新編簡明英語語言學(xué)知識點匯總

新編簡明英語語言學(xué)知識點匯總新編簡明英語語言學(xué)知識點匯總新編簡明英語語言學(xué)知識點匯總資料僅供參考文件編號：2022年4月新編簡明英語語言學(xué)知識點匯總版本號：A修改號：1頁次：1.0審核：批準:發(fā)布日期：新編簡明英語語言學(xué)知識點匯總1Introduction1.1Whatislinguistics?Scientificstudyoflanguage.Interpretation:=1\*GB3①trytoanswerthebasicquestionsandprobeintovariousproblemsrelatedtolanguage;=2\*GB3②linguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguagebutlanguageingeneral;=3\*GB3③scientificstudybecausebasedonsystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata.1.1.2ThescopeoflinguisticsThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistic.phoneticsStudythesoundsusedinlinguisticstudyphonologyHowsoundsputtogetherandconveymeaningmorphologyThewaysymbolsrepresentingsoundsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwordssyntaxRulesgoverningthecombinationofwordssemanticsThestudyofmeaningpragmaticsStudythemeaningincontextAbovearemajororcorebranchesoflinguistics;Followingarelinguisticslinkwithotherdisciplines.sociolinguisticslanguageandsocietypsycholinguisticsHowinfantacquiremothertongue,processinformation……（languageandbrain）AppliedlinguisticsAppliedtotherecoveryoflanguage,languageacquisition1.1.3SomeimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsprescriptivedescriptiveAimstolaydownrulesfor“correct&standard”;i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayornotDescribeandanalyzethelanguageactuallyuse(modernlinguistsbelievethatwhateveroccursinthelanguagepeopleuseshouldbedescribedandanalyzed)synchronicdiachronicThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeThedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeModernlinguisticsaremostsynchronic:=1\*GB3①Difficulttodescribethechangesthathavetakenplaceinitshistoricaldevelopment;=2\*GB3②Synchronicdescriptionareoftenthoughtofasbeingdescriptionsofalanguageinitscurrentexistence.speechwritingSpeechispriortowriting:=1\*GB3①writingsystemisalways“invented”bytheuserstorecordthespeechwhentheneedarises;=2\*GB3②speechplaysagreaterroleintermsofamountofconveyinginformation;=3\*GB3③speechisalwaysthewaynativespeakeracquiretheirmothertonguewhilewritingislearnandtaughtinschool;=4\*GB3④spokenlanguagerevealsmorefeatureofhumanspeech,whichisauthenticwhilewrittenlanguageisonlytherevisedrecordofspeech.Langue語言Parole言語Abstractlinguisticsystem;RelativelystableTherealizationoflanguageinactualuse;Concrete;Varyfrompersontoperson&situationtosituationProposedbySwisslinguistF.deSaussureintheearly20thcentury:paroleisamassoflinguisticfacts,toabstractlanguefrompetenceperformanceTheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageTheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticposedbyAmericanlinguistN.Chomsky,SimilartoSaussure,whatlinguistsshouldstudyistheidealspeaker’scompetence,nottheperformance.Difference:Saussuretooksociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisamatterofsocialconvention;whileChomskylooksatpsychologicalpointandtohimcompetenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.TraditionalgrammarModernlinguisticsPrescriptive;writtenlanguageisprimary;ForcelanguageintoaLatin-basedframework;Descriptive;Spokenlanguageisprimary;TryingtosetupauniversalframeworkModernlinguisticsbeginfromthepublicationofF.deSassure’sbookcourseingenerallinguistics1.2Whatislanguage1.2.1DefinitionsoflanguageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Characteristics:=1\*GB3①languageissystem,elementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtotherules;=2\*GB3②languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatitstandsfor,Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellaswell;=3\*GB3③languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumforalllanguageissound;=4\*GB3④languageishuman-specific,differentfromanimalcommunication.1.2.2DesignfeaturesoflanguageProposedbyAmericanlinguistCharlesHockett:comparingtheanimal&humancommunicationsystems.Followingarefivemajordesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage:=1\*GB3①arbitrarinessNologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningandsounds(exceptonomatopoeticandcompoundwords)=2\*GB3②productivityItmakestopossibletoconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalbyitsusers.=3\*GB3③dualityLanguageisasystemwhichconsistsoftwostructures.Atthelowerlevelthereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaninglessbythemselves.Butthesoundscangroupedorregroupedtogetherintoalargernumbersofunitsofmeaningsuchasmorphemeorwords,whicharefoundatthehigherlevelofsystem(carp&park).Thenthehigherlevelcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumbersofsentences;=4\*GB3④DisplacementLanguagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeakers;=5\*GB3⑤culturaltransmissionWhilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,thedetailsofanylanguagesystemsarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned.(languageisculturaltransmitted[languagenotmutuallyintelligible]whileanimalcallsystemisgeneticallytransmitted)1.2.3FunctionsoflanguageThreemainfunctionsoflanguagewhichdistinctfromeachotherbutactuallyoverlappingtosomedegree:=1\*GB3①descriptivefunctionTheprimaryfunctionoflanguage;Thefunctiontoconveyfactualinformation,whichcanbeassertedordenial,andinsomecaseevenverified.e.g:TheSichuanearthquakeisthemostseriousoneChinahaseversuffered.=2\*GB3②expressivefunctionSupplyinformationabouttheuser’sfeeling,preference,prejudicesandvalue,etc.Iwillnevercometothiscoffeeshopagain.=3\*GB3③socialfunctionServestoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.HowcanIhelpyou,Sir?

Others:Russian-bornstructurallinguistRomanJakobson：sixelemens(function)ofaspeech:Addresser-emotive(動機)addressee-conative(意動)context-referentialmessage-poeticcontact-phaticcommunioncode-metalinguisticBritishlinguisticM.A.KHalliday:

=1\*GB3①ideationalfunction(語篇功能)[includeddescriptive&expressivefunctin]istoorganizethespeaker’sexperienceoftherealorimaginaryworld.=2\*GB3②interpersonalfunctionistoindicate,establish,ormaintainsocialrelationshipbetweenpeople.[socialfunction]=3\*GB3③textualfunctionistoorganizewrittenorspokentextstocoherewithinthemselvesandfittotheparticularsituationinwhichtheyareused.2.Phonology2.1ThephonicmediumoflanguageSpeechsoundsproducedbyhumanspeechorganTwomajormediaofcommunication:speechandwriting;2.2phonetics2.2.1whatisphonetics?Thestudyofphonicmediumoflanguage;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccursintheworld’slanguage.LongesthistoryArticulatoryphonetics(發(fā)音語言學(xué))LongesthistoryThreebranchesAuditoryphonetics(聽覺語言學(xué))Acousticphonetics(聲學(xué)語言學(xué))2.2.2organsofspeechPharyngealcavity(咽喉)Nasalcavity（鼻腔）Oralcavity（口腔）lungalungairinglottisVocalcords2.2.3orthgraphicrepresentationofspeechsounds:broad&narrowInternationalphoneticalphabet:letter→soundsBroad(usedintextbook):lettersymbols[p]Narrow:lettersymbols+diacritics(變音符)[phit][spit]h→aspiration[phoneticianmoreinterestedin]2.2.4classificationofEnglishspeechsoundsclassificationofEnglishconsonantTotalobstructionTotalobstructionPassingoutBilabial（雙唇音）Labio-dental（唇齒音）Dental（齒音）Alveloar（齒齦音）Palatal（腭音）Velar（軟腭）Glottal（喉音）StopsPartialobstruction(閉塞音)PartialobstructionVLpftkVDbvdgFricativeCompleteatfirstReleaseslowlywithpartialobstructionCompleteatfirstReleaseslowlywithpartialobstructionVLosfhVDdzgAffricates（塞擦音）VLtftfVDdgdgNasals（鼻音）VDmnnLiquids（流音）VDL,rGlides（滑音）VDwjclassificationofEnglishvowelsMonophthongs：frontcentralbackcloseI:IU:uSemi-closeee:Semi-openeC:openaea^Da:2.3phonology2.3.1phonology&phoneticsPhonologyvsphoneticsPhonologyvsphoneticsSpeechsoundsFormpatters&conveymeaningProducedfeatures&classified2.3.2phonephonemeallophoneDifferentphonesrepresentingaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentPhonologicalunitPhoneticunitDifferentphonesrepresentingaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentPhonologicalunitPhoneticunitPillbillhillDarkl&clearl[p][b]2.3.3phonemiccontrastcomplementarydistributionminimalpairPillbillhillDarkl&clearl[p][b]2.3.4somerulesinphonologyTotelluswhenasoundistobedeletedalthoughitisorthographicallyrepresented.Assimilateonesoundtoanotherbycopyingafeatureofsequentialphoneme,makingtwophonessimilarI.e.Mianbao---miannaoGovernthecombinationofsounds,I.e.Wordbeginwitha[l]or[r],nextsoundmustbeavowelSequentialrulesassimilationruledeletionruleTotelluswhenasoundistobedeletedalthoughitisorthographicallyrepresented.Assimilateonesoundtoanotherbycopyingafeatureofsequentialphoneme,makingtwophonessimilarI.e.Mianbao---miannaoGovernthecombinationofsounds,I.e.Wordbeginwitha[l]or[r],nextsoundmustbeavowel2.3.5suprasegmentalfeatures(phonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofsegments)Stress:N&vTone：四聲Intonation：differentmayconveydifferentmeaningeventhesentencesunchangedMorphologyGrammarthatisconcernedwithwordformationandwordstructureWord:thesmallestfreeformfoundinlanguageMorpheme:thesmallestunitofmeaningRootstembaseRoot:believeStem:believable(除掉所有的語法成份,留下詞根和派生成份)Base：unbelievable(un的詞基)Derivationalmorpheme:changecategorygrammaticalclassofwordsPrefix:changemeaningSuffix:changemeaningandpartsofspeechInflectionalmorpheme:signifytensenumbercaseWordformation:=1\*GB3①Clipping（shortening&abbreviation）[nochangeofpartofspeech]I.egymexpomemo