whileanimalsincaptivitydeservesympathy,zoosplayasignificantroleinstartingyoungpeopledownthepathofrelatedsciences.Zoossavepeopletripstowildernessareasandthuscontributetowildlifeconservation.Forwildanimalsthatcannotbereturnedtotheirnaturalhabitats,zoosofferthebestalternative.Zoosshouldhavebeencloseddownastheyprioritizemoneymakingoveranimals'wellbeingfG]Marrisdistortsourfindings,whichactuallyprovethatzoosserveasanindispensablelinkbetweenmanandnature.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Between1807and1814theIberianPeninsula(comprisingSpainandPortugal)wasthesceneofatitanicandmercilessstruggle.Ittookplaceonmanydifferentplanes:betweenNapoleon'sFrencharmyandtheangryinhabitants;betweentheBritish,everkeentoexacerbatetheemperor'sdifficulties,andthemarshalssentfromParistotrytokeepthemincheck;betweennewforcesofscienceandmeritocracyandoldonesofconservatismandbirth.(46)Itwasalso,andthisisunknowneventomanypeoplewellreadabouttheperiod,abattlebetweenthosewhomadecodesandthosewhobrokethem.IfirstdiscoveredtheNapoleoniccode-breakingbattleafewyearsagowhenIwasreadingSirCharlesOman'sepicHistoryofthePeninsularWar.InvolumeVhehadattachedanappendix,"TheScovellCiphers/9(47)ItlistedmanydocumentsiscodethathadbeencapturedfromtheFrencharmyofSpain,andwhosesecietshadbeenrevealedbytheworkofoneGeorgeScovell,anofficerinBritishheadquarteis.OmanratedScovelfssignificancehighly,butatthesametime,thegeneralnatureofhisHistorymeantthat(48)hecouldnotanalyzecarefullywhatthisobscureofficermayormaynothavecontributedtothatgrealstrugglebetweennationsorindeedtellusanythingmuchaboutthemanhimself.Keentoreadmore,IwassurprisedtofindthatOman'sappendix,publishedin1914,wastheonlyconsideredthingthathadbeenwrittenaboutthissecretwar.IbecameconvincedthatthisstorywaseverybitasexcitingandsignificantasthatofEnigmaandthebreakingofGermancodesintheSecondWorldWar.Thequestionwas,coulditbetold?StudyingScovell'spapersatthePublicRecordOffice,London,Ifoundthathehadleftanextensivejournalandcopiousnotesabouthisworkinthepeninsula.Whatwasmore,manyoriginalFrenchdispatcheshadbeenpreservedinthiscollection,which,Irealized,waspriceless.(49)TheremayhavebeenmanyspiesandintelligenceofficersduringtheNapoleonicWars,butitisusuallyextremelydifficulttofindthematerialtheyactuallyprovidedorworkedon.AsIresearchedScovelPsstory,Ifoundfarmoreofinterestbesideshisintelligencework.HisstatusinLordWellington'sheadquartersandtherecognitiongiventohimfbrhisworkwereboundupwiththeclasspoliticsoftheArmyatthetime.Hisstoryofself-improvementandhardworkwouldmakeafascinatingbiographyinitsownright,butrepresentssomethingmorethanthat.(50)Justasthecode-breakinghasitswide】relevanceinthestruggleforSpain,sohisattemptstomakehiswayupthepromotionladderspeakvolumesaboutBritishsociety.SectionIIIWritingPartADirections:WriteanemailtoaprofessorataBritishuniversity,invitinghim/hertoorganizeateamfortheinternationalinnovationcontesttobeheldatyouruniversity.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsontheANSWERSHEET.Donotuseyourownnameintheemail;use“LiMing“instead.(10points)PartBDirections:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthepicturebelow.Inyouressay,youshould:describethepicturebriefly,interprettheimpliedmeaning,andgiveyourcomments.WriteyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)

1.[A]coined[B]discovered[C]collected[D|issued2.[A]attributed[B]directed[C]compared[D]confined3.[A]Unless[B]When[C]Once[DjThough4.[A]copedwith[B]consistedof[C]hintedat[D]extendedto5.[A]suffers[B]benefits[C]develops[D]differs6.[AJacceptance[B]evidence[C]cultivation[DJcreation7.[A]doubted[B]denied[C]argued[D]requested8.[A|adapting|B|forming|C]repairing[D]testing9.[A]analogous[B]essential[C]suitable[D]sensitive10.[A]just[BJever[C]still[DJeven11.[A]restriction[B]experiment[C]perspective[D]demand12.[A]attaching[B]reducing[C]returning[D]exposing13.[A]However[B]Moreover[C]Therefore[D]Otherwise14.[A]temporarily[B]literally[C]superficially[D]imaginarily15.[A]list[B]level[C]label[D]load16.[A]recalled[Bjagreed[C]questioned[D]added17.[A]chances[B]risks[C]excuses[D]assumptions18.[A]danger[B]failureIC]warning[DJcontrol19.[A]represents[B]includes[C]reveals[D]recognizes20.[A]humble[B]poor[C]practical[D]easySectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Peopleoftengrumblethatplasticsaretoodurable.Waterbottles,shoppingbags,andothertrashlittertheplanet,fromMountEveresttotheMarianaTrench,becauseplasticsareubiquitousanddon'tbreakdowneasily.Butsomeplasticmaterialschangeovertime.Theycrackandfrizzle.They“weep"outadditives.Theymeltintosludge.Allofwhichcreateshugeheadachesforinstitutions,suchasmuseums,tryingtopreserveculturallyimportantobjects.Untilrecently,museumsonlyhadtoworryabouttraditionalmaterials.Thevarietyofplasticobjectsatriskisdizzying:earlyradios,avant-gardesculptures,celluloidanimationstillsfromDisneyfilms,DavidBowiecostumes,thefirstartificialheart.Certainartifactsareespeciallyvulnerablebecausesomepioneersinplasticartdidn'talwaysknowhowtomixingredientsproperly,saysTheavanOosten,apolymerchemistwho,untilretiringafewyearsago,workedfordecadesattheCulturalHeritageAgencyoftheNetherlands(RCE).“It'slikebakingacake:Ifyoudon'thaveexactamounts,itgoeswrongJshesays."Theobjectyoumakeisalreadyatimebomb.”Andsometimes,it'snottheartist'sfault.Inthe1960s,theItalianartistPieroGilardibegantocreatehundredsofbright,colorfulfoampieces.Thosepiecesincludedsmallbedsofrosesandotheritemsaswellasafewdozen"naturecarpet"—largerectanglesdecoratedwithfoampumpkins,cabbages,andwatermelons.Hewantedviewerstowalkaroundonthecarpets-whichmeanttheyhadtobedurable.Unfortunately,thepolyurethanefoamheusedisinherentlyunstable.Wsespeciallyvulnerabletolightdamage,andbythemid-1990s,Gilardi'spumpkins,roses,andotherfiguresweresplittingandcrumbling.Museumslockedsomeofthemawayinthedark.SovanOostenandcolleaguesatRCEbegantostudywaystoprotectpolyurethane.First,theytookfoamsamplessimilartothenaturecarpetsandinfusedsomewithstabilizingandconsolidatingchemicalsthatmodernmanufacturersoftenuse.VanOostencallsthosechemicals“sunscreens”becausetheirgoalwastopreventfurtherlightdamageandrebuildwornpolymerfibers.Thentheteamusedxenonlampstoartificiallyagebothtreatedanduntreatedsamples,andexaminedthemunderhigh-poweredmicroscopes.Theresultswereencouraging.Samplesthatlackedsunscreenhadwitheredunderthebarrageofphotons:Themolecular“struts“shoringupthefoamwere42%thinnerandnotablymorebrittlethanbeforethelamptreatment.Thestrutsinsampleswithsunscreendecreasedbyaslittleas12.5%.Armedwiththatknowledge,conservatorsworkingwithRCEinfusedseveralGilardisculptures,includingtwonaturecarpets,withthesunscreentostabilizethem.VanOostenisproudthatseveralhaveevengoneondisplayagain,albeitsometimesbeneathprotectivecases.Longcalledthe“queenofplastics,“in2012,vanOostenwasknightedintheNetherlandsforhereffortstopreserveplasticobjectsandspreadknowledgetootherinstitutes.Despitesuchsuccessstories,preservationofplasticswilllikelygetharder.Oldobjectscontinuetodeteriorate.Worse,biodegradableplastics,designedtodisintegrate,areincreasinglycommon.Andmoreisatstakeherethanindividualobjects.Feixeiranotesthatarchaeologistsfirstdefinedthegreatmaterialagesofhumanhistory-StoneAge,IronAge,andsoon-afterexaminingartifactsinmuseums.Wenowliveinanageofplastic,shesays,“andwhatwedecidetocollecttoday,whatwedecidetopreserve...willhaveastrongimpactonhowinthefuturewe'llbeseen.”Accordingtoparagraph1,museumsarefacedwithdifficultiesin.maintainingtheirplasticitemsObtainingdurableplasticartifacts[CJHandlingoutdatedplasticexhibits[D]ClassifyingtheirplasticcollectionsVanOostenholdscertainplasticare.[AJimmunetodecayimproperlyshapedinherentlyflawedcomplexinstructureMuseumsstoppedexhibitingartworksofG'sto.keepthemfromhurtingvisitorsduplicatethemforfuturedisplayhaveingredientsforfutureanalyzedpreventthemfromfurtherdamageTheauthorthinksthatpreservationofplasticsis.[A]costly[B|unworthy[C|unpopular[D]challengingInFerreisia'sopinion,thepreservationofplasticartifactswillinspirefuturescientificresearchhasprofoundhistoricalsignificancewillhelpusseparatethematerialageshastheimpactontoday'sculturallifeText2AsthelatestcropofstudentspentheirUCASformandweighuptheiroptions,itmaybeworthconsideringjusthowthepoint,purposeandvalueofadegreehaschangedandwhatGenZ(andtheirparents)needtoconsiderastheystartthethirdstageoftheireducationaljourney.Millennialsweretoldthatifyoudidwellinschool,gotadecentdegree,youwouldbesetupforlife.Butthatpromisehasbeenfoundwanting.Asdegreesbecameuniversal,theybecamedevalued(justasgovernmentshikedupthecostofgettingone).Educationwasnolongerasecurerouteofsocialmobility.Today,28percentofgraduatesintheUKareinnon-graduateroles;apercentagewhichisdoubletheaverageamongsttheOECD.Thisisnottosaythatthereisnopointingettingadegree,but,ratherstressthatadegreeisnotforeveryone,thattheswitchfromclassroomtolecturehallisnotaninevitableoneandthatotheroptionsareavailable.Thankfully,therearesignsthatthisisalreadyhappening,withGenZseekingtolearnfromtheirmillennialpredecessors,evenifparentsandteacherstendtobestillsetinthedegreemindset.Employershavelongseentheadvantagesofhiringschoolleaverswhooftenprovethemselvestobemorecommittedandloyalemployeesthangraduates.Manytooareseeingtheadvantagesofscrappingadegreerequirementforcertainroles-justasPenguindidin2016.Forthoseforwhomadegreeisthedesiredroute,considerthatthismaywellbethefirstofmany.Inthisageofgeneralists,itpaystohavespecificknowledgeorskills.Postgraduatesnowearn40percentmorethangraduates.Whenmoreandmoreofushaveadegree,itmakessense(albeitexpensive)tohavetwo.ItisunlikelythatGenZwillbedonewitheducationat18or21;theywillneedtobeconstantlyup-skillingthroughouttheircareertostayagile,relevantandemployable.Ithasbeenestimatedthatthisgenerationduetothepressuresoftechnology,thewishforpersonalfulfilmentanddesirefordiversitywillworkfor17differentemployersoverthecourseoftheirworkinglifeandhavefivedifferentcareers.Education,andnotjustknowledgegainedoncampus,willbeacorepartofGenerationZ'scareertrajectory.Ihaveoftenheardoldergenerationstalkabouttheirdegree(evenifitwasgaineddecadesago)inthepresentandpersonaltense:"Iamageographeror'Iamaciassist'.Theirsonsordaughterswouldneversaysuchathing;it'sasiftheyalreadyknowthattheirdegreewon'tdefinetheminthesameway.TheauthorsuggeststhatgenerationZshould.BecarefulinchoosingcollegeBediligentateacheducationalstage|C|ReassessthenecessityofcollegeeducationPostponetheirundergraduateapplicationThepercentageofUKgraduatesinnon-graduaterolesreflects.[A]millennialsopinionsaboutwork[B|theshrinkingvalueofdegree|C|publicdiscountwitheducation[D]thedesiredrouteofsocialmobilityTheauthorconsidersitagoodsignthat.|A|GenerationZareseekingtoearnadecentdegree[B]schoolleaversarewillingtobeskilledworkers[C]employersaretakingarealisticattitudetodegrees[D]parentsarechangingtheirmindsabouteducation29.Itisadvisedinparagraph5thatthosewithonedegreeshould.[A]makeanearlydecisionontheircareer[B|attendon-the-jobtrainingprogramsteamupwithhigh-paidpostgraduatesfurthertheirstudiesinthespecificfield3O.WhatcanbeconcludedaboutGenerationZfromlasttwoparagraphs?[A]Lifelonglearningwilldefinethem.[B」Theywillmakequalifiededucators.Degreeswillnolongerappealtothem.Theywillhavealimitedchoiceofjobs.Text3Enlightening,stimulating,inspiring,fun.TheseweresomeofthewordsthatNaturereadersusedtodescribetheirexperiencesofart-sciencecollaborationsinaseriesofarticlesonpartnershipsbetweenartistsandresearchers.Nearly40%oftheroughly350peoplewhorespondedtoanaccompanyingpollsaidtheyhadcollaboratedwithartists;andalmostallsaidtheywouldconsiderdoingsoinfuture.Suchanencouragingresultisnotsurprising.Publicengagementhasbecomeessentialtomanyresearchprojects.Scientistsareincreasinglyseekingoutvisualartistsanddesignerstohelpthemtocommunicatetheirworktonewaudiences."ArtistshelpscientistsreachabroaderaudienceandmakeemotionalconnectionsthatenhancelearningJonerespondentsaid.“Theexperienceisveryliberatingforme,asascientist/5saidanother.“There'softenavisualaspecttomysciencethatgeneratingandpublishingdatadoesnotconvey.^^OneexampleofhowartistsandscientistshavetogetherrockedthesensescamelastmonthwhentheSydneySymphonyOrchestrainAustraliaperformedareworkedversionofAntonioVivaldi'sTheFourSeasons.Theyreimaginedthe300-year-oldscorebyinjectingthelatestclimatepredictiondataforeachseason—providedbyMonashUniversity'sClimateChangeCommunicationResearchHubinMelbourne.TheworkwasentitledThe(Uncertain)FourSeasons,andvariationsofthescorecontaininglocaldataweresenttoeverymajororchestraintheworld.TheperformancewasacreativecalltoactionaheadofNovember'sUnitedNations.Butagenuinepartnershipmustbeatwo-waystreet.FewerartiststhanscientistsrespondedtotheNaturepoll;however,severalrespondentsnotedthatartistsdonotsimplyassistscientistswiththeircommunicationrequirements.Norshouldtheirworkbeconsideredonlyasanobjectofstudy——evenifthesearereasonswhyscientistsseekopportunitiestoworkwithartists.Thealliancesaremostvaluablewhenscientistsandartistshaveasharedstakeinaproject,areabletojointlydesignitandcancritiqueeachother'swork.Suchanapproachcanbothpromptnewresearchaswellasresultinpowerfulart.Morethanhalfacenturyago,theMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)openeditsCenterforAdvancedVisualStudies(CAVS)inCambridgetoexploretheroleoftechnologyinculture.ThecentrewasestablishedduringtheVietnamWar,whenmanyscientistsintheUnitedStateswerebeingcriticizedforworkingondefencecontracts.Itsfoundersbelievedthatartistsandscientistscould,together,createavisionforamorehumaneworld.Theydeliberatelyfocusedtheirprojectsaroundlight-hencethe"visualstudies5inthename.Lightwasasomethingthatbothartistsandscientistshadaninterestin,andthereforecouldformthebasisofcollaboration,saysSethRiskin,avisual-artsresearcherattheMITMuseumwhopreviouslyworkedatCAVS.Thereachofart-sciencetie-upsneedstogobeyondthenecessarypurposeofresearchcommunication,andparticipantsmustnotfallintothetrapofstereotypingeachother.Artistsandscientistsalikeareimmersedindiscoveryandinvention,andchallengeandcritiquearecoretoboth,too.Accordingtoparagraph1,art-sciencecollaborationshave.[A]caughttheattentionofcritics[B|receivedfavorableresponses[CJpromotedacademicpublishing[D]sparkedheatedpublicdisputesThereworkedversionofTheYearSeasonismentionedtoshowthatartcanofferaudienceseasyaccesstosciencesciencecanhelpwiththeexpressionofemotionspublicparticipationinsciencehasapromisingfutureartiseffectiveinfacilitatingscientificinnovationSomeartistsseemtoworrythatintheart-sciencepartnership.theirrolesmaybeunderestimatedtheirreputationmaybeimpairedtheircreativitymaybeinhibited|D|theirworkmaybemisguidedWhatdoestheauthorsayaboutCAVS?Itwasheadedalternatelybyartistsandscientists.Itexemplifiedvaluableart-sciencealliances.Itsprojectsaimedatadvancingvisualstudies.Itsfounderssoughttoraisethestatusofartists.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorholdsart-sciencecollaborations.arelikelytogobeyondpublicexpectations|B|willintensifyinterdisciplinarycompetitionshoulddomorethancommunicatingsciencearebecomingmorepopularthanbeforeText4ThepersonalgrievanceprovisionsoftheEmploymentRelationsAct2000(ERA)preventanemployerfromfiringanemployeewithoutgoodcause.Instead,dismissalsmustbejustified.Employersmustbothshowcauseandactinaprocedurallyfairway.Personalgrievanceproceduresweredesignedtoguardthejobsofordinaryworkersfrom"unjustifieddismissals”.Thepremisewasthatthecommonlawofcontractlackedsufficientsafeguardsforworkersagainstarbitraryconductbymanagement.Longgonearethedayswhenabosscouldsimplygiveanemployeecontractualnotice.Buttheseprovisionscreatedifficultiesforbusinesseswhenappliedtohighlypaidmanagersandexecutives.Ascountlessboardsandbusinessownerswillattest,constrainingfirmsfromfiringpoorlyperforming,high-earningmanagersisahandbrakeonboostingproductivityandoverallperformance.ThedifferencebetweenC-gradcandA-gradcmanagersmayverywellbethedifferencebetweenbusinesssuccessorfailure.Betweenpreservingthejobsofordinaryworkersorlosingthem.Yetmediocrityisnolongerenoughtojustifyadismissal.Consequently—andparadoxically-lawsintroducedtoprotectthejobsofordinaryworkersmaybeplacingthosejobsatrisk.Ifnotplacingjobsatrisk,totheextentemploymentprotectionlawsconstrainbusinessownersfromdismissingunderperformingmanagers,thoselawsactasaconstraintonfirmproductivityandthereforeonworkers'wages.Indeed,in"AnInternationalPerspectiveonNewZealand'sProductivityParadox^^(2014),theProductivityCommissionsingledoutthelowqualityofmanagerialcapabilitiesasacauseofthecountry'spoorproductivitygrowthrecord.NorarehighlypaidmanagersthemselvesimmunefromtheharmcausedbytheERA'Sunjustifieddismissalprocedures.Becauseemploymentprotectionlawsmakeitcostliertofireanemployee,employersaremorecautiousabouthiringnewstaff.Thismakesitharderforthemarginalmanagertogainemployment.Andfirmspaystafflessbecausefirmscarrytheburdenoftheemploymentarrangementgoingwrong.Societyalsosuffersfromexcessiveemploymentprotections.Stringentjobdismissalregulationsadverselyaffectproductivitygrowthandhamperbothprosperityandoverallwellbeing.AcrosstheTasman,Australiadealswiththeunjustifieddismissalparadoxbyexcludingemployeesearningaboveaspecified"high-incomethreshold^^fromtheprotectionofitsunfairdismissallaws.InNewZealand,a2016privatemembers'Billtriedtopermitfirmsandhigh-incomeemployeestocontractoutoftheunjustifieddismissalregime.However,themechanismsproposedwereunwieldyandtheBillwasvoteddownfollowingthechangeingovernmentlaterthatyear.ThepersonalgrievanceprovisionsoftheERAareintendedto.|A|punishdubiouscorporatepracticesimprovetraditionalhiringproceduresexemptemployersfromcertaindutiesprotecttherightsofordinaryworkersItcanbelearnedfromtheParagraph3thattheprovisionmay.hinderbusinessdevelopmentunderminethemanagers*authoritiesaffectthepublicimageofthefirmsweakenthelabor-managementrelationsWhichofthefollowingmeasureswouldtheProductivityCommissionsupport?Imposingreasonablewagerestraints.Enforcingemploymentprotections.Limitingthepowersofbusin