最新語言學(xué)習(xí)題答案

精品文檔Q:Whatisthescopeoflinguistics?Thescopeoflinguisticscanbeillustratedas:Generallinguistics:thestudyoflanguageaswhole.Itdealswiththebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy.Phonetics:thestudyofsoundsusedincommunication.Phonology:thestudyabouthowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication.Morphology:thestudyofthewayinwhichsymbols/morphemesarearrangedtoformwords.Syntax:thestudyoftherulesaboutthecombinationofwordstoformpermisiblesentences.Semantics:thestudyofmeaning.Pragmatics:thestudyofmeaninginthecontextofuse.AndtheInterdisciplinarybranches.SociolinguisticsPsycholinguistics Q:Whatmakesmodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarinseveralbasicways:firstly,modernlinguisticsisdescriptive,itdescribesthelanguageasitis;whiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive,it精品文檔．精品文檔prescribesthewaylanguageshouldbeused.Secondly,modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.Then,modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaralsointhatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoalatin-basedframework.Q:Whatisaphone?Howisitdifferentfromaphoneme?Howareallophonesrelatedtoaphoneme?Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Aphonemeisaphonologicalunit;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit.Itisnotanyparticularsound.Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.Q:Explainwithexamplesthesequentialrule,theassimilationruleandthedeletionrule?Sequentialrulesformthelettersas“k,h,l,j”intoallpossiblewordsinEnglish.Wemightorderthemas:blik,klib,bilk,kilb.withoutotherorders.Soitindicatesthattherearerulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.Onespecialsequentialrulethat Assimilationrule:itassimilatesonesoundtoanotherbycopyingafeatherofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.Forexample:“illegal”,inlegalDeletionrule:Itcanbestatedas:deletea[g]whenitoccursbefore精品文檔．精品文檔afinalnasalconsonant.forexample:“designation”,the[g]representedbytheletter“g”ispronounced,whileinthewordsign/g/soundisdeleted,becauseitisfollowedbyandendedwiththenasalconsonant/n/.Q:WhatarethemajortypesofsynonymsinEnglish?TherearefivetypesofsynonymsinEnglish.Theyaredialectalsynonyms--synonymsusedindifferentregionaldialects;stylisticssynonyms—synonymsdifferinginstyle;synonymsthatdifferintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaning;collocationalsynonyms;semanticallydifferentsynonyms.Q:Explainwithexamples“Homonymy”,“Polysemy”,and“Hyponymy”?Homonymy（定義）….Itincludeshomophones（定義）（piece\peace）,homographs（定義）（bowv.\bown.）andcompletehomonyms（定義）（scalen.\scalev.）.Polysemymeansthatthesameonewordmayhavemorethatonemeaning.Forexample:“table”,hasatleastsevenmeanings.Hyponymymeansthatthesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.Forexample:“furniture”issuper-ordinate,itshyponymsarebed,table,desk,dresser,wardrobe,settee Q:Howcanwordsoppositeinmeaningbeclassified?Towhich精品文檔．精品文檔categorydoeseachofthefollowingpairsofantonymsbelong?Therearethreetypesoppositionsinmeaning.Theyaregradableantonyms,complementaryantonymsandrelationalopposites.“north\south”,“wide\narrow”and“poor\rich”belongtogradableantonyms;“vacant\occupied”and“l(fā)iterate\illiterate”belongtocomplementaryantonyms;“above\below”,“doctor\patient”and“father\daughter”belongtorelationalopposites.Q:Howaresentencemeaningandutterancemeaningrelated,andhowdotheydiffer?Themeaningofasentenceisabstract,andde-contextualized,thatofanutteranceisconcrete,andcontext-dependent.Themeaningofanutteranceisbasedonsentencemeaning;itistherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.Difference:Sentencemeaningincludeslocutionaryact,butitdoesn'tincludeillocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.Q:AccordingtoAustin,whatarethethreeactsapersonispossiblyperformingwhilemakinganutterance.Giveanexample?Theyarelocutionaryact,illocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.Forexample:someoneutters“you” “have” “door” “open”!Thelocutionaryactexpresseswhatthewordsliterallymean.Theillocutionaryactexpressesthespeaker'sintention:askingsomeoneto精品文檔．精品文檔closethedoor.Thehearergetsthespeaker'smessageandseesthatthespeakermeanstotellhimtoclosethedoor,andthenthehearerclosesthedoor.Therefore,theutterancegetstheeffectoflosingthedoor.Andthisistheperlocutionaryact.Q:WhatarethefourmaximsoftheCP?Trytogiveyourownexamplestoshowhowfloutingthesemaximsgivesrisetoconversationalimplicature?Theyarethemaximofquantity（具體說明其內(nèi)容）???themaximofquality…themaximofrelation…andthemaximofmanner….Forexample:WhenisJerry'sbirthdayparty?Sometimenextmonth.So,Bdoesn'twishtotellyouwhenJerry'sbirthdaypartyisgoingtobeheld.Wouldyouliketoattendourtravelingatweekend?I'mafraidIhavegotaninvitationatweekend.So,Bdoesn'twanttoattendyourtraveling.Shallwegetsomethingforourbrother?Yes.ButIvetoG-U-N.So,Bdoesn'twanttheirbrothertoknowtheyaretalkingabout精品文檔．精品文檔gettingthemagun.Q:CitewithexamplesthechangesinEnglishLanguage?soundchange:“mouse”[mu:s]—[maus];morphologicalchange:greenen—green;syntacticchange:youcanspeak,can'tyou?Youspeak,speaknotyou?lexicalchange:wot—toknow,ASPCA,math—mathematics;semanticchange:“silly”meanshappyinoldEnglish,buttodayitmeansfoolish;“aunt”meansfather'ssisterbefore,buttodayitalsomeansmother'ssister.Q:Whatarethemainsocialdialects?Howdotheyjointlydetermineidiolect?TheyareGendervariation,Agevariation,Ethnicdialect,Stylisticvariation,Register.Idiolectalvariationisdeterminedbymanyfactors.Thedifferentbackgroundsofdifferentpeopleinfluencetheirchoiceoflinguisticforms,andthelinguisticfeaturesofthelanguagetheyuserevealtheirindentities.….Q:WhatpeticuliarfeaturesdoesaPidginhave?Anydialectshavenativespeakers,exceptpidgin.….精品文檔．精品文檔Twopartiesdidn'tknoweachother,soinordertodotrade,theyhavetousepidgin.Withmoreunderstandingsofeachother'scultures,lesspeoplewouldusepidgin.Q:Amongthelanguageacquisitiontheories,whichonedoyouthinkismorereasonableandconvincing?Explainwhy?Therearethreelanguageacquisitiontheories,theyarethebehavioristview,theinnatistviewandtheinteractionistview.Itendtothebehavioristmuchmore,inmyopinion,todoisbetterthandoingnothing,practiceandintimationarethebestwaytolearnalanguage.Fortheinnatist,sedulitycanmakeupeverynaturalfacultiy,andfortheinteractionist,noteveryonecangoaboardtohavealanguageenvironment,athome,therearestillmanyscholarshipsstudydifferentlanguageswell.Q:WhatisLanguageAcquisition?Itreferstothechild'sacquisitionofhismothertongue,itmeanshowthechildcomestounderstandandspeakthelanguageofhiscommunity.Q:WhatisLanguageAcquisitionDevices?ItalsoknownasLAD,itclaimsthathumanbeingsarebiologicallyprogrammedforlanguageandthatthelanguagedevelopsinthechildjustasotherbiologicalfunctionssuchaswalking.itwasdescribedasanimaginary“blackbox”existingsomewhereinthe精品文檔．精品文檔humanbrain,the“blackbox”issaidtocontainprinciplesthatareuniversaltoallhumanlanguages.Q:WhatistheCriticalPeriodHypothesis?Thecriticalperiodhypothesisreferstoaperiodinone'slifeextendingfromaboutagetwotopuberty,duringwhichthehumanbrainismostreadytoacquireaparticularlanguageandlanguagelearningcanproceedeasily,swiftly,andwithoutexplicitinstruction.Q:WhatisRegister?Languagevariesasitsfunctionvaries,itdiffersindifferentsituations,itisselectedasappropriatetothetypeofsituation.Q:WhatisIdiolect?Idiolectisapersonaldialectofanindividualspeakerthat22.22.Q:WhatisCP?combineselementsregardingregional,social,gender,andagevariations.Q:WhatisPidgin?Pidginisaspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorblendslanguagesanditisusedbypeoplewhospeakdifferentlanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading.Q:WhatisCreole?精品文檔．精品文檔ItisoriginallyaPidginthathasbecomeestablishedasanativelanguageinsomespeechcommunity.Thatis,whenapidgincometobeadoptedbyapopulationasitsprimarylanguage,andchildrenlearnitastheirfirstlanguage,thenthepidginlanguageiscalledaCreole.ItisstandofthecooperativePrinciple.Itrequiresthatthespeakerandthehearershouldmakeconversat