Unit-3-Lying全新版大學(xué)英語綜合教程五課文翻譯

Unit-3-Lying全新版大學(xué)英語綜合教程五課文翻譯Unit-3-Lying全新版大學(xué)英語綜合教程五課文翻譯Unit-3-Lying全新版大學(xué)英語綜合教程五課文翻譯資料僅供參考文件編號：2022年4月Unit-3-Lying全新版大學(xué)英語綜合教程五課文翻譯版本號：A修改號：1頁次：1.0審核：批準(zhǔn):發(fā)布日期：Unit3LyingTextATheTruthAboutLying1.I'vebeenwantingtowriteonasubjectthatintriguesandchallengesme:thesubjectoflying.I'vefounditverydifficulttodo.EveryoneI'vetalkedtohasaquiteintenseandpersonalbutoftenratherintolerantpointofviewaboutwhatwecan—andcannevernever—tellliesabout.I'vefinallyreachedtheconclusionthatIcan'tpresentanyultimateconclusions,fortoomanypeoplewouldpromptlydisagree.Instead,I'dliketopresentaseriesofmoralpuzzles,allconcernedwithlying.I'lltellyouwhatIthinkaboutthem.Doyouagree?SocialLies2.MostofthepeopleI'vetalkedwithsaythattheyfindsociallyingacceptableandnecessary.Theythinkit'sthecivilizedwayforfolkstobehave.Withouttheselittlewhitelies,theysay,ourrelationshipswouldbeshortandbrutishandnasty.It'sarrogant,theysay,toinsistonbeingsoincorruptibleandsobravethatyoucauseotherpeopleunnecessaryembarrassmentorpainbycompulsivelyassailingthemwithyourhonesty.Ibasicallyagree.Whataboutyou?3.Willyousaytopeople,whenitsimplyisn'ttrue,"Ilikeyournewhairdo,""You'relookingmuchbetter,""it'ssonicetoseeyou,""Ihadawonderfultime"4.Willyoupraisehideouspresentsandhomelykids?5.Willyoudeclineinvitationswith"We'rebusythatnight—sosorrywecan'tcome,"whenthetruthisyou'dratherstayhomethandinewiththeSo-and-sos?6.Andeventhough,asIdo,youmaypreferthepoliteevasionof"Youreallycookedupastorm"insteadof"Thesoup"—whichtasteslikewarmed-overcoffee—"iswonderful,"willyou,ifyoumust,proclaimitwonderful?7.There'sonemanIknowwhoabsolutelyrefusestotellsociallies."Ican'tplaythatgame,"hesays;"I'msimplynotmadethatway."Andhisanswertotheargumentthatsayingnicethingstosomeonedoesn'tcostanythingis,"Yes,itdoes—itdestroysyourcredibility."Now,hewon't,unsolicited,offerhisviewsonthepaintingyoujustbought,butyoudon'taskhisfrankopinionunlessyouwantfrank,andhissilenceatthosemomentswhentherestofusliarsaremuttering,"Isn'titlovely"is,forthemostpart,eloquentenough.Myfrienddoesnotindulgeinwhathecalls"flattery,falsepraiseandmellifluouscomments."Whenotherstellfibshewillnotgoalong.Hesaysthatsociallyingislying,thatlittlewhiteliesarestilllies.Andhefeelsthattellingliesismorallywrong.Whataboutyou

Peace-KeepingLies8.Manypeopletellpeace-keepinglies:liesdesignedtoavoidirritationorargument,liesdesignedtosheltertheliarfrompossibleblameorpain;lies(orsoitisrationalized)designedtokeeptroubleatbaywithouthurtinganyone.9.Itelltheseliesattimes,andyetIalwaysfeelthey'rewrong.Iunderstandwhywetellthem,butstilltheyfeelwrong.AndwheneverIliesothatsomeonewon'tdisapproveofmeorthinklessofmeorholleratme,IfeelI'mabitofacoward,IfeelI'mdodgingresponsibility,Ifeel...guilty.Whataboutyou?10.Doyou,whenyou'relateforadatebecauseyouoverslept,saythatyou'relatebecauseyougotcaughtinatrafficjam?11.Doyou,whenyouforgettocallafriend,saythatyoucalledseveraltimesbutthelinewasbusy?12.Doyou,whenyoudidn'trememberthatitwasyourfather'sbirthday,saythathispresentmustbedelayedinthemail?13.Andwhenyou'replanningaweekendinNewYorkCityandyou'renotinthemoodtovisityourmother,wholivesthere,doyouconceal—withalie,ifyoumust—thefactthatyou'llbeinNewYorkOrdoyouhavethecourage—orisitthecruelty—tosay,"I'llbeinNewYork,butsorry—Idon'tplanonseeingyou"14.(DaveandhiswifeElainehavetwoquitedifferentpointsofviewonthisverysubject.Hecallsheracoward.Shesaysshe'sbeingwise.HesaysshemustassertherrighttovisitNewYorksometimesandnotseehermother.Towhichshealwayspatientlyreplies:"WhyshouldwehaveuselessfightsMymother'stoooldtochange.WegetalongmuchbetterwhenIlietoher.")15.Finally,doyoukeepthepeacebytellingyourhusbandliesonthesubjectofmoneyDoyoureducewhatyoureallypaidforyourshoesAndingeneraldoyoufindyourselfready,willingandabletolietohimwhenyoumakeabsurdmistakesorloseorbreakthings16."Iusedtohavearomanticideathatpartofintimacywasconfessingeverydumbthingthatyoudidtoyourhusband.Butafteracoupleofyearsofthat,"saysLaura,"haveIchangedmymind!"17.Andhavingchangedhermind,shefindsherselftellingpeacekeepinglies.Andyes,Itellthemtoo.Whataboutyou?ProtectiveLies18.Protectiveliesareliesfolkstell—oftenquiteseriouslies—becausethey'reconvincedthatthetruthwouldbetoodamaging.Theyliebecausetheyfeeltherearecertainhumanvaluesthatsupersedethewrongofhavinglied.Theylie,notforpersonalgain,butbecausetheybelieveit'sforthegoodofthepersonthey'relyingto.Theylietothosetheylove,tothosewhotrustthemmostofall,onthegroundsthatbreakingthistrustisjustified.19.Theymaylietotheirchildrenonmoneyormaritalmatters.20.Theymaylietothedyingaboutthestateoftheirhealth.21.Theymaylietotheirclosestfriendbecausethetruthabouthertalentsorsonorpsychewouldbe—orsotheyinsist—utterlydevastating.22.Isometimestellsuchlies,butI'mawarethatit'squitepresumptuoustoclaimIknowwhat'sbestforotherstoknow.That'scalledplayingGod.That'scalledmanipulationandcontrol.Andwenevercanbesure,oncewestarttojugglelies,justwherethey'llland,exactlywherethey'llroll.23.Andfurthermore,wemayfindourselveslyinginordertobackuptheliesthatarebackingupthelieweinitiallytold.24.Andfurthermore—let'sbehonest—ifconditionswerereversed,wecertainlywouldn'twantanyonelyingtous.25.Yet,havingsaidallthat,Istillbelievethattherearetimeswhenprotectiveliesmustnonethelessbetold.Whataboutyou?Trust-KeepingLies26.Anothergroupofliesaretrust-keepinglies,liesthatinvolvetriangulation,withA(that'syou)tellingliestoBonbehalfofC(whosetrustyou'dpromisedtokeep).Mostpeopleconcedethatonceyou'veagreednottobetrayafriend'sconfidence,youcan'tbetrayit,evenifyoumustlie.ButI'vetalkedwithpeoplewhodon'twantyoutellingthemanythingthattheymightbecalledontolieabout.27."Idon'ttellliesformyself,"saysFran,"andIdon'twanttohavetotellthemforotherpeople."Whichmeans,sheagrees,thatifherbestfriendishavinganaffair,sheabsolutelydoesn'twanttoknowaboutit.28."Areyousaying,"herbestfriendasks,"thatyou'dbetrayme"29.Franisverypainedbutveryadamant."Iwouldn'twanttobetrayyou,so…don'ttellmeanythingaboutit."30.Fran'sbestfriendisshocked.Whataboutyou?31.Doyoubelieveyoucanhaveclosefriendsifyou'renotpreparedtoreceivetheirdeepestsecrets?32.Doyoubelieveyoumustalwayslieforyourfriends?33.Doyoubelieve,ifyourfriendtellsasecretthatturnsouttobequiteimmoralorillegal,thatonceyou'vepromisedtokeepit,youmustkeepit?34.Andwhatifyourfriendwereyourboss—ifyouwereperhapsoneofthePresident'smen—wouldyoubetrayorlieforhimover,say,Watergate?35.Asyoucansee,theseissuesgetterriblysticky.36.It'smybeliefthatoncewe'vepromisedtokeepatrust,wemusttellliestokeepit.Ialsobelievethatwecan'ttellWatergatelies.Andifthesetwostatementsstrikeyouasquitecontradictory,you'reright—they'requitecontradictory.Butfornowthey'rethebestIcando.Whataboutyou?37.Therearethosewhohavenotalentforlying.38."Overtheyears,Itriedtolie,"afriendofmineexplained,"butIalwaysgotfoundoutandIalwaysgotpunished.IguessIgavemyselfawaybecauseIfeelguiltyaboutanykindoflying.ItlooksasifI'mstuckwithtellingthetruth."39.Forthoseofus,however,whoaregoodattellinglies,forthoseofuswholieanddon'tgetcaught,thequestionofwhetherornottoliecanbeahardandseriousmoralproblem.Ilikedtheremarkofafriendofminewhosaid,"I'mwillingtolie.Butjustasalastresort—thetruth'salwaysbetter."40."Because,"heexplained,"thoughothersmaycompletelyacceptthelieI'mtelling,Idon't."41.Itendtofeelthatwaytoo.42.Whataboutyou?關(guān)于說謊的真相朱迪斯·維奧斯特我一直想寫一個令我深感興趣的話題：關(guān)于說謊的問題。我覺得這個題目很難寫。所有我交談過的人都對什么事情可以說謊——什么事情絕對不可以說謊——持有強(qiáng)烈的、常常不容別人分說的個人意見。最后我得出結(jié)論，我不能下任何定論，因?yàn)檫@樣做就會有太多的人立即反對。我想我還是提出若干都與說謊有關(guān)的道義上的難題吧。我將向讀者闡明我對這些難題的個人看法。你們覺得對嗎？

社交性謊言和我交談過的大多數(shù)人都說，他們認(rèn)為旨在促進(jìn)社會交際的謊言是可以接受的，也是必要的。他們認(rèn)為這是一種文明的行為。他們說，要不是這類無關(guān)緊要的謊言，人與人之間的關(guān)系就會變得粗野不快，無法持久。他們說，如果你要做到十二分正直、十二分無畏，不由自主地用你的誠實(shí)使他人陷入不必要的窘境或痛苦之中，這只能說你是傲慢自大。對此，我基本贊同。你呢？

你會不會跟人說：“我喜歡你的新發(fā)型，”“你氣色好多了，”“見到你真高興，”“我玩得很盡興，”而實(shí)際上根本不是這么回事兒？

你會不會對令人憎厭的禮物，或相貌平平的孩子稱贊有加？

你婉辭邀請時會不會說“那天晚上我們正好沒空——真對不起，我們不能來，”而實(shí)際上你是寧肯呆在家里也不想跟某某夫婦一起進(jìn)餐？

雖然像我那樣，你也想用“太豐盛了”這種委婉的托辭，而不是盛贊“那湯味道好極了”(其實(shí)味同重新熱過的咖啡)，但如果你必須贊美那湯，你會說它鮮美嗎

我認(rèn)識一個人，他完全拒絕說這類社交性謊言?！拔也粫且惶祝彼f，“我生來就不會那一套?！敝v到對人家說幾句好聽的話并不失去什么，他的回答是：“不對，當(dāng)然有損失——那會損害你的誠信度?！币虼四悴粏査粫δ銊傎I來的畫發(fā)表意見，但除非你想聽老實(shí)話，否則你也不會去問他的真實(shí)想法。當(dāng)我們這些說謊者輕聲稱贊著“多美啊”的時候，他的沉默往往是極能說明問題的。我的這位朋友從來不講他所說的“奉承話、虛假的贊美話和動聽話”。別人說些無傷大雅的謊言，他則不。他說社交性謊言還是謊言，無關(guān)緊要的小小謊言還是謊言。他認(rèn)為說謊不合道德。你呢？

息事寧人的謊言不少人為了息事寧人而說謊：那種意在避免生氣或爭吵的謊言，意在使說謊者免受可能的責(zé)備或煩惱的謊言；意在(或據(jù)認(rèn)為理應(yīng))不傷害他人而又能幫助避免麻煩的謊言。我有時也說這種謊，不過我總覺得不該說。我知道為什么要說這種謊，但說這種謊終究不對。每當(dāng)我為了不讓別人討厭自己、看輕自己、或沖著自己嚷嚷而說謊時，我總覺得自己有點(diǎn)像個懦夫，覺得自己是在逃避責(zé)任，覺得……愧疚。你呢？

你由于睡過頭赴約會遲到了，會不會說是因?yàn)榕錾隙萝嚥磐淼降模?/p>

你忘了給朋友打電話，會不會謊稱打過好幾次，可電話老占線？

你忘了父親的生日，會不會說寄給他的禮物準(zhǔn)是給耽擱了？

你打算去紐約市度周末，但又不想去看望住在那里的母親，你會——必要的話用謊言——隱瞞你將到紐約的事實(shí)，還是會勇敢地——或者說狠心地——說：“我要來紐約，可是抱歉，我不打算來看望你”

(戴夫和妻子伊萊恩正是在這個問題上有兩種頗不相同的觀點(diǎn)。他稱她為懦夫。她說自己處理這事是明智的。他說她應(yīng)該維護(hù)自己有的時候去紐約但不去看望母親的權(quán)利。對此她總是耐心地回答說：“我們何必?zé)o謂地爭吵呢？我母親年紀(jì)大了，不會改了。我對她說個謊，我們相處得就更好?！?最后一點(diǎn)，你會不會在錢的問題上對丈夫說謊，以求太平你會不會少報買鞋子的錢你出了什么荒唐的錯誤或丟失了物品打碎了器皿時是不是常常想對他撒謊，而且會對他撒謊“過去我往往不切實(shí)際地以為親密關(guān)系的一個組成部分就是把自己做的每件蠢事都如實(shí)告訴丈夫。可這么過了幾年之后，”勞拉說，“我就改了主意!”改主意后，她在不知不覺中說謊話求太平了。沒錯，我也說這種謊。你呢？

保護(hù)性謊言保護(hù)性謊言就是因?yàn)槿藗冋J(rèn)為事實(shí)真相危害性太大而說的謊言，這類謊言通常事關(guān)重大。他們說謊，因?yàn)樗麄冋J(rèn)為，人的某些價值觀念壓倒了說謊這一錯誤行為本身。他們說謊不是為個人私利，而是因?yàn)樗麄兿嘈牛鞘菫樗麄儗χf謊的人好。他們對自己所愛的人撒謊，對最信任自己的人撒謊，就是因?yàn)樗麄冋J(rèn)為這樣做是有正當(dāng)理由的。他們會在金錢或婚姻問題上對子女說謊。他們會對垂死者隱瞞真實(shí)病情。他們會對密友說謊，因?yàn)殛P(guān)于其才能、其愛子或其精神狀態(tài)的實(shí)話會——不妨說他們堅(jiān)持這么認(rèn)為——使其身心受到極大傷害。有時我也說這種謊，可我明白，聲稱自己懂得什么事他人應(yīng)該知道，這未免太自以為是了。這無異于充當(dāng)上帝。這無異于操縱和控制他人。而我們一旦開始玩起謊言戲法，就再也無法知道謊言何時會收場，究竟會滑向何方。而且，我們會不知不覺地為了圓先前說的謊言而說謊。而且——我們不妨直說——如果情形倒過來，我們當(dāng)然不愿意別人對自己說謊。不過，話雖如此，我還是覺得有時保護(hù)性謊言還非說不可。你呢？

信守承諾的謊言另一類謊言是信守承諾的謊言，涉及三方的謊言，即A（你）為了C（你答應(yīng)為其信守承諾者）而對B說謊。大多數(shù)人承認(rèn)，一旦你答應(yīng)不背叛朋友的信任，你就不能背叛，哪怕你必須說謊。但我與之交談過的人中也有人不想聽那些他們也許得為之說謊的事。“我不為自己說謊，”弗蘭說，“我也不愿為別人說謊。”她承認(rèn)，這就意味著如果她最好的朋友有風(fēng)流韻事的話，她絕對不想知道。“你是說，”她最好的朋友問，“你會出賣我？”弗蘭心里很為難，但態(tài)度十分堅(jiān)決。“我不想出賣你，所以……別跟我說這事?！备ヌm最好的朋友深感震驚。你呢？

你是不是認(rèn)為，如果你不愿意了解朋友最深的隱密，你仍會有好朋友？

你是不是認(rèn)為你必須一直為朋友說謊？

你是不是認(rèn)為，如果朋友透露的一個秘密是違反道德或法律的，而一旦你答應(yīng)保密，你就得真的保密？

如果你的朋友正好是你的上司——如果你恰好就是總統(tǒng)班底的人——比如說在水門事件這個問題上，你是背叛他還是為他說謊？

可以想見這些問題非常棘手。我以為，一旦我們答應(yīng)信守承諾，我們就是說謊也得信守承諾。同時我也認(rèn)為，在水門事件這類事情上我們不能說謊。如果你覺得這兩點(diǎn)自相矛盾，那你就對了——這兩者的確自相矛盾。但目前我只能如此。你呢？

有些人不擅說謊。“許多年來，我一直試圖說謊，”一位朋友解釋說，“可我總是露餡，總是為此受罰。我想人家看出我說謊是因?yàn)槲乙徽f謊就覺得內(nèi)疚?？磥砦抑荒苷f真話了。”可是，對我們這種擅于說謊的人來說，對我們這種說謊又不露餡的人來說，說謊還是不說謊會成為一個嚴(yán)肅的道德難題。我頗為贊同一位朋友的話，他說，“我愿意說謊。但只把這作為最后一手——真話總比謊話好?！薄耙?yàn)椋彼忉屨f，“哪怕別人對我的謊話完全信以為真，我自己可無法相信。”本人也有同感。你呢？

TextBWhiteLiesSisselaBok1Whiteliesareattheotherendofthespectrumofdeceptionfromliesinaseriouscrisis.Theyarethemostcommonandthemosttrivialformsthatduplicitycantake.Thefactthattheyaresocommonprovidestheirprotectivecoloring.Andtheirverytriviality,whencomparedtomorethreateninglies,makesitseemunnecessaryorevenabsurdtocondemnthem.Someconsiderallwell-intentionedlies,howevermomentous,tobewhite;inthisbook,Ishalladheretothenarrowerusage:awhitelie,inthissense,isafalsehoodnotmeanttoinjureanyone,andoflittlemoralimport.Iwanttoaskwhethertherearesuchlies;andifthereare,whethertheircumulativeconsequencesarestillwithoutharm;and,finally,whethermanyliesarenotdefendedas“white”whichareinfactharmfulintheirownright.2Manysmallsubterfugesmaynotevenbeintendedtomislead.Theyareonly“whitelies”inthemostmarginalsense.Take,forexample,themanysocialexchanges:“Hownicetoseeyou!”or“Cordiallyyours.”Theseandathousandotherpoliteexpressionsaresomuchtakenforgrantedthatifsomeonedecided,inthenameoftotalhonesty,nottoemploythem,hemightwellgivetheimpressionofanindifferencehedidnotpossess.Thejustificationforcontinuingtousesuchacceptedformulationsisthattheydeceivenoone,exceptpossiblythoseunfamiliarwiththelanguage.3Asocialpracticemoreclearlydeceptiveisthatofgivingafalseexcusesoasnottohurtthefeelingsofsomeonemakinganinvitationorrequest:tosayone“can’t”dowhatinrealityonemaynotwanttodo.Onceagain,thefalseexcusemaypreventunwarrantedinferencesofgreaterhostilitytotheundertakingthanonemaywellfeel.Merelytosaythatonecan’tdosomething,moreover,isnotdeceptiveinthesensethatanelaboratelyconcoctedstorycanbe.4Stillotherwhiteliesaretoldinanefforttoflatter,tothrowacheerfulinterpretationondepressingcircumstances,ortoshowgratitudeforunwantedgifts.Intheeyesofmany,suchwhiteliesdonoharm,provideneededsupportandcheer,andhelpdispelgloomandboredom.Theypreservetheequilibriumandoftenthehumanenessofsocialrelationships,andareusuallyacceptedasexcusablesolongastheydonotbecomeexcessive.Manyargue,moreover,thatsuchdeceptionissohelpfulandattimessonecessarythatitmustbetoleratedasanexceptiontoageneralpolicyagainstlying.ThusBaconobserved:Dothanymandoubt,thatifthereweretakenoutofmen’smindsvainopinions,flatteringhopes,falsevaluations,imaginationsasonewould,andthelike,butitwouldleavethemindsofanumberofmenpoorshrunkenthings,fullofmelancholyandindisposition,andunpleasingtothemselves?5Anotherkindofliemayactuallybeadvocatedasbringingamoresubstantialbenefit,oravoidingarealharm,whileseemingquiteinnocuoustothosewhotellthelies.Sucharetheplacebosgivenforinnumerablecommonailments,andthepervasiveuseofinflatedgradesandrecommendationsforemploymentandpromotion.6Alargenumberoflieswithoutsuchredeemingfeaturesareneverthelessoftenregardedassotrivialthattheyshouldbegroupedwithwhitelies.Theyaretheliestoldonthespurofthemoment,forwantofreflection,ortogetoutofascrape,orevensimplytopassthetime.Sucharetheliestoldtoboastorexaggerate,oronthecontrarytodeprecateandunderstate;themanyliestoldorrepeatedingossip;Rousseau’slies.InReveriesoftheSolitaryStroller,JeanJacquesRousseausays:“NeverhaveIliedinmyowninterest;butoftenIhaveliedthroughshameinordertodrawmyselffromembarrassmentinindifferentmatters…when,havingtosustaindiscussion,theslownessofmyideasandthedrynessofmyconversationforcedmetohaverecoursetofictionsinordertosaysomething.”]1toldsimply“inordertosaysomething”;theembroideringonfactsthatseemtootediousintheirownright;andthesubstitutionofaquicklieforthelengthyexplanationsonemightotherwisehavetoprovideforsomethingnotworthspendingtimeon.7Utilitariansoftencitewhiteliesasthekindofdeceptionwheretheirtheoryshowsthebenefitsofcommonsenseandclearthinking.Awhitelie,theyhold,istrivial;itiseithercompletelyharmless,orsomarginallyharmfulthatthecostofdetectingandevaluatingtheharmismuchgreaterthantheminuteharmitself.Inaddition,thewhiteliecanoftenactuallybebeneficial,thusfurthertippingthescalesofutility.Inaworldwithsomanydifficultproblems,utilitariansmightask:Whytakethetimetoweightheminuteprosandconsintellingsomeonethathistieisattractivewhenitisanabomination,orofsayingtoaguestthatabrokenvasewasworthlessWhybothereventodefinesuchinsignificantdistortionsormakemountainsoutofmolehillsbyseekingtojustifythem

8Trivialitysurelydoessetlimitstowhenmoralinquiryisreasonable.Butwhenwelookmorecloselyatpracticessuchasplacebo-giving,itbecomesclearthatallliesdefendedas“white”cannotbesoeasilydismissed.Inthefirstplace,theharmlessnessofliesisnotoriouslydisputable.Whattheliarperceivesasharmlessorevenbeneficialmaynotbesointheeyesofthedeceived.Second,thefailuretolookatanentirepracticeratherthanattheirownisolatedcaseoftenblindsliarstocumulativeharmandexpandingdeceptiveactivities.Thosewhobeginwithwhiteliescancometoresorttomorefrequentandmoreseriousones.Wheresometellafewwhitelies,othersmaytellmore.Becauselinesaresohardtodraw,theindiscriminateuseofsuchliescanleadtootherdeceptivepractices.Theaggregateharmfromalargenumberofmarginallyharmfulinstancesmay,therefore,behighlyundesirableintheend—forliars,thosedeceived,andhonestyandtrustmoregenerally.9Inthepost-Watergateperiod,nooneneedregardaconcernwiththecombinedandlong-termeffectsofdeceptionasfar-fetched.Butevenapartfrompoliticallife,withitspeculiarandengrossingtemptations,liestendtospread.Disagreeablefactscometobesugar-coated,andsadnewssoftenedordeniedaltogether.Manylietochildrenandtothosewhoareillaboutmattersnolongerperipheralbutquitecentral,suchasbirth,adoption,divorce,anddeath.Deceptivepropagandaandmisleadingadvertisingabound.Alltheseliesareoftendismissedonthesamegroundsofharmlessnessandtrivialityusedforwhiteliesingeneral.10Itisworthtakingacloselookatpracticeswhereliesbelievedtrivialarecommon.Trivialityinanisolatedliecanthenbemoreclearlyseentodiffermarkedlyfromthecostsofanentirepractice—bothtoindividualsandtocommunities.

無傷大雅的小謊西塞拉·博克

無傷大雅的小謊處于欺騙這個范疇的另一端，與重大時刻撒謊大不一樣。它們是最常見的、最輕微的欺騙行為。這類小謊經(jīng)常聽到，