廣東外語外貿(mào)大學(xué)高級翻譯學(xué)院高級英漢漢英口譯課件4

Session4主題與主語Session4主題與主語1Chinesevs.English只要用功讀書，就能提高成績。（隱含主語）Ifonestudieshardenough,onewill…國慶節(jié)七天我們第一天全家人北京路購物。（多主語）Onthefirstdayoftheseven-dayNationalDayholiday,ourwholefamily…游泳非常消耗體力。（主語非名詞）Swimmingisquiteexhausting.Itisquiteexhaustingtoswim.刮風(fēng)了，下雨了。（零位主語）Itiswindyandrainy.Chinesevs.English只要用功讀書，就能提高2Chinesevs.EnglishChinese:Topic-prominentlanguage（話題占突顯地位的語言）English:Subject-prominentlanguage（主語占突顯地位的語言）--C.N.Li&S.A.Thompsonin1970sChinesevs.EnglishChinese:To3English:Theme-Rheme主位:述位

(Mathesius)Themeistheprimaryelementofasentence;itisthesubjectbeingtalkedaboutandisknown.Rhemeisthecoreelementofasentence;itissomethingthespeakerwantstosayaboutthetheme,orsomethingrelatedtothetheme.English:Theme-Rheme主位:述位

(Ma4ModernEnglishsentences83%--97%SVO(Jesperson)Theme=PsychologicalSubjectTheme≈SubjectModernEnglishsentences5FeaturesoftheSubjectinEnglish1.Theremustalwaysbeasubject;2.Thesubjectisthethemeofthesentencethattheverbstructuredescribes;3.Thesubjecthasgrammaticalcontrol;4.Thesubjectmustbeanounoranounstructure.FeaturesoftheSubjectinEng6Chinese:Topic-Comment話題:評說(Sapir)

Topicisthethemeofasentence.Commentisnarrationaboutthetheme.Chinese:Topic-Comment話題:評說(Sa7FeaturesoftheSubjectinChinese1.Thesubjectisnotessential;2.Thesubjecthasnogrammaticalcontroloverthewholesentence;3.Therecanbemorethanonesubject;4.Thesubjectcanbeanoun,verb,adjectiveoranysuchstructures.FeaturesoftheSubjectinChi8DifficultieswithChineseSubjects(SVO?):1）賓踞句首2）主謂謂語句3）賓踞動前4）主狀不分∴可以沒有主語，也可以有多個主語，除名詞以外，可以由動詞，形容詞，副詞，介詞短語，主謂結(jié)構(gòu)擔(dān)當(dāng)主語。DifficultieswithChineseSubj9Subject-prominentvs.Topic-prominent

Asubject-prominentlanguage(eg.English)isalanguageinwhichthegrammaticalunitsofsubjectandpredicate(SV)arebasictothestructureofsentencesandinwhichsentencesusuallyhavesubject-predicatestructure.Atopic-prominentlanguage(eg.Chinese)isoneinwhichtheinformationunitsoftopicandcommentarebasictothestructureofsentence.Subject-prominentvs.Topic-pr10ExamplesAnalysis1）主語的增補（漢語無主語）出太陽了！Thesunisrising!冷死我啦！Iamdeadcold.累得我走不動了。ItexhaustedmesomuchthatIcouldn’twalk.Iwastootiredtowalk.知己知彼，百戰(zhàn)不殆。Youcanfightahundredbattleswithoutdefeatifyouknowtheenemyaswellasyourself.ExamplesAnalysis1）主語的增補（漢語無主語11ExamplesAnalysis2）主語的選擇（漢語有多個主語）近二十年的時間已經(jīng)充分證明，我們進行改革開放的方向是正確的，信念是堅定的，步驟是穩(wěn)妥的，方式是漸進的，取得的成就是巨大的。Thepracticeinthepast20yearshaseloquentlyprovedthatthedirectionofourreformandopening-upisright,ourconvictionisfirm,ourstepsaresteady,ourapproachisgradualandourachievementsarehuge.Thepracticeinthepast20yearshaseloquentlyprovedthatwearerightindirection,firminconviction,steadyinourstepsandgradualinourapproachwhencarryingoutthereformandopening-upandhaveachievedtremendoussuccess.ExamplesAnalysis2）主語的選擇（漢語有多個12ExamplesAnalysis主語的轉(zhuǎn)換（漢語有名詞以外成分充當(dāng)主語）采用新工藝大大降低了產(chǎn)品的成本。Theadoptionofthenewprocesshasgreatlycutthecostofproduction.能吃能睡不一定就健康。Greateatersandsleepersarenotalwayshealthy.今天討論范圍涉及時事政治的問題。Today’sdiscussioncoversissuesofcurrentpoliticalaffairs.工作時候心不在焉，經(jīng)常會帶來不必要的損失。Absent-mindednessinourworkwilloftenleadtounwantedlosses.ExamplesAnalysis主語的轉(zhuǎn)換（漢語有名詞以外13ExamplesAnalysis各民族之間建立了平等、團結(jié)、互助的新型關(guān)系。

Wehaveestablishedanewtypeofrelationshipcharacterizedbyequality,solidarityandmutualassistancebetweendifferentethnicgroups.Anewtypeofrelationshipofequality,solidarityandmutualassistancebetweendifferentethnicgroupshasbeenestablished.ExamplesAnalysis各民族之間建立了平等、團結(jié)14ExamplesAnalysis中國歷史上產(chǎn)生了許多杰出的哲學(xué)家、思想家、政治家、軍事家、科學(xué)家和文學(xué)藝術(shù)家。

Chinaproducedinitshistorymanyoutstandingphilosophers,thinkers,statesmen,strategists,scientists,writersandartists.Manyoutstandingphilosophers,thinkers,statesmen,strategists,scientists,writersandartistswereproduced/emergedinChina’shistory.TheChinesehistoryhaswitnessedtheemergenceofmanyeminentphilosophers,thinkers,statesmen,strategists,scientists,writersandartists.ExamplesAnalysis中國歷史上產(chǎn)生了許多杰出的15ExamplesAnalysis但是中美之間的關(guān)系也不能幻想從此就會一帆風(fēng)順。（我們不能幻想中美之間的關(guān)系從此就會一帆風(fēng)順。）ButwecannothavetheillusionthatSino-USrelationswillbefreefromtroublesfromnowon.ExamplesAnalysis但是中美之間的關(guān)系也不能幻16ExamplesAnalysis如果僅以此作為一個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，來說中國就是一個發(fā)達國家，我覺得這種說法是不公平的。ButifyouconsiderthistheonlystandardandsayChinaisadevelopedcountry,Ithinkthisisunfair.ButIthinkitisunfairtousethisasthesinglestandardtoconcludethatChinaisadevelopedcountry.ExamplesAnalysis如果僅以此作為一個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，來17ExamplesAnalysis從中國來看的話，不能只看中國的大城市、沿海和沿江，像珠江三角洲、長江三角洲，這些個地方老百姓的生活是比較好的。WhenlookingatChina,one/weshouldnotlimitoneself/ourselvestoitslargecites,coastalareasandriverbasins,suchasthePearlRiverDeltaandtheYangtzeRiverDelta,wherethepeopleenjoyahigherlivingstandard.ExamplesAnalysis從中國來看的話，不能只看中18ExamplesAnalysis中美兩國貿(mào)易中時常出現(xiàn)摩擦和糾紛，此起彼伏、接連不斷，在摩擦中前進。FrictionsanddisputesfrequentlycomeforthinSino-UStrade,butprogressismadeinfrictions.TherearefrequentfrictionsanddisputesinSino-UStrade,butprogressismadeinfrictions.ExamplesAnalysis中美兩國貿(mào)易中時常出現(xiàn)摩擦19ExamplesAnalysis要和平、不要對抗；要合作，不要強權(quán)；要發(fā)展，不要貧困；是當(dāng)今世界發(fā)展的主流，是世人的共同呼聲。Wewantpeaceinsteadofconfrontation.Wewantcooperationinsteadofpowerpolitics.Wewantdevelopmentinsteadofpoverty.Thisisthemaintrendofthetimeandthecommonaspirationoftheworldpeople.Wethepeopleoftheworldwantpeace,notconfrontation;cooperation,notpowerpolitics;development,notpoverty.Thisrepresentsthemaintrendofthetimesandourcommonaspiration.Peaceratherthanconfrontation,cooperationratherthanpowerpolitics,developmentratherthanpovertyconstitutethemainstreamoftheworlddevelopmentandrepresentthecommonaspirationoftheworldpeople.ExamplesAnalysis要和平、不要對抗；要合作，20ExamplesAnalysis過去，只講在社會主義條件下發(fā)展生產(chǎn)力，沒有講可持續(xù)地發(fā)展生產(chǎn)力，不完全。Inthepast,weonlystressedthedevelopmentofourproductivityundersocialism,withoutevenmentioningtheneedtoachievesustainabledevelopment.Thatwasnotcomplete.ExamplesAnalysis過去，只講在社會主義條件下21ExamplesAnalysis隨著全球化發(fā)展，香港和珠江三角洲的關(guān)系將會更加密切，要深入認(rèn)識珠三角，非要親身實地考察不可。Withincreasingglobalization,HongKongandthePearlRiverDeltawillbeevencloser.ItwasnecessarytovisitthePearlRiverDeltainordertogainfirsthandunderstandingoftheregion.Withincreasingglobalization,HongKongandthePearlRiverDeltawillbeevencloser.Togainfirsthandunderstandingoftheregion,oneneedstopayapersonalvisittothePearlRiverDelta.ExamplesAnalysis隨著全球化發(fā)展，香港和珠江22ExamplesAnalysis不改革舊的不合理的經(jīng)濟秩序，發(fā)展中國家的發(fā)展努力就難以奏效，也就不可能從根本上解決發(fā)展中國家的發(fā)展問題。Withoutreformingtheoldandunreasonableeconomicorder,thedevelopmenteffortofthedevelopingcountriescanhardlybeeffectiveandtheirdevelopmentproblemsarenotlikelytobesettledfromitsveryroot.Failuretoreformtheoldandunreasonableeconomicorderwillputthedevelopmenteffortofthedevelopingcountriesinvain,andwillpreventthesecountriesfromsolvingtheirdevelopmentproblemsfromitsveryroot.ExamplesAnalysis不改革舊的不合理的經(jīng)濟秩序23ExamplesAnalysis中美兩國繼續(xù)給予對方最惠國地位符合兩國的利益，有助于雙方經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易合作的發(fā)展以及雙邊關(guān)系的改善。ThefurthergrantingofMFNstatusbyChinaandtheUStoeachotherisintheinterestofbothsidesandisconducivetothedevelopmentoftheireconomicandtradecooperationaswellastheimprovementofbilateralrelations.ExamplesAnalysis中美兩國繼續(xù)給予對方最惠國24ExamplesAnalysis如果雙方要對抗，我們可以找很多麻煩，制造很多人為障礙。Shouldthetwosidesgoinforconfrontation,wewillbeabletofindoutalotoftroubleandcreatemanyman-madeobstacles.Shouldonewantconfrontation,onecanalwayscreatetroubleandsetupobstacles.ExamplesAnalysis如果雙方要對抗，我們可以找25ExamplesAnalysisWhenfailingtoreachagreementsrightaway,thoseinvolvedshouldexercisepatiencetopreventfurtherintensificationofthedisputes,andatthesametimecreateconditionsandfavourableatmosphereforaneventualpeacefulsolution.如果一時達不成協(xié)議，應(yīng)采取耐心的態(tài)度，防止矛盾激化，努力為最終和平解決創(chuàng)造條件和氣氛。ExamplesAnalysisWhenfailing26ExamplesAnalysisItisnotraretoseeinterferenceinothercountries’internalaffairsunderallsortsofpretexts.以各種借口干涉別國內(nèi)政的事情屢見不鮮。某些國家以各種借口干涉別國內(nèi)政的事情屢見不鮮。ExamplesAnalysisItisnotrar27ExamplesAnalysisItwillbeverydifficulttomakeadecisionwithoutknowingallthefacts.我們?nèi)绻恢廊空鎸嵡闆r的話，很難做出決定。如果不知道全部真實情況的話，很難做出決定。ExamplesAnalysisItwillbeve28ExamplesAnalysisItisnotabadideatoconsiderourparticipationinthisnewbusinessproject.我們可以考慮參加這個新的商業(yè)項目。可以考慮我們參加這個新的商業(yè)項目。ExamplesAnalysisItisnotab29ExamplesAnalysisAbetterknowledgeofthelocalculturewillhelpourinterpretationwork.更好地了解當(dāng)?shù)匚幕兄谖覀兊目谧g工作。ExamplesAnalysisAbetterknow30ExamplesAnalysisInthelongterm,afundamentalrethinkingoftheroleoftheSecurityCouncilmayberequired,giventheexperienceofthepast60yearsoftheUNandnewpoliticalrealities.長遠來看，根本性地重新考慮安理會的作用也許是必要的，聯(lián)合國過去60年的經(jīng)驗和新的政治現(xiàn)實需要我們這樣做。ExamplesAnalysisInthelongt31ExamplesAnalysisIntheinformationfield,instantanduniversalcommunicationoflargequantitiesofdataisnowthenorm.在信息領(lǐng)域，瞬間全球性地傳遞大量數(shù)據(jù)已司空見慣。ExamplesAnalysisIntheinform32Session4主題與主語Session4主題與主語33Chinesevs.English只要用功讀書，就能提高成績。（隱含主語）Ifonestudieshardenough,onewill…國慶節(jié)七天我們第一天全家人北京路購物。（多主語）Onthefirstdayoftheseven-dayNationalDayholiday,ourwholefamily…游泳非常消耗體力。（主語非名詞）Swimmingisquiteexhausting.Itisquiteexhaustingtoswim.刮風(fēng)了，下雨了。（零位主語）Itiswindyandrainy.Chinesevs.English只要用功讀書，就能提高34Chinesevs.EnglishChinese:Topic-prominentlanguage（話題占突顯地位的語言）English:Subject-prominentlanguage（主語占突顯地位的語言）--C.N.Li&S.A.Thompsonin1970sChinesevs.EnglishChinese:To35English:Theme-Rheme主位:述位

(Mathesius)Themeistheprimaryelementofasentence;itisthesubjectbeingtalkedaboutandisknown.Rhemeisthecoreelementofasentence;itissomethingthespeakerwantstosayaboutthetheme,orsomethingrelatedtothetheme.English:Theme-Rheme主位:述位

(Ma36ModernEnglishsentences83%--97%SVO(Jesperson)Theme=PsychologicalSubjectTheme≈SubjectModernEnglishsentences37FeaturesoftheSubjectinEnglish1.Theremustalwaysbeasubject;2.Thesubjectisthethemeofthesentencethattheverbstructuredescribes;3.Thesubjecthasgrammaticalcontrol;4.Thesubjectmustbeanounoranounstructure.FeaturesoftheSubjectinEng38Chinese:Topic-Comment話題:評說(Sapir)

Topicisthethemeofasentence.Commentisnarrationaboutthetheme.Chinese:Topic-Comment話題:評說(Sa39FeaturesoftheSubjectinChinese1.Thesubjectisnotessential;2.Thesubjecthasnogrammaticalcontroloverthewholesentence;3.Therecanbemorethanonesubject;4.Thesubjectcanbeanoun,verb,adjectiveoranysuchstructures.FeaturesoftheSubjectinChi40DifficultieswithChineseSubjects(SVO?):1）賓踞句首2）主謂謂語句3）賓踞動前4）主狀不分∴可以沒有主語，也可以有多個主語，除名詞以外，可以由動詞，形容詞，副詞，介詞短語，主謂結(jié)構(gòu)擔(dān)當(dāng)主語。DifficultieswithChineseSubj41Subject-prominentvs.Topic-prominent

Asubject-prominentlanguage(eg.English)isalanguageinwhichthegrammaticalunitsofsubjectandpredicate(SV)arebasictothestructureofsentencesandinwhichsentencesusuallyhavesubject-predicatestructure.Atopic-prominentlanguage(eg.Chinese)isoneinwhichtheinformationunitsoftopicandcommentarebasictothestructureofsentence.Subject-prominentvs.Topic-pr42ExamplesAnalysis1）主語的增補（漢語無主語）出太陽了！Thesunisrising!冷死我啦！Iamdeadcold.累得我走不動了。ItexhaustedmesomuchthatIcouldn’twalk.Iwastootiredtowalk.知己知彼，百戰(zhàn)不殆。Youcanfightahundredbattleswithoutdefeatifyouknowtheenemyaswellasyourself.ExamplesAnalysis1）主語的增補（漢語無主語43ExamplesAnalysis2）主語的選擇（漢語有多個主語）近二十年的時間已經(jīng)充分證明，我們進行改革開放的方向是正確的，信念是堅定的，步驟是穩(wěn)妥的，方式是漸進的，取得的成就是巨大的。Thepracticeinthepast20yearshaseloquentlyprovedthatthedirectionofourreformandopening-upisright,ourconvictionisfirm,ourstepsaresteady,ourapproachisgradualandourachievementsarehuge.Thepracticeinthepast20yearshaseloquentlyprovedthatwearerightindirection,firminconviction,steadyinourstepsandgradualinourapproachwhencarryingoutthereformandopening-upandhaveachievedtremendoussuccess.ExamplesAnalysis2）主語的選擇（漢語有多個44ExamplesAnalysis主語的轉(zhuǎn)換（漢語有名詞以外成分充當(dāng)主語）采用新工藝大大降低了產(chǎn)品的成本。Theadoptionofthenewprocesshasgreatlycutthecostofproduction.能吃能睡不一定就健康。Greateatersandsleepersarenotalwayshealthy.今天討論范圍涉及時事政治的問題。Today’sdiscussioncoversissuesofcurrentpoliticalaffairs.工作時候心不在焉，經(jīng)常會帶來不必要的損失。Absent-mindednessinourworkwilloftenleadtounwantedlosses.ExamplesAnalysis主語的轉(zhuǎn)換（漢語有名詞以外45ExamplesAnalysis各民族之間建立了平等、團結(jié)、互助的新型關(guān)系。

Wehaveestablishedanewtypeofrelationshipcharacterizedbyequality,solidarityandmutualassistancebetweendifferentethnicgroups.Anewtypeofrelationshipofequality,solidarityandmutualassistancebetweendifferentethnicgroupshasbeenestablished.ExamplesAnalysis各民族之間建立了平等、團結(jié)46ExamplesAnalysis中國歷史上產(chǎn)生了許多杰出的哲學(xué)家、思想家、政治家、軍事家、科學(xué)家和文學(xué)藝術(shù)家。

Chinaproducedinitshistorymanyoutstandingphilosophers,thinkers,statesmen,strategists,scientists,writersandartists.Manyoutstandingphilosophers,thinkers,statesmen,strategists,scientists,writersandartistswereproduced/emergedinChina’shistory.TheChinesehistoryhaswitnessedtheemergenceofmanyeminentphilosophers,thinkers,statesmen,strategists,scientists,writersandartists.ExamplesAnalysis中國歷史上產(chǎn)生了許多杰出的47ExamplesAnalysis但是中美之間的關(guān)系也不能幻想從此就會一帆風(fēng)順。（我們不能幻想中美之間的關(guān)系從此就會一帆風(fēng)順。）ButwecannothavetheillusionthatSino-USrelationswillbefreefromtroublesfromnowon.ExamplesAnalysis但是中美之間的關(guān)系也不能幻48ExamplesAnalysis如果僅以此作為一個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，來說中國就是一個發(fā)達國家，我覺得這種說法是不公平的。ButifyouconsiderthistheonlystandardandsayChinaisadevelopedcountry,Ithinkthisisunfair.ButIthinkitisunfairtousethisasthesinglestandardtoconcludethatChinaisadevelopedcountry.ExamplesAnalysis如果僅以此作為一個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，來49ExamplesAnalysis從中國來看的話，不能只看中國的大城市、沿海和沿江，像珠江三角洲、長江三角洲，這些個地方老百姓的生活是比較好的。WhenlookingatChina,one/weshouldnotlimitoneself/ourselvestoitslargecites,coastalareasandriverbasins,suchasthePearlRiverDeltaandtheYangtzeRiverDelta,wherethepeopleenjoyahigherlivingstandard.ExamplesAnalysis從中國來看的話，不能只看中50ExamplesAnalysis中美兩國貿(mào)易中時常出現(xiàn)摩擦和糾紛，此起彼伏、接連不斷，在摩擦中前進。FrictionsanddisputesfrequentlycomeforthinSino-UStrade,butprogressismadeinfrictions.TherearefrequentfrictionsanddisputesinSino-UStrade,butprogressismadeinfrictions.ExamplesAnalysis中美兩國貿(mào)易中時常出現(xiàn)摩擦51ExamplesAnalysis要和平、不要對抗；要合作，不要強權(quán)；要發(fā)展，不要貧困；是當(dāng)今世界發(fā)展的主流，是世人的共同呼聲。Wewantpeaceinsteadofconfrontation.Wewantcooperationinsteadofpowerpolitics.Wewantdevelopmentinsteadofpoverty.Thisisthemaintrendofthetimeandthecommonaspirationoftheworldpeople.Wethepeopleoftheworldwantpeace,notconfrontation;cooperation,notpowerpolitics;development,notpoverty.Thisrepresentsthemaintrendofthetimesandourcommonaspiration.Peaceratherthanconfrontation,cooperationratherthanpowerpolitics,developmentratherthanpovertyconstitutethemainstreamoftheworlddevelopmentandrepresentthecommonaspirationoftheworldpeople.ExamplesAnalysis要和平、不要對抗；要合作，52ExamplesAnalysis過去，只講在社會主義條件下發(fā)展生產(chǎn)力，沒有講可持續(xù)地發(fā)展生產(chǎn)力，不完全。Inthepast,weonlystressedthedevelopmentofourproductivityundersocialism,withoutevenmentioningtheneedtoachievesustainabledevelopment.Thatwasnotcomplete.ExamplesAnalysis過去，只講在社會主義條件下53ExamplesAnalysis隨著全球化發(fā)展，香港和珠江三角洲的關(guān)系將會更加密切，要深入認(rèn)識珠三角，非要親身實地考察不可。Withincreasingglobalization,HongKongandthePearlRiverDeltawillbeevencloser.ItwasnecessarytovisitthePearlRiverDeltainordertogainfirsthandunderstandingoftheregion.Withincreasingglobalization,HongKongandthePearlRiverDeltawillbeevencloser.Togainfirsthandunderstandingoftheregion,oneneedstopayapersonalvisittothePearlRiverDelta.ExamplesAnalysis隨著全球化發(fā)展，香港和珠江54ExamplesAnalysis不改革舊的不合理的經(jīng)濟秩序，發(fā)展中國家的發(fā)展努力就難以奏效，也就不可能從根本上解決發(fā)展中國家的發(fā)展問題。Withoutreformingtheoldandunreasonableeconomicorder,thedevelopmenteffortofthedevelopingcountriescanhardlybeeffectiveandtheirdevelopmentproblemsarenotlikelytobesettledfromitsveryroot.Failuretoreformtheoldandunreasonableeconomicorderwillputthedevelopmenteffortofthedevelopingcountriesinvain,andwillpreventthesecountriesfromsolvingtheirdevelopmentproblemsfromitsveryroot.ExamplesAnalysis不改革舊的不合理的經(jīng)濟秩序55ExamplesAnalysis中美兩國繼續(xù)給予對方最惠國地位符合兩國的利益，有助于雙方經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易合作的發(fā)展以及雙邊關(guān)系的改善。ThefurthergrantingofMFNstatusbyChinaandtheUStoeachotherisintheinterestofbothsidesandisconducive