國(guó)際商務(wù)合同文體與翻譯chapter4課件

國(guó)際商務(wù)合同的文體與翻譯StyleandTranslationofInternationalBusinessContracts國(guó)際商務(wù)合同的文體與翻譯StyleandTranslat1商務(wù)英文合同的語言特色商務(wù)英文合同的語言特色2LanguageFeaturesLanguageFeaturesofBusinessContract

WordUsinginBusinessContract

SentencePatterninBusinessContract

312LanguageFeaturesLanguageFeat3Aretheygoodsentences?Thebuyercanaskforaclaimagainstthesellerbecausethesellercausedthelossesthebuyerhastobear.Thebuyershallhavetherighttolodgeaclaimagainstthesellerforthelossessustainedifany.買方有權(quán)對(duì)因此遭受的其他損失向賣方提出索賠Aretheygoodsentences?Thebu4Aretheygoodsentences?Forthefulltermandevenwhenthecontractisfinishedorcancelled,PartyBcannottelltherelatedtechnicalinformationtotheotherparty.ForthefulltermandevenaftertheterminationorcancellationoftheAgreement,PartyBshalltakeallandeverynecessarycaretoensurethatsuchtechnicalinformationshallnotbedisclosedtoanythirdparty.在本合同有效期內(nèi)，甚至在其終止或撤銷后，乙方仍需注意保密，不得將該項(xiàng)技術(shù)資料泄露給任何第三方。Aretheygoodsentences?Forth5LanguageFeaturesCommercialcontractisanagreement,whichlegallybindsthepartiesconcernedaccordingtofixedlaws.Therefore,languageincommercialcontractshouldbeprofessional

orlegal,formalandaccurateinordertoavoidpossibledisputesandconflicts.LanguageFeaturesCommercialc6WordUsinginBusinessContractWordUsinginBusinessContrac7Formallegalwords正式法律用語Formallegalwords正式法律用語8Formallegalwords

商務(wù)合同是具有法律效力的經(jīng)濟(jì)文書，其語言屬于法律范疇。商務(wù)英語合同中大量使用的是正式的法律用語及專業(yè)詞匯，它既不同于文學(xué)文本中詩情畫意的文字，也不同于生活用語中隨性而發(fā)的話語。Formallegalwords商務(wù)合同是具有法律效力9FormallegalwordsTheEmployershallgivecorrecttechnicalguidancetothepersonnel.雇主應(yīng)該對(duì)有關(guān)人員給予正確技術(shù)指導(dǎo)。TheEmployershallrendercorrecttechnicalguidancetothepersonnel.FormallegalwordsTheEmployer10FormallegalwordsPartyAshallrepatriatethepatienttoChinaandbearthecostofhispassagetoGuangzhou.PartyAshallsendbackthepatienttoChinaandbearthecostofhispassagetoGuangzhou.甲方應(yīng)將病人遣返中國(guó)并負(fù)責(zé)其往返廣州的旅費(fèi)FormallegalwordsPartyAshal11FormallegalwordsThisContractshallbegovernedbyandconstrued

inaccordancewiththelawsofChina.ThisContractshallbegovernedbyandexplainedaccordingtothelawsofChina.本合同受中國(guó)法律管轄，并依照中國(guó)法律解釋。FormallegalwordsThisContrac12FormallegalwordsTheAppendixheretoshall,throughthecontractperiod,bedeemedtobeconstruedasanintegralpartofthisContract.TheAppendixheretoshall,throughthecontractperiod,beconsideredtobeconstruedasanintegralpartofthisContract.整個(gè)合同期間，本合同附件都應(yīng)解釋為合同不可分割的一部分FormallegalwordsTheAppendix13Formallegalwords※“在……之前”一般用“priorto”，而不用“before”；IftheForceMajeureappliespriorto

theCompletionDate,thepartieswillmeettodiscussarevisedtimetableforthecompletionoftheProject.如在竣工期之前遇到不可抗力，雙方應(yīng)開會(huì)討論修改工程竣工的時(shí)間表。Formallegalwords※“在……之前”一般用14Formallegalwords

※“關(guān)于”常用“asregards”，“concerning”

或“relatingto”，而不會(huì)用“about”；TechnicalDocumentationmeansthetechnicalindices,specifications,drawingsanddocumentsrelatedto

Design,Inspection,Erection,TestRuns,Commissioning,PerformanceTest,OperationandMaintenanceofContractPlant,detailsofwhicharespecifiedinAppendix2,3,8and9.技術(shù)文件：本合同附件二，三，八，九中所列的與合同項(xiàng)目的設(shè)計(jì)，檢驗(yàn)，安裝，試車，投料試生產(chǎn)，性能測(cè)試，操作，維修等有關(guān)的全部技術(shù)數(shù)據(jù)，規(guī)格，圖紙和文件。

Formallegalwords※“關(guān)于”常用“as15Formallegalwords

1.“事實(shí)上”用“ineffect”，而不用“infact”；2.“開始”用“commencement”,而不用“start”或“begin”；3.“停止做”用“ceasetodo”，而不用“stoptodo”；4.“其他事項(xiàng)”用“miscellaneous”,

而不用“othermatters/events”；

Formallegalwords1.“事實(shí)上”用“i16Formallegalwords

5.“認(rèn)為”用“deem”，少用“consider”，不用“think”或“believe”；

Intheabsenceofsuchindication,theCreditshall

bedeemed

toberevocable.

如無該項(xiàng)表示，信用證應(yīng)視為可以撤消的。6.“愿意做”用“intendtodo”或“desiretodo”，而不用“wanttodo”,“wishtodo”。Formallegalwords5.“認(rèn)為”用“de17Terminology專業(yè)術(shù)語Terminology專業(yè)術(shù)語18Terminology商務(wù)合同中有很多專業(yè)術(shù)語，如涉及數(shù)字、時(shí)間、交貨條件、貿(mào)易術(shù)語以及信用證等方面的專業(yè)詞匯特別多。翻譯的時(shí)候必須做到準(zhǔn)確無誤，否則，將會(huì)給雙方當(dāng)事人造成難以估量的損失。翻譯者要善于積累相關(guān)的專業(yè)術(shù)語。比如：ForceMajeure(不可抗力)defect（瑕疵）

jurisdiction（管轄）

damage（損毀），loss（滅失）

letterofcredit(信用證)billoflading（提單）

billofexchange(匯票)Terminology商務(wù)合同中有很多專業(yè)術(shù)語，如涉及數(shù)字19Terminology合同中通常會(huì)出現(xiàn)訂立合同的兩方或兩方以上的詳細(xì)名稱，為了避免在合同條款中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)過長(zhǎng)的名稱，現(xiàn)將涉及各方的詞匯總結(jié)如下：甲方PartyA

乙方PartyB買方theBuyer(s)

賣方theSeller(s)締約雙方thetwocontractingparties各方eachparty第三方athirdparty任何一方eitherparty另一方theotherpartyTerminology合同中通常會(huì)出現(xiàn)訂立合同的兩方或兩方以20TerminologyAnysuchassignment,transferorconveyanceshallbewithoutotherconsiderationthanthemutualcovenantsandconsiderationsofthisagreement.任何轉(zhuǎn)讓除根據(jù)本協(xié)議相互契約和對(duì)價(jià)外不得考慮其他。三個(gè)單詞都有轉(zhuǎn)讓的含義，其中assignment和conveyance更為專業(yè)，后者主要表示不動(dòng)產(chǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)讓TerminologyAnysuchassignmen21Terminology…thesaidpartyofthefirstpartdoesherebybargain,sell,grantandconvey,infeesimple,withgeneralwarrantyoftitle,untothepartyofthesecondpart,thefollowing,to-wit:………上述甲方由此交易，出售，轉(zhuǎn)讓___,對(duì)所有權(quán)向乙方作出一般保證如下，即……此處”to-wit”相當(dāng)于“thatistosay(i.e.)”Terminology…thesaidpartyof22OldEnglish古體詞，舊體詞OldEnglish古體詞，舊體詞23OldEnglish舊體詞在現(xiàn)代英語中已經(jīng)很少使用，但是在法律性文件中卻使用廣泛。其主要原因是為了避免重復(fù)且反映出法律文件的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性。舊體詞是由介詞加前綴或后綴構(gòu)成，大多數(shù)為副詞。OldEnglish舊體詞在現(xiàn)代英語中已經(jīng)很少使用，但是在24第一類：here+介系詞以here開頭，加上介系詞的傳統(tǒng)用字

原則：here+介系詞=介系詞+this第二類：there+介系詞以there開頭，加上介系詞的傳統(tǒng)用字

原則：there+介系詞=介系詞+that第三類：where+介系詞以where開頭，加上介系詞的傳統(tǒng)用字

原則：where+介系詞=介系詞+whichOldEnglish第一類：here+介系詞OldEnglish25Hereunder=underthisEachpaymenttobemadehereundershallbeinAmericancurrency.Thefollowingtermsusedintheserulesshallhavethemeaningshereunderassignedtothem：本實(shí)施細(xì)則下列用語的含義是：以下規(guī)定的每項(xiàng)款額要用美元支付Hereunder=underthisEachpayme26Hereby:bymeansof;byreasonofthis.

特此，因此，茲Hereby=bythisTheSellerherebywarrantsthatthegoodsmeetthequalitystandardandarefreefromalldefects.賣方在此保證：貨物符合質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)無瑕疵。hereby=bythisagreementHereby:bymeansof;byreaso27Hereby:bymeansof;byreasonofthis.

特此，因此，茲Hereby=bythisThiscontractisherebymadeandconcludedbyandbetween×××Co.(hereinafterreferredtoasPartyA)and×××Co.(hereinafterreferredtoasPartyB)on×××(data),in×××(Place),China,ontheprincipleofequalityandmutualbenefitandthroughamicableconsultation.

本合同雙方，×××公司(以下稱甲方)與×××公司(以下稱乙方)于×××(日期)在中國(guó)×××(地點(diǎn)),本著平等互利和友好協(xié)商的原則特簽訂本合同。Hereby:bymeansof;byreaso28Hereto:tothis,至此，在此上。在表示上文已提及的“本合同的…本文件的…”時(shí)，使用該詞。Thepartieshereto:本合同雙方Appendix4hereto:本協(xié)議附件4Hereto=tothisAlldisputesarisingfromtheperformanceofthisContractshall,throughamicablenegotiations,besettledbythePartieshereto.對(duì)于因履行本合同所發(fā)生的一切爭(zhēng)議，本合同雙方應(yīng)通過友好協(xié)商解決Hereto:tothis,至此，在此上。在表示上文已29Hereto=tothisNeitherofthepartiesheretoshallatanytimeduringthecontinuancehereofdealwithanyofthesharesoftheJointCompanyownedbythesaidpartywhetherbysale,pledge,giftorotherwiseinanymannerinconsistentwiththecarryingoutofitsobligationshereunder本合同任何一方都不得在本合同有效期間采用出售，抵押，贈(zèng)送或其他與履行本合同規(guī)定的義務(wù)不一致的方式，處理其擁有的合營(yíng)公司的任何股份。Hereto=tothisNeitherofthep30Theterms,conditionsandprovisionshereof本合同的條件和條款。Hereof=ofthis關(guān)于此點(diǎn)，在本文中ForeigntradedealersasmentionedinthisLawshall,inaccordancewiththeprovisionshereof

(本法所稱)coversuchlegalentitiesandotherorganizationsasareengagedinforeigntradedealings.

本法所稱的對(duì)外貿(mào)易經(jīng)營(yíng)者是指依照本法規(guī)定從事對(duì)外貿(mào)易經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)的法人和其他組織。Theterms,conditionsandprov31Hereof=ofthis關(guān)于此點(diǎn)，在本文中ThisdecisionshallapplytothecrimescommittedagainstArticle9,Article10andArticle11hereof

bythestaffandworkersofenterprisesotherthanlimitedliabilitycompaniesandcompanieslimitedbyshares.

有限責(zé)任公司和股份有限公司以外的企業(yè)職工有本決定第九條、第十條和第十一條規(guī)定的犯罪行為的，適用本決定。Hereof=ofthis關(guān)于此點(diǎn)，在本文中Thisd32Herein=inthisHerein:inthis.此中，于此。在表示上文已提及的“本合同（中）的…本文件（中）的…”時(shí)，使用該詞Theterm“company”mentionedhereinreferstosuchalimitedliabilitycompanyorsuchacompanylimitedbysharesasareestablishedwithintheterritoryofChinainaccordancewiththisLaw.

本法所稱公司是指依照本法在中國(guó)境內(nèi)設(shè)立的有限責(zé)任公司和股份有限公司。Herein=inthisHerein:inthis.33Thereof=ofthatthereof:ofthat,ofit.由此在表示已提及的“人或事的”時(shí)，可以使用該詞。ThetitlestothearticlesinthisAgreementandinthesaidExhibitsareforconvenienceofreferenceonly,notpartofthisAgreement,andshallnotinanywayaffecttheinterpretationthereof.

本協(xié)議的各條款和協(xié)議的附錄中使用的標(biāo)題，僅為了查閱方便，并非本協(xié)議的構(gòu)成部分，絕不影響對(duì)被協(xié)議內(nèi)容的解釋。Thereof=ofthatthereof:oftha34Therein=inthattherein:inthat,inthatparticularcontext,inthatrespect.在那里，在那點(diǎn)上，在那方面。在表示上文已提及的“合同中的，工程中的”等時(shí)，可以使用該詞。Thecontractorshallnot,withoutthepriorconsentoftheEmployer,assigntheContractoranypartthereof,oranybenefitorinterestthereinorthereunder,otherwisethanby:

沒有業(yè)主的事先同意，承包人不得將合同或合同的任何部分，或合同中或合同名下的任何利益或好處進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)讓，但下列情況除外：Therein:inthecontractThereunder:underthecontractTherein=inthattherein:intha35Thereto=tothat隨附，附之“ContractProducts”meanstheproductsspecifiedinAppendix2tothisContract,togetherwithallimprovementsandmodificationsthereofordevelopmentswithrespectthereto.“合同產(chǎn)品”指本合同附件2中規(guī)定的產(chǎn)品及其改進(jìn)和開發(fā)的產(chǎn)品。Thepartiestheretoshall,ingoodfaith,complywiththedecisionandawardofthearbitrationtribunal.

雙方須以良好的誠(chéng)信態(tài)度遵守仲裁庭的決定。Thereto=tothat隨附，附之“Contrac36Thereon/upon=onthat

在其上Thepartiesconcernedshalljointlysignthemediationdocumentandthesuperintendencyadministrationshallconfirmitbyaffixingitsseal

thereon

調(diào)解書由當(dāng)事人各方共同簽字，并經(jīng)港務(wù)監(jiān)督蓋印確認(rèn)Therefrom=fromthat

從那里，從此PartyBshallnotinterfereinsuchdirectdealingsnorshallPartyBbringforwardanydemandfe8forcompensation

therefrom.

乙方不得干涉此種直接貿(mào)易，也無權(quán)向甲方

提出任何補(bǔ)償或傭金要求。Thereon/upon=onthat在其上Thep37Therefore=forthat

因此，由此得出Noticeofthedelayandthereasonsthereforeshallbeprovidedinwritingtotheinterestedparty.

延遲的通知及其原因應(yīng)以書面形式向有關(guān)當(dāng)事人提供Thereafter=afterthat

之后ThepartyaffectedbytheeventofForceMajuroshallinformtheotherpartyofitsoccurrenceinwritingassoonaspossibleandthereaftersendacertificateoftheeventissuedbytherelevantauthoritiestotheotherpartywithin15daysafteritsoccurrence.

但是，受不可抗力事件影響的一方須盡快將發(fā)生的事件通知另一方，并在不可抗力事件發(fā)生15天內(nèi)將有關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)出具的不可抗力事件的證明寄交對(duì)方

Therefore=forthat因此，由此得出Not38Whereby憑此協(xié)議，憑此條款Whereby:bytheagreement,bythefollowingtermsandconditions,常用于合同協(xié)議書中以引出合同當(dāng)事人應(yīng)承擔(dān)的主要合同義務(wù)。Asalescontractreferstoacontractwherebythesellertransferstheownershipofanobjecttothebuyerandthebuyerpaysthepricefortheobject.買賣合同是出賣人轉(zhuǎn)讓標(biāo)的物的所有權(quán)于買受人，買受人支付價(jià)款的合同。Whereby憑此協(xié)議，憑此條款Whereby:by39Whereof=ofwhich關(guān)于Whereby:ofwhich,常用于表示關(guān)于什么內(nèi)容，與什么人或者什么事物相關(guān)。Inwitnesswhereof,thePartiesheretohavecausedthisContracttobeexecutedasofthedatefirstwrittenabovebytheirdulyauthorizedrepresentatives.本合同由雙方授權(quán)的代表于首開日期簽訂，特此為證Whereof=ofwhich關(guān)于Whereby:40whereas鑒于，就…而論Whereas:consideringthat,常用于合同協(xié)議書的開頭段落以引出合同雙方訂立合同的理由或依據(jù)。WhereasPartyAdesirestousethePatentedTechnologyofPartyBtomanufactureandselltheContractProducts鑒于甲方希望利用乙方的專利技術(shù)制造并銷售合同產(chǎn)品whereas鑒于，就…而論Whereas:consid41Foreignwordsandexpressions外來詞Foreignwordsandexpressions外42Foreignwordsandexpressions商務(wù)英語合同的外來語主要是拉丁語和法語，現(xiàn)在很多已經(jīng)同化為英語，稱為英語詞匯的一部分，還有一部分保留下來仍在使用。Contract即是來源于拉丁語Contractus

defendant原為法語，現(xiàn)已稱為英語詞匯請(qǐng)參照書本第40頁Foreignwordsandexpressions商43ForeignwordsandexpressionsAllallowanceonthebasisof2%ofthesalespriceforeachunitshallbecalculatedanddeductedfromthepurchasepricefractionprorata.補(bǔ)貼應(yīng)按單價(jià)的2%計(jì)算并從購價(jià)中按比例扣除ForeignwordsandexpressionsA44Synonyms同義詞，近義詞Synonyms同義詞，近義詞45Synonyms在英文合同中，同義詞，近義詞或相關(guān)詞語成對(duì)出現(xiàn)或多個(gè)連用，使合同周密嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，以減少漏洞和爭(zhēng)議。Thisagreementismadeandenteredinto

byandbetweenPartyAandPartyB.本協(xié)議由甲方和乙方簽訂。Synonyms在英文合同中，同義詞，近義詞或相關(guān)詞語成對(duì)T46Synonyms2.PartyAagreestopurchasefromPartyBthefollowingcommodityunderthetermsandconditionssetoutbelow.甲方同意按照下列條款向乙方購買如下商品。termsandconditions同義，往往在合同中并列連用表示合同的條款，一般為復(fù)數(shù)。Synonyms2.PartyAagreestop47Synonyms3.PartyAshallbeunauthorizedtoacceptanyordersorttocollectanyaccountonandafterSeptember20.自9月20日起，甲方已無權(quán)接受任何訂單或收據(jù)。on與after此處屬于相關(guān)詞連用，以明確甲方無權(quán)限的時(shí)間。Synonyms3.PartyAshallbeun48Synonyms4.ThecompanyherebyreleasesanddischargesPartyAfromfurtherperformanceof,andanyduties,obligationsorliabilitiesundertheamendedAgreement.本公司特此解除甲方已修正協(xié)議的進(jìn)一步履行及其修正協(xié)議下的責(zé)任和義務(wù)。release和discharge屬相關(guān)詞連用，duty,obligation和liability屬同義詞連用Synonyms4.Thecompanyhereby49Synonyms5.IftheContractorshalldulyperformandobservealltheterms,provisions,conditionsandstipulationsofthesaidContract,thisobligationshallbenullorvoid,butotherwiseshallbeandremaininfullforceandeffect.如果承包人切實(shí)履行并遵守上述合同的所有條款，條件及規(guī)定，此義務(wù)即告終止，否則將保持完全有效。Synonyms5.IftheContractors50Ambiguity模糊用語Ambiguity模糊用語51AmbiguityDuringtheenforcementofthisagreement,ifitisfoundnecessary

that,inadditiontothemachineryandequipmentlistedherein,somenewaccessoriesoradditionalordersmaybemadethroughnegotiationbytheparties.AmbiguityDuringtheenforcemen52ModalVerbs情態(tài)動(dòng)詞ModalVerbs情態(tài)動(dòng)詞53ModalVerbs情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may、shall、should、will、maynot、shallnot等詞語的法律內(nèi)涵May在表示合同上的權(quán)利（Right）、權(quán)限（Power）或特權(quán)（Privilege）的場(chǎng)合中使用。May有兩種含義，在法律中表示給予某人做某事的權(quán)力，若表示某種權(quán)利在法律上具有強(qiáng)制性的時(shí)候，更多的是“beentitled”。也表示“可能”“或許”等含義。ModalVerbs情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may、shall、shoul54ModalVerbsTheBuyersmay,within15daysafterarrivalofthegoodsatthedestination,lodgeaclaimagainstthesellersforshort—weightbeingsupportedbyInspectionCertificateissuedbyareputablepublicsurveyor.

貨物抵達(dá)目的港15天內(nèi)，買方可憑有信譽(yù)的公共檢驗(yàn)員出示的檢驗(yàn)證明向賣方提出短重索賠。ModalVerbsTheBuyersmay,wit55ModalVerbsWemayalsoinsuretheshipmentagainstanyadditionalrisksifyoudesire,buttheextrapremiumistobebornebyyou．

若你方要求，我方亦可為你方投保任何附加險(xiǎn)，但額外的保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)必須由你方承擔(dān)。ModalVerbsWemayalsoinsure56ModalVerbsshall在合同等法律文件中，shall并不是單純的將來時(shí)，一般用它來表示法律上可以強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行的義務(wù)（Obligation）。如未履行，即視為違約，并構(gòu)成某種賠償責(zé)任。表示強(qiáng)制性承擔(dān)法律或合同義務(wù)，如表示“應(yīng)該”或“必須”做某事時(shí)，應(yīng)用“shall”，而決不能用“must”或“should”(在法律文件中往往用作if,只表示“如果”之意)在表示“應(yīng)該”或“必須”時(shí)，有時(shí)也可以用will，但力度要比shall弱。ModalVerbsshall57ModalVerbsTheboardmeetingshallbecalledandpresidedoverbytheChairman.ShouldtheChairmanbeabsent,thevice-Chairmenshall,inprinciple,callandpresideovertheboardmeeting.董事會(huì)應(yīng)由董事長(zhǎng)召集并主持，若董事長(zhǎng)缺席，原則上應(yīng)由副董事長(zhǎng)召集主持。ModalVerbsTheboardmeetings58ModalVerbsShall表示“義務(wù)”和“責(zé)任”時(shí)通常被翻譯成“應(yīng)當(dāng)”、“應(yīng)”，有時(shí)被譯成“須”乃至“必須”Allinwardandoutwardmeansoftransport,goodsandarticlesshallenterorleavetheterritoryataplacewherethereisaCustomsoffice.進(jìn)出境運(yùn)輸工具、貨物、物品，必須通過設(shè)立海關(guān)的地點(diǎn)進(jìn)境或出境（《中華人民共和國(guó)海關(guān)法》第8條）ModalVerbsShall表示“義務(wù)”和“責(zé)任”時(shí)通59ModalVerbsAlldisputebetweentwoormorecontractingpartiesconcerningtheinterpretationorapplicationoftheConventionwhichcannotbesettledthroughnegotiation,shall,attherequestofoneofthem,besubmittedtoarbitration.兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的締約國(guó)對(duì)本公約的解釋或適用發(fā)生爭(zhēng)執(zhí)在未能解決時(shí)，應(yīng)根據(jù)其中一方的請(qǐng)求提交仲裁。ModalVerbsAlldisputebetween60ModalVerbs在具有較長(zhǎng)實(shí)效的一般性法律條文中不譯。所以法律條文的英文表達(dá)形式跟真理、自然法則、定律的語言表現(xiàn)形式一樣，主句動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)通常都采用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。Thepartiesshall,inmakingacontract,taketheformofofferandacceptance當(dāng)事人訂立合同，采取要約，承諾方式。ModalVerbs在具有較長(zhǎng)實(shí)效的一般性法律條文中不譯。61ModalVerbs當(dāng)事人依法享有自愿訂立合同的權(quán)利，任何單位和個(gè)人不得非法干預(yù)。ThePartiesshall,pursuanttolaw,havetherighttoenterintoacontractontheirownfreewill,andnounitorpersonmayunlawfullyinterfere.Theformationofthiscontract,itsvalidity,interpretation,executionandsettlementofthedisputesshallbegovernedbyrelatedlawsofthePeople’sRepublicofChina.本合同的訂立、效力、解釋、履行和爭(zhēng)議的解決均受中華人民共和國(guó)法律的管轄。ModalVerbs當(dāng)事人依法享有自愿訂立合同的權(quán)利，任何62Should在合同中通常只表示語氣較弱的假設(shè)，多翻譯成“萬一”或“如果”，極少譯成“應(yīng)該”。ModalVerbsTheboardmeetingshallbeconvenedandpresidedoverbytheChairman.Shouldthechairmanbeabsent,thevice-Chairmanshall,inprinciple,conveneandpresideovertheboardmeeting.

董事會(huì)會(huì)議應(yīng)由董事長(zhǎng)召集、主持；若董事長(zhǎng)缺席，原則上應(yīng)由副董事長(zhǎng)召集、主持。ShouldModalVerbsTheboardmee63Shouldnosettlementbereachedthroughnegotiation,thecaseshallthenbesubmittedforarbitration…ModalVerbsShouldallorpartofthecontractbeunabletobefulfilledowingtothefaultofoneparty,thebreachingpartyshallbeartheresponsibilitiesthuscaused.如果協(xié)商不能解決爭(zhēng)議，則應(yīng)將爭(zhēng)議提交仲裁…由于一方的過失，造成本合同不能履行或者不能完全履行時(shí)，由過失方承擔(dān)違約責(zé)任。Shouldnosettlementbereache64Will一般使用在沒有法律強(qiáng)制的情況下，也用做表示承擔(dān)義務(wù)的聲明，但語氣和強(qiáng)制力比Shall弱。Maynot（或shallnot）用于禁止性義務(wù)，即“不得做什么”。

ModalVerbsWillModalVerbs65SentencepatterninBusinessContractSentencepatterninBusinessC66DeclarativeSentenceorStatement陳述句DeclarativeSentence陳述句67DeclarativeSentence在英語句子當(dāng)中，不同的句子類型能夠表達(dá)不同的含義。陳述句一般用來闡述，解釋，說明，規(guī)定和判斷，要求語氣客觀平實(shí)。感嘆句用來表達(dá)個(gè)人感情色彩，渲染氣氛。祈使句多帶有命令的語氣，直接果敢，比較強(qiáng)勢(shì)。商務(wù)合同中的英語句式基本不會(huì)出現(xiàn)感嘆句，祈使句和疑問句。DeclarativeSentence在英語句子當(dāng)中，不同68DeclarativeSentence在英文合同中，可用以下形式表示“假設(shè)”“如果”等概念I(lǐng)ntheeventthat,incase,ontheconditionsthat,if(ifandwhenever),insofaras,should,suppose/supposingthat,etcDeclarativeSentence在英文合同中，可用以69DeclarativeSentenceIncasepartoforallknow-howoftheabove-mentionedtechnicalcontents

havebeenpublishedbyPartyBorthirdparties,PartyAobtainsevidenceofsuchpublications,thenPartyAshallnolongerberesponsibleforkeepingsecretandconfidential

thepartalreadypublished.如上述專有技術(shù)的一部分或全部已由第三方公布，而甲方也掌握了已公布的證據(jù)，則甲方不再承擔(dān)保密義務(wù)DeclarativeSentenceIncasepa70Longsentence長(zhǎng)句的使用Longsentence長(zhǎng)句的使用71Longsentence合同規(guī)定締約雙方的權(quán)利和義務(wù)，具有法律效力。為防止歧義和糾紛，合同須意思完整，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，因此合同文書中一般采用完整句，而不用省略句或單部句。而完整句中往往含有多重限制、修飾成分和多種復(fù)合句或并列句，因此句子結(jié)構(gòu)變得復(fù)雜而冗長(zhǎng)。合同中大部分句子都是復(fù)合長(zhǎng)句，一般超過英文語體的句平均長(zhǎng)度(17詞)，有時(shí)，一個(gè)句子就構(gòu)成一個(gè)段落。Longsentence合同規(guī)定締約雙方的權(quán)利和義務(wù)，具有72Longsentence簡(jiǎn)單長(zhǎng)句：TheBuyersmay,within15daysafterarrivalofthegoodsatthedestination,lodgeaclaimagainstthesellersforshort-weightbeingsupportedbyInspectionCertificateissuedbyareputablepublicsurveyor.

貨物抵達(dá)目的港15天內(nèi)，買方可以憑有信譽(yù)的公共檢驗(yàn)員出示的檢驗(yàn)證明向賣方提出短重索賠。Longsentence簡(jiǎn)單長(zhǎng)句：貨物抵達(dá)目的港15天內(nèi)，73Longsentence簡(jiǎn)單長(zhǎng)句：Within30daysafterthesigningandcomingintoeffectofthiscontract,theBuyershallproceedtopaythepriceforthegoodstotheSellerbyopeninganirrevocableL/CforthefullamountofUSD30,000infavoroftheSellerthroughabankatexportport.買方須于本合同簽字并生效后30天內(nèi)通過出口地銀行開立以賣方為收益人的不可撤銷信用證支付全部貨款計(jì)30000美元。Longsentence簡(jiǎn)單長(zhǎng)句：買方須于本合同簽字并生效74Longsentence復(fù)雜長(zhǎng)句：TheBuyershallpaytheSellerUS350,000within20daysaftertheBankofChinahasreceivedthefollowingdocumentsfromtheSellerandfoundtheminorder，butnotearlierthan12(twelve)monthsafterthedatetheContractPlantforthefirsttimereached95%ofguaranteedcapacityofthewholeContractPlantaccordingtotheguaranteedqualityindicesasperAnnexVItotheContractor65monthsafterthedateofsigningthecontract，whicheverisearlier.Longsentence復(fù)雜長(zhǎng)句：75Periodicsentence&Ramblingsentences圓周句和松散句Periodicsentence圓周句和松散句76Periodicsentence

&Ramblingsentences圓周句是指把修飾語放在句子前面，把主要內(nèi)容放在句子后面的句子。這種句子組織相對(duì)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，不讀完最后一個(gè)詞，讀者難以了解句義，而且在最后一個(gè)詞出現(xiàn)之前，句子在語法上也往往是不完整的。商務(wù)合同英語的信息焦點(diǎn)只能借助語言成分的安排予以表示，其原則是末尾著重，以加強(qiáng)語氣，顯得更為正式。Periodicsentence

&Ramblingse77Periodicsentence

&RamblingsentencesIncaseofanydivergenceofinterpretation,theChinesetext

shallprevail.

若對(duì)解釋產(chǎn)生異議以中文本為準(zhǔn)。Eachpartymayatanytimereplacethe

chairman,deputy

chairmanordirector(s)

ithasappointed,providedthatitgiveswritten

noticetotheJointVenture

Companyandtheotherparty.

任何一方可隨時(shí)更換自己委任的董事長(zhǎng)、副董事長(zhǎng)或董事，但必須書面通知合資公司和合資的另一方。Periodicsentence

&Ramblingse78Parallelstructure平行結(jié)構(gòu)Parallelstructure平行結(jié)構(gòu)79Parallelstructure商務(wù)合同英語采用了分條列款的形式，平行性條款結(jié)構(gòu)使用極為頻繁。這種平行結(jié)構(gòu)呈現(xiàn)出各種層次，有單詞或詞組之間的平行性結(jié)構(gòu)，也有從句甚或段落之間的平行性結(jié)構(gòu)，具有層次清晰、前后銜接、相互照應(yīng)、結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)稱、脈絡(luò)分明、節(jié)奏明快等特征。一般說來，有兩種平行結(jié)構(gòu)，一種是通過and或by連接句子，另一種是將意群逐個(gè)列出。Parallelstructure商務(wù)合同英語采用了分條列80ParallelstructureAcontractofsaleneednotbeconcludedinorevidencedby

writingandisnotsubjecttoanyotherrequirementastoform.銷售商務(wù)合同無須以書面訂立或書面證明，在形式方面也不受任何其他條件的限制。ParallelstructureAcontracto81ParallelstructureArticle47Followingitemsshallbecoveredinthefinancialaccountsbooks：1)Theamountofoverallcashreceiptsandexpenseofthejointventurecompany；2)Allmaterialpurchasingandsellingofthejointventurecompany；3)Theregisteredcapitalanddebtssituationofthejointventurecompany；ParallelstructureArticle47F82PassiveVoiceandTense被動(dòng)語態(tài)和時(shí)態(tài)PassiveVoiceandTense被動(dòng)語態(tài)和時(shí)態(tài)83PassiveVoice英文合同中若不必知道行為主體，不知道行為主體，想強(qiáng)調(diào)行為結(jié)果時(shí)，就會(huì)使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)往往作為后置定語，狀語或句子的謂語。在翻譯英文合同的被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，除可相應(yīng)的譯成漢語被動(dòng)句外，往往是譯成漢語的主動(dòng)句。但是，在涉及到雙方的義務(wù)，責(zé)任和權(quán)利時(shí)，應(yīng)慎用弱化語氣的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。PassiveVoice英文合同中若不必知道行為主體，不知84PassiveVoice1.FailuretonotifyPartyAshallbedeemedtobeamaterialbreachofthisAgreement.未能按照上述要求通知甲方的，則視為實(shí)質(zhì)違約。2.SelleragreestosellandtheBuyeragreestobuytheundermentionedgoodssubjecttotermsandconditionssetforthhereinafterasfollows.按以下列出條款，賣方同意出售，買方愿意購買下述商品。PassiveVoice1.Failuretonot85PassiveVoice3.ThepaymentofalltheexpensesunderthiscontractshallbemadebyM/TthroughBankofChina,ShenzhenBranchandthebankdesignatedbyPartyB.所有合同項(xiàng)下的費(fèi)用，均應(yīng)通過中國(guó)銀行深圳分行和乙方指定銀行進(jìn)行支付?！颂幾鲋^語和后置定語PassiveVoice3.Thepaymentof86PassiveVoice4.UponterminationordissolutionofthePartnership,thepartnershipwillbepromptlyliquidated,withalldebtsbeingpaidfirst,priortoanydistributionoftheremainingfunds.合伙企業(yè)一經(jīng)終止或解散，合伙企業(yè)立即清算，在分割剩余財(cái)產(chǎn)前，首先償還所有債務(wù)?！颂幾鲋^語和狀語PassiveVoice4.Uponterminati87Tense1.由于合同具有預(yù)見性，其約定是希望未來發(fā)生，可能發(fā)生，應(yīng)避免發(fā)生的事宜，所以英文合同中的時(shí)態(tài)多為一般將來時(shí)或一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（從句中多見）

合同中往往以“應(yīng)當(dāng)做”(shalldo)“可以做”(maydo)“必須做”(mustdo)“不得做”(maynot/shallnot)等形式來表達(dá)當(dāng)事人的權(quán)利和義務(wù)Tense1.由于合同具有預(yù)見性，其約定是希望未來發(fā)合同中88TenseInconsiderationofemploymentwiththeCompany,Iherebyacknowledgethefactssetoutbelowandagreetobeboundasfollows.鑒于受聘于公司，本人由此認(rèn)可以下列明事實(shí)并同意受其約束。TenseInconsiderationofempl89Tense2.在特定情況下，也可連用不同時(shí)態(tài)連用…wasorsubsequentlybecomes

generallyavailabletothepublicthroughnofaultorbreachofthisAgreementbytheReceivingParty………非因收受方違反本協(xié)議以前或后來從公眾領(lǐng)域獲得的資料……Tense2.在特定情況下，也可連用不同時(shí)態(tài)連用…was90ThankYou!ThankYou!91國(guó)際商務(wù)合同的文體與翻譯StyleandTranslationofInternationalBusinessContracts國(guó)際商務(wù)合同的文體與翻譯StyleandTranslat92商務(wù)英文合同的語言特色商務(wù)英文合同的語言特色93LanguageFeaturesLanguageFeaturesofBusinessContract

WordUsinginBusinessContract

SentencePatterninBusinessContract

312LanguageFeaturesLanguageFeat94Aretheygoodsentences?Thebuyercanaskforaclaimagainstthesellerbecausethesellercausedthelossesthebuyerhastobear.Thebuyershallhavetherighttolodgeaclaimagainstthesellerforthelossessustainedifany.買方有權(quán)對(duì)因此遭受的其他損失向賣方提出索賠Aretheygoodsentences?Thebu95Aretheygoodsentences?Forthefulltermandevenwhenthecontractisfinishedorcancelled,PartyBcannottelltherelatedtechnicalinformationtotheotherparty.ForthefulltermandevenaftertheterminationorcancellationoftheAgreement,PartyBshalltakeallandeverynecessarycaretoensurethatsuchtechnicalinformationshallnotbedisclosedtoanythirdparty.在本合同有效期內(nèi)，甚至在其終止或撤銷后，乙方仍需注意保密，不得將該項(xiàng)技術(shù)資料泄露給任何第三方。Aretheygoodsentences?Forth96LanguageFeaturesCommercialcontractisanagreement,whichlegallybindsthepartiesconcernedaccordingtofixedlaws.Therefore,languageincommercialcontractshouldbeprofessional

orlegal,formalandaccurateinordertoavoidpossibledisputesandconflicts.LanguageFeaturesCommercialc97WordUsinginBusinessContractWordUsinginBusinessContrac98Formallegalwords正式法律用語Formallegalwords正式法律用語99Formallegalwords

商務(wù)合同是具有法律效力的經(jīng)濟(jì)文書，其語言屬于法律范疇。商務(wù)英語合同中大量使用的是正式的法律用語及專業(yè)詞匯，它既不同于文學(xué)文本中詩情畫意的文字，也不同于生活用語中隨性而發(fā)的話語。Formallegalwords商務(wù)合同是具有法律效力100FormallegalwordsTheEmployershallgivecorrecttechnicalguidancetothepersonnel.雇主應(yīng)該對(duì)有關(guān)人員給予正確技術(shù)指導(dǎo)。TheEmployershallrendercorrecttechnicalguidancetothepersonnel.FormallegalwordsTheEmployer101FormallegalwordsPartyAshallrepatriatethepatienttoChinaandbearthecostofhispassagetoGuangzhou.PartyAshallsendbackthepatienttoChinaandbearthecostofhispassagetoGuangzhou.甲方應(yīng)將病人遣返中國(guó)并負(fù)責(zé)其往返廣州的旅費(fèi)FormallegalwordsPartyAshal102FormallegalwordsThisContractshallbegovernedbyandconstrued

inaccordancewiththelawsofChina.ThisContractshallbegovernedbyandexplainedaccordingtothelawsofChina.本合同受中國(guó)法律管轄，并依照中國(guó)法律解釋。FormallegalwordsThisContrac103FormallegalwordsTheAppendixheretoshall,throughthecontractperiod,bedeemedtobeconstruedasanintegralpartofthisContract.TheAppendixheretoshall,throughthecontractperiod,beconsideredtobeconstruedasanintegralpartofthisContract.整個(gè)合同期間，本合同附件都應(yīng)解釋為合同不可分割的一部分FormallegalwordsTheAppendix104Formallegalwords※“在……之前”一般用“priorto”，而不用“before”；IftheForceMajeureappliespriorto

theCompletionDate,thepartieswillmeettodiscussarevisedtimetableforthecompletionoftheProject.如在竣工期之前遇到不可抗力，雙方應(yīng)開會(huì)討論修改工程竣工的時(shí)間表。Formallegalwords※“在……之前”一般用105Formallegalwords

※“關(guān)于”常用“asregards”，“concerning”

或“relatingto”，而不會(huì)用“about”；TechnicalDocumentationmeansthetechnicalindices,specifications,drawingsanddocumentsrelatedto

Design,Inspection,Erection,TestRuns,Commissioning,PerformanceTest,OperationandMaintenanceofContractPlant,detailsofwhicharespecifiedinAppendix2,3,8and9.技術(shù)文件：本合同附件二，三，八，九中所列的與合同項(xiàng)目的設(shè)計(jì)，檢驗(yàn)，安裝，試車，投料試生產(chǎn)，性能測(cè)試，操作，維修等有關(guān)的全部技術(shù)數(shù)據(jù)，規(guī)格，圖紙和文件。

Formallegalwords※“關(guān)于”常用“as106Formallegalwords

1.“事實(shí)上”用“ineffect”，而不用“infact”；2.“開始”用“commencement”,而不用“start”或“begin”；3.“停止做”用“ceasetodo”，而不用“stoptodo”；4.“其他事項(xiàng)”用“miscellaneous”,

而不用“othermatters/events”；

Formallegalwords1.“事實(shí)上”用“i107Formallegalwords

5