自考英語(二)復(fù)習(xí)筆記

自考英語(二)復(fù)習(xí)筆記自考英語(二)復(fù)習(xí)筆記自考英語(二)復(fù)習(xí)筆記資料僅供參考文件編號(hào)：2022年4月自考英語(二)復(fù)習(xí)筆記版本號(hào)：A修改號(hào)：1頁次：1.0審核：批準(zhǔn):發(fā)布日期：自考英語（二）復(fù)習(xí)筆記語法主要考哪些項(xiàng)目？英語（二）最?？嫉恼Z法項(xiàng)目包括：動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)、非謂語動(dòng)詞、虛擬語氣、定語從句、名詞性從句、狀語從句、比較級(jí)、語序、主謂一致、強(qiáng)調(diào)句、基本句型。*最?？嫉臅r(shí)態(tài)：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)、過去時(shí)、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和將來完成時(shí)。*最?？嫉姆侵^語動(dòng)詞：獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)、動(dòng)名詞作某些動(dòng)詞的賓語、非謂語動(dòng)詞作定語和狀語。*最常考的虛擬語氣：與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣的從句和主句。*最?？嫉亩ㄕZ從句：where引導(dǎo)的定語從句、名詞/代詞+of+which引導(dǎo)的定語從句。*名詞性從句：what，whether引導(dǎo)的主語或賓語從句、that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句。*狀語從句：nowthat，inthat，incase，as，while引導(dǎo)的狀語從句。哪些詞最有可能考單詞拼寫？嚴(yán)格來說，只要是考綱中包括的詞都有可能出現(xiàn)在單詞拼寫大題中，但是從歷年考題可以看出，某些詞的命中率要高于其它詞，有些詞甚至反復(fù)考過，這說明考生在背單詞的時(shí)候還是可以在全面覆蓋的基礎(chǔ)之上突出重點(diǎn)、提高效率的。在這里我們不可能一一羅列重要的詞匯，下面是我總結(jié)的英語（二）常考單詞的特點(diǎn)：*絕大部分是長度在5-8個(gè)字母之間的中等難度的詞，如：victim，gesture等；*拼寫和讀音不完全對(duì)稱的詞，如：dumb，subtle等。*個(gè)別非常簡單、但課文中不是很常見的名詞，如：tube.*從詞性上來看，最?？嫉囊来问敲、蟹€(wěn)荽?、妒、和肛愂?

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在復(fù)習(xí)這些單詞時(shí)，一定要以考試大綱為準(zhǔn)，而不能只背教材后面的生詞表。一方面，教材后面的生詞表中包含了不少超剛詞，完全不會(huì)考到；另一方面，對(duì)英語（二）來說，從下冊教材生詞表中出的單詞只占三分之一，不可能涵蓋所有要考的內(nèi)容。同樣在復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)一定要講究準(zhǔn)確性，確保背一個(gè)記準(zhǔn)一個(gè)，而不能只是記個(gè)大概，最后寫出來每個(gè)都差不多但每個(gè)都有錯(cuò)。復(fù)習(xí)建議針對(duì)上述預(yù)測，我們?nèi)绾沃贫_刺階段的復(fù)習(xí)計(jì)劃呢？下面是我推薦的三步復(fù)習(xí)法。1.第一步，應(yīng)該抽出半個(gè)月到二十天的時(shí)間，把書上可能考到的內(nèi)容好好地總結(jié)一下。課文中涉及的重要的語法現(xiàn)象，如帶虛擬語氣、獨(dú)立主格的句子，接動(dòng)名詞作賓語的動(dòng)詞，倒裝句，強(qiáng)調(diào)句，what，that，whether引導(dǎo)的從句等，最好都分類摘抄下來。2.做完整理工作后，應(yīng)該進(jìn)入下一步，即通過一定量的模擬訓(xùn)練來熟悉考試題型、提高實(shí)戰(zhàn)能力。模擬訓(xùn)練應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：（1）做題時(shí)，一定要獨(dú)立完成。不管做題的過程多么困難，都要硬著頭皮去做，只有這樣才能在考場上發(fā)揮自如。（2）保持一定的頻率也很重要。至少一周應(yīng)該完成兩套題，否則達(dá)不到強(qiáng)化的效果。（3）及時(shí)總結(jié)。如果做完幾套題后反復(fù)出現(xiàn)同樣的錯(cuò)誤，一定要請(qǐng)老師對(duì)相關(guān)內(nèi)容作詳細(xì)的講解，并針對(duì)性地多做鞏固練習(xí)，直到問題得到真正的解決。（4）做完十套左右的模擬題后，應(yīng)該再做幾套最近幾年的真題。這時(shí)你可以對(duì)自己的實(shí)際水平有一個(gè)比較準(zhǔn)確的估計(jì)。哪些方面是你的長處，哪些方面還存在薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，并利用最后一兩周的時(shí)間來進(jìn)行彌補(bǔ)。（5）除了做題，這三個(gè)月期間應(yīng)該天天堅(jiān)持的是背單詞。每天抽出半個(gè)小時(shí)至一個(gè)小時(shí)，把大綱詞匯包括后面的詞組至少從頭至尾完整地過一遍，有可能考拼寫的重點(diǎn)單詞要?jiǎng)庸P抄寫，常用活用的詞要記搭配，容易混淆的詞放在一起進(jìn)行比較。3.最后一周的總復(fù)習(xí)。考試前的最后一周應(yīng)該再來一次全面的總復(fù)習(xí)。復(fù)習(xí)內(nèi)容包括第一步中抄下來的課文中的重點(diǎn)句子、第二步作題時(shí)紀(jì)錄下來的常出錯(cuò)的語法項(xiàng)，重點(diǎn)的單詞，和總結(jié)出來的答題技巧。如果還有時(shí)間，也可以把最后做過的真題再做一遍。相信經(jīng)過精心的計(jì)劃和充分的準(zhǔn)備，此刻的你一定成竹在胸，勝券在握了。自考英語（二）復(fù)習(xí)筆記（2）

2006-12-510:54頁面功能【字體：大中小】【打印】【關(guān)閉】重點(diǎn)語法知識(shí)講解1.動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)一覽表時(shí)態(tài)

語態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過去時(shí)一般將來時(shí)主動(dòng)

被動(dòng)do

aredonedid

weredonewilldo

willbedone現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)將來進(jìn)行時(shí)主動(dòng)

被動(dòng)aredoingarebeingdoneweredoing

werebeingdonewillbedoing現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)將來完成時(shí)主動(dòng)

被動(dòng)havedone

havebeendonehaddone

hadbeendonewillhavedone

willhavebeendone現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)主動(dòng)

被動(dòng)havebeendoing1.1現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)發(fā)生在過去的動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在仍有影響?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志：sofar，bynow/uptonow，forthreeyears，since1995，inthepasttwodecades1.2過去完成時(shí)過去的過去。1）said，reported，thought等引導(dǎo)的間接引語中。Hemissedthetrain.Hesaidhehadmissedthetrain.2）hardly…when，nosooner…than句型中表示先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作Nosoonerhadhegotupthanhereceivedthecall.3）與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣中IfIhadtriedharder，Iwouldhavewon.IwishIhaddonebetterintheexam.1.3完成進(jìn)行時(shí)從過去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，沒有間斷。漢語提示語：一直Thewaterhasbeenrunningthewholenight.1.4過去時(shí)過去某一具體時(shí)間發(fā)生的事，不考慮與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。過去時(shí)的標(biāo)志：yesterday，in1995，lastweek，inthenineteenthcentury，fiveyearsago等等。2.非謂語動(dòng)詞2.1非謂語動(dòng)詞一覽表非謂語動(dòng)詞形式意義現(xiàn)在分詞一般式doing主動(dòng),正在進(jìn)行被動(dòng)式beingdone被動(dòng),正在進(jìn)行完成主動(dòng)式havingdone主動(dòng),已經(jīng)完成完成被動(dòng)式havingbeendone被動(dòng),已經(jīng)完成過去分詞done被動(dòng),已經(jīng)完成動(dòng)詞不定式一般式todo主動(dòng),將要進(jìn)行被動(dòng)式tobedone被動(dòng),將要進(jìn)行完成主動(dòng)式tohavedone主動(dòng),已經(jīng)完成進(jìn)行主動(dòng)式tobedoing主動(dòng),正在進(jìn)行2.2.非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語動(dòng)詞不定式：1）目的狀語；2）結(jié)果狀語Icameheretomeetyou.（目的）Hehurriedtotherailstationonlytomissthetrain.（結(jié)果）分詞：1）伴隨狀語；2）原因狀語；3）條件狀語4）讓步狀語；5）時(shí)間狀語Walkingalongthestreet，hemethisoldfriend.（時(shí)間）Beingverytired，myfatherdidn’tgooutwithus.（原因）Madebyhand，thesilkshirtisveryexpensive.（原因）Seenfromthespace，theearthlookslikeablueball.（條件）2.3非謂語動(dòng)詞，狀語從句和獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)1）Havingdonetheirhomework，thechildrenbegantoplay.（分詞作狀語）2）Afterhavingdonetheirhomework，thechildrenbegantoplay.（連詞+分詞）3）Aftertheyhaddonetheirhomework，thechildrenbegantoplay.（狀語從句）4）Withhomeworkdone，thechildrenbegantoplay.（獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)）2.4非謂語動(dòng)詞作定語1）Ifthereisnochoice，thereisnodecision___（make）。（tobemade）2）Doyouknowtheman____（stand）infrontofthehouse（standing）3）Thequestion____（discuss）atthemomentisveryimportant.（beingdiscussed）4）Thebridge____（build）inthe1950sisstillingoodcondition.（built）2.5動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式作主語和表語動(dòng)名詞作主語/表語表示一般、抽象的情況；動(dòng)詞不定時(shí)作主語表示具體某次的情況。Risingearlyisgoodforhealth.Toriseearlytomorrowisdifficultforme.Itisdifficultformetoriseearlytomorrow.Mybiggestwishistogoabroad.Seeingisbelieving.作賓語接動(dòng)名詞作賓語的動(dòng)詞：admit，acknowledge，avoid，appreciate，consider，delay，enjoy，escape，excuse，forgive，finish，include，involve，mind，putoff，postpone，suggest，feellike，lookforwardto，beusedto，beaccustomedto，etc.接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞：want，tend，intend，pretend，hope，plan，expect，besupposedto，seem，belikelyto，usedto，bewillingto，desire，force，prefer，start，begin接動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式有不同含義的動(dòng)詞：1）forget，remember，regret2）stop，continue3）need/want4）allowdoing/allowsbtodo（1）HowcanIforgetmeetingyouforthefirsttime？Sorry，Iforgottolockthedoor.（2）Ican’tstoplaughing.Canyoustoptogivemeahand？（3）Thegrassneedscutting.Thegrassneedstobecut.（4）Wedon’tallowsmokinghere.Youarenotallowedtosmokehere.自考英語（二）復(fù)習(xí)筆記（3）

2006-12-510:58頁面功能【字體：大中小】【打印】【關(guān)閉】3.虛擬語氣第一大類：非真實(shí)條件下的虛擬語氣時(shí)間從句主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反did/wereshould/could/would+do與過去事實(shí)相反haddoneshould/could/would+havedone與將來事實(shí)相反weretodoshoulddoshould/could/would+doIfIwereyou，Iwouldbehappytodoit.Ifwehadgotthenews，wecouldhavepreparedearlier.Ifthejobweretosucceed，youshouldworkharder.第二大類：從句中用過去時(shí)或過去完成時(shí)的虛擬語氣1）wouldrather+從句2）wish+從句3）ifonly+從句4）asif/asthough+從句5）It’stime+從句Iwouldratheryoudidn’ttellmethestorynow.Iwouldratheryouhadtoldmethestoryyesterday.第三大類：從句中用should加動(dòng)詞原形的虛擬語氣，其中should可省略。1）suggest，propose，advise，move（動(dòng)議），ask，order，require，request，desire，insist，prefer等動(dòng)詞后接的賓語從句；2）suggestion，proposal，advice，motion，order，requirement，request，desire，preference等名詞后的同位語從句；3）important，necessary，essential，imperative，desirable，advisable，preferable等形容詞用在itis…that…句型中；4）lest，incase，forfearthat等引導(dǎo)的從句中。Itissuggestedthatthemeeting（should）beputoff.Itismysuggestionthatthemeeting（should）beputoff.Itisnecessarythatthemeeting（should）beputoff.Hecametotheofficeearlierlesthe（should）misstheimportantmeeting.4.定語從句和名詞性從句4.1定語從句：限制性和非限制性定語從句引導(dǎo)定語從句1）關(guān)系代詞（在定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語）：which，that，who，whom，whose2）關(guān)系副詞（在定語從句中作狀語）：when，where，why，how名詞性從句：主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句引導(dǎo)名詞性從句：1）主從連詞（不在從句中作任何成分）：that，whether，if2）連接代詞（在從句中作主語、賓語、表語）：what，which，who，whom，whose，whatever，whoever…3）連接副詞（在從句中作狀語）：when，where，why，how4.2定語從句和同位語從句的區(qū)別定語從句對(duì)名詞進(jìn)行修飾限制，而同位語從句闡述的是名詞的具體內(nèi)容。從語法上看，that，which在定語從句中做主語或賓語，而同位語的引導(dǎo)詞that不在從句中擔(dān)任任何成分。1）Thestory（that）hetoldmemaynotbetrue.定語從句2）Thestorythathehasmadeafortunemaynotbetrue.同位語從句4.3什么時(shí)候用介詞＋which的形式？如果定語從句缺主語或賓語，用that/which形式。如果定語從句缺狀語，用介詞+which形式。1）TheplacewhichIvisitedlastweekisverybeautiful.2）TheplaceinwhichIusedtoliveisverybeautiful.4.4which和as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句which和as都能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，修飾整個(gè)一句話。as有“正如”的意思，而which沒有。1）Heiseasytogetangry，whichiswellknown.他很容易生氣，這一點(diǎn)大家都知道。2）Heiseasytogetangry，aseverybodyknows.正如大家都知道的那樣，他很容易生氣。自考英語（二）復(fù)習(xí)筆記（4）

2006-12-511:3頁面功能【字體：大中小】【打印】【關(guān)閉】2.1強(qiáng)化練習(xí)1.動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)強(qiáng)化練習(xí)1.Iwashired（hire）byaSaudidiplomatdirectlyfromthePhilippinestoworkinLondonin1989.解析：過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，標(biāo)志語：1989.2.However，manypeopledoubtwhetherthiswillreduce（reduce）theincidenceofabuse.解析：一般將來時(shí)，表示“會(huì)減少”的意思。3.Uptothattime，theblueshadbeen（be）anessentiallyblackmedium.解析：過去完成時(shí)，標(biāo)志語：uptothattime，表示“過去的過去”。4.Ofthese20，000，justunder2000arebeingphysically，sexuallyandpsychologicallyabused（abuse）。解析：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)。5.Ifyoudonot（not，control）it，itwillcontrolyou.解析：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。主講從現(xiàn)：主句用將來時(shí)，但是時(shí)間狀語、條件狀語和讓步狀語從句中用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。6.Youwillenjoyyourfuntimemoreafteryouhavecompleted（complete）yourstudyresponsibilities.解析：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，表示“已經(jīng)完成”。7.Maintainingahealthyself-esteemis（be）achallengethatcontinuesthroughoutlife.解析：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，動(dòng)名詞做主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。8.Thesecondhalfofthenineteenthcenturywitnessed（witness）thefirstextendedtranslationintoEnglishofthewritingsofEliphasLevi.解析：一般過去時(shí)，標(biāo)志語：thesecondhalfofthenineteenthcentury.9.Alltheworriestheymighthavefeltforhimweredriven（drive）offbythesightofhischeerfulface.解析：一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)10.Attemptstobreakupthisoldsystemhavebeenmade（make）ineverypresidentialelectioninthepastonehundredyears.解析：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)，標(biāo)志語：inthepastonehundredyears.2.非謂語動(dòng)詞強(qiáng)化練習(xí)1.Themotherdidn’tknowwhotoblame（blame）forthebrokenglass.解析：who+動(dòng)詞不定式做know的賓語2.Thechildrenbrought（bring）upinthiswaytendtobehealthier.解析：過去分詞作定語，表被動(dòng)。3.Itremindedthepresidenttokeepthecampaignfocused（focus）ontheeconomy.解析：過去分詞做賓補(bǔ)。4.Putting（put）foodintoanemptystomachhelpssynchronizethebodyclock.解析：動(dòng)名詞作主語。5.Itseemsreasonabletoassumethat，otherthingsbeing（be）equal，theywouldprefersingletosharedrooms.解析：現(xiàn)在分詞用在獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中6.Thispoem，iftranslated（translate）wordforwordintoChinese，willmakenosense.解析：連詞加過去分詞作狀語7.Theymayhavetheirpassportsremoved（remove），makingleavingor“escaping”actuallyimpossible.解析：過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)8.Herbody，withhandsandfeetbound（bind），wasdiscoveredbyatravelerearlyinthemorning.解析：過去分詞用在獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中9.Icouldn’thelpbutfeel（feel）thisisaverystrangelife.解析：couldn’thelpbut后接動(dòng)詞原形10.Letusconsidertheearthasaplanetrevolving（revolve）roundthesun.解析：現(xiàn)在分詞作定語3.虛擬語氣強(qiáng)化練習(xí)1.Ifithadn’tbeenforyourhelp，wewouldhavebeen（be）inrealtrouble.解析：與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣的主句2.Hewouldhavegivenyoumorehelp，ifhehadnotbeen（notbe）sobusy.解析：與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣的從句3.Itishightimethatwetook（take）firmmeasurestoprotectourenvironment.解析：Itishightime+過去式的虛擬形式4.Itwasimperativethatstudentsfinish（finish）theirpapersbeforeJuly1st.解析：Itwasimperativethat+動(dòng)詞原形的虛擬形式5.Theydemandedthattherighttovotebegiven（give）toeveryadultperson.解析：demand所接賓語從句用動(dòng)詞原形的虛擬形式6.Therewasamistakeonmypaycheck.Ishouldhavereceived（receive）$10more.解析：與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣的主句，表示“本應(yīng)該收到”而實(shí)際上沒有。7.Iwouldratherhebought（buy）thehousenextyear.解析：wouldrather后接賓語從句，從句用過去式表示虛擬語氣。8.Themanagertoldustobefriendlytothevisitorsasifwehadmet（meet）thembefore.解析：asif所引導(dǎo)的從句用過去完成式表示虛擬語氣。9.Shouldshecometomorrow，I_________takehertothemuseum.×正確答案為C[A]can[B]will[C]would[D]must解析：與將來事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣的主句。10.Ifwe_________everythingreadybynow，weshouldbehavingaterribletimetomorrow.正確答案為A[A]hadn’tgot[B]didn’tget[C]wouldn’thavegot[D]wouldn’tget解析：從句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，但本身已經(jīng)是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（從bynow可以看出），所以變?yōu)檫^去完成時(shí)。4.定語從句和名詞性從句強(qiáng)化練習(xí)1.Studieshaveshown_________teenagersoftensufferfromdepression.正確答案為A解析：that引導(dǎo)賓語從句[A]that[B]which[C]inwhich[D]inthat2.Itisawell-knownfact_________apersonwillmoveinacirclewhenhecannotusehiseyestocontrolhisdirection.正確答案為A[A]that[B]if[C]when[D]whether解析：that引導(dǎo)同位語從句3.Ontheotherhandconcernisalsogrowingaboutthepossibilityofaneweconomicorder_________resource-richnationsoftheThirdWorldwouldcombinetosethighcommodityprices.正確答案為C[A]which[B]what[C]that[D]inthat解析：that引導(dǎo)同位語從句4.Itisnotyetknown_________computerswillonedayhavevisionasgoodashumanvision.正確答案為A[A]whether[B]if[C]that[D]how解析：it為形式主語，whether引導(dǎo)真正的主語從句5.Suchattitudesamounttoabelief_________leisurecanandshouldbeputtogooduse.正確答案為D[A]which[B]if[C]whether[D]that解析：that引導(dǎo)同位語從句6.Thereasonformakingadecisionis_________aproblemexists，goalsarewrong，orsomethingisstandinginthewayofaccomplishingthem.正確答案為D[A]why[B]because[C]where[D]that解析：that引導(dǎo)表語從句7._________developedwasamusicreadilytakingonvariousformsandcapableofanalmostlimitlessrangeofexpression.正確答案為A[A]What[B]Whether[C]That[D]Which解析：what引導(dǎo)主語從句，并在主語從句中做主語8.Veryfewpeopleunderstoodthiscontract，_________wasveryobscure.正確答案為B[A]thelanguage[B]thelanguageofwhich[C]allitsaid[D]whichithadsaid解析：thelanguageofwhich引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句，并在定語從句中做主語9.Oftenmusicwasplayedoutofdoors，_________natureprovidedtheenvironment.正確答案為D[A]which[B]that[C]inwhich[D]where解析：where引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句，并在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語10.Manyofusvisitedtheindustrialexhibition，_________，toourdisappointment，wesawveryfewhigh-techproducts.正確答案為A[A]where[B]which[C]as[D]that解析：where引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句，并在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語語法題答題要訣：1）牢記上述表格；2）分清楚題目屬于哪種具體情況；3）熟練套用正確形式；4）最后再檢查一下是否應(yīng)作必要的改動(dòng)：如是否被動(dòng)，三人稱動(dòng)詞后加s，動(dòng)詞的不規(guī)則變化等。復(fù)習(xí)指南：在理解上述表格的適用條件后，再通過大量作題來鞏固，及時(shí)糾正出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤，我們一定能攻克語法難題，在語法部分得到一個(gè)理想的分?jǐn)?shù)！參考書：1.《全國高等教育自學(xué)考試英語（二）模擬試卷與應(yīng)試指導(dǎo)》（高遠(yuǎn)主編），高等教育出版社。2.歷年真題。自考英語（二）復(fù)習(xí)筆記（5）

2006-12-511:7頁面功能【字體：大中小】【打印】【關(guān)閉】3、課文重點(diǎn)句型復(fù)習(xí)三大原則：1.吃透A課文，看懂B課文；2.背熟可能考漢譯英的句子；3.關(guān)注含有重點(diǎn)語法的句子。參考書：《大學(xué)英語自學(xué)教程（下冊）——自學(xué)與自測指導(dǎo)》（高遠(yuǎn)主編），北京航空航天大學(xué)出版社Unit11.Thepurposeofmakingadecisionistoestablishandachieveorganizationalgoalsandobjectives.2.Managersmustmakeabestguessatwhatthefuturewillbeandtrytoleaveaslittleaspossibletochance.3.Formanagers，everydecisionhasconstraintsbasedonpolicies，procedures，laws，precedents，andthelike.4.Butthetendencytosimplifyblindsthemtootheralternatives.5.Decisionmakersmusthavesomewayofdeterminingwhichofseveralalternativesisbest-thatis，whichcontributesthemosttotheachievementoforganizationalgoals.6.Differentindividualsfrequentlyhavedifferentideasabouthowtoattainthegoals，thebestchoicemaydependonwhomakesthedecision.7.Peopleoftenassumethatadecisionisanisolatedphenomenon.8.Theliterarycriticsshouldbeasobjectiveaspossibleinanalysisandjudgment.9.Sheisalwaysreadytoargueoverthesmallestissues.10.Iarguedhimoutofgoingonsuchadangerousjourney.11.Althoughhethoughthewashelpinguswiththejob，hewasonlyintheway.Unit212.Thetermswewouldnormallyusetodescribeascientificphenomenonareinadequatehere.13.Astronomersandscientiststhinkthatablackholeisaregionofspaceintowhichmatterhasfallenandfromwhichnothingcanescape.14.Somestarsexplodewhentheirdensityincreasestoaparticularpoint.15.Thisprocessofshrinkingmaybesointensethatablackholeresults.16.Itisonlyrecentlythatastronomershavebegunspecificresearchintoblackholes.17.Veryadvancedtechnologycouldonedaymakeuseoftheenergyofblackholesformankind.18.Hehasexertedallhisstrengthtoattainhisgoal.19.Hehasbeenexertingalotofpressureonmetochangemymind.20.Thecollapseofthegovernmentleftthecountryinconfusion.21.Theresearchgrouplaunchedoutintoaseriesofnewexperiments.Unit322.Eachtimeitisshown，theprogramstartsanationwidedebateonthesubject.23.Inadditiontothis，aseconddoctormustconfirmthatthesecriteriahavebeenmet.24.Inthevastmajorityofeuthanasiacases，whatthepatientisactuallyaskingforissomethingelse.25.Euthanasiadoesn’ttakeintoaccountthattherearewaysofcaringforthedying.26.Anythingthatlegallyallowstheshorteningoflifedoesmakethosepeoplemorevulnerable.27.Instructionswillbesentimmediatelyonrequest.28.Manypeopleopposedbuildinganewhighwaybecauseofthegreatcost.29.Sheborethewholeburdenofraisingtwochildrenalone.30.Studentsareheavilyburdenedwithhomeassignments.31.Thecommitteedemandsthatnomember（should）beabsent.Unit432.Ofthese20，000，justunder2000arebeingexploitedandabusedbytheiremployers.33.Inoneofthem，aFilipinomaidwasexecutedinSingaporeafterbeingconvictedofmurder，despiteprotestsfromvariousquartersthatherguilthadnotbeenadequatelyestablished.34.Iwassupposedtobepaid￡120butIneverreceivedthatamount.35.MyemployersalwaysthreatenedtoreportmetotheHomeOfficeorthepolice.36.Manypeopledoubtwhetherthiswillsuccessfullyreducetheincidenceofabuse.37.Soiftheydocomplain，theyriskbeingdeported.38.Itistherighttochangeemployerswhichdistinguishesemploymentfromslavery.39.ThestudentexploitseverypossibilitytolearnEnglish.40.Ourcountryislaunchingacampaignagainstwaste.41.Weshouldbealwaysawareofthestatusofworldaffairs.42.Therearelikelytobemoredifficultiesthanyouwerepreparedfor.Unit543.Thenewmusicwasbuiltoutofmaterialsalreadyinexistence.44.Theyfreelytookoverelementsfromjazz，fromAmericancountrymusic，andastimewentonfromevenmorediversesources.45.Whatdevelopedwasamusicreadilytakingonvariousformsandcapableofanalmostlimitlessrangeofexpression.46.Instudiorecordings，newtechniquesmadepossibleeffectsthatnotevenanelectronicbandcouldproducelive.47.Electronicamplifiersalsomadepossibleafantasticincreaseinvolume，themusicbecomingasloudandpenetratingasthehumanearcouldstand48.Oftenmusicwasplayedoutofdoors，wherenatureprovidedtheenvironment.49Thesocialandpoliticaltransformationofacountryisessentialtothedevelopmentofthesociety.50.Alltheoriesoriginatefrompracticeandinturnservepractice.Unit651.Robots，becomingincreasinglyprevalentinfactoriesandindustrialplantsthroughoutthedevelopedworld，areprogrammedandengineeredtoperformindustrialtaskswithouthumanintervention.52.Therobotsusedinnuclearpowerplantshandletheradioactivematerials，preventinghumanpersonnelfrombeingexposedtoradiation.53.Robotsdifferfromautomaticmachinesinthataftercompletionofonespecifictask，theycanbereprogrammedbyacomputertodoanotherone.54.Otherengineersarewritingnewprogramsallowingrobotstomakedecisionssuchaswhethertodiscarddefectivepartsinfinishedproducts.55.Thesefuturerobots，assembledwithasenseoftouchandtheabilitytoseeandmakedecisions，willhaveplentyofworktodo.56.Anyonewantingtounderstandtheindustryofthefuturewillhavetoknowaboutrobotics.57.Hiswordscastanewlightontheproblem.58.WeshouldbeawareofthedangersofexposingchildrentoviolenceonTV.Unit759.Peopleinadvancedindustrialsocietiesareincreasinglyconcernedwithopportunitiesforleisureandwhattheycandointheirleisuretime.60.Generallyspeaking，thequalityoflife，especiallyasseenbytheindividual，ismeaningfulintermsofthedegreetowhichthesevariousareasoflifeareavailableorprovidesatisfactiontotheindividual.61.Thespecificuseofleisurevariesfromindividualtoindividual.62.Experiencesofadifferentnature，beittelevisionwatchingorbird-watching，canleadtoaself-renewalandamore“balanced”wayoflife.63.Suchattitudesamounttoarecognitionthatleisureisanimportantareaoflifeandabeliefthatleisurecanandshouldbeputtogooduse.64.Toimpartpositiveleisureattitudestothegeneralpublicisessentialformotivatingthemtousetheirleisureincreativeandsatisfyingways.65.Itcanbearguedthatthepeoplewithwhomwecomeintocontactinthesevariouscontextsarealllikelytohaveexertedsomeinfluenceinshapingourattitudes，interestsandevenskillsrelevanttohowwehandleleisure.66.Themoreseriouslythisissought，themorelikelypositiveattitudestowardsleisureaswellasacademicworkwillbeencouraged.67.Youhavetoattachalabeltoaboxwhilepostingit.68.Weshouldmakeourlivesrelevanttotheneedsofthecountry.69.Healwayshassomepositiveideasoncompanypolicy.Unit870.TheproblemofJetLagisoneeveryinternationaltravelercomesacrossatsometime.71.Theeffectsofrapidtravelonthebodyareactuallyfarmoredisturbingthanwerealize.72.HelaterblamedhispoorjudgmentonJetLag.73.NowthatweunderstandwhatJetLagis，wecangosomewaytoovercomingit.74.Intime，thephysiologicalsystemwillresetitself，butitdoestaketime.75.Itisnotfeasibletowaitfourdaysuntilthebodyisusedtothenewtimezone.76.Thatisbynomeansthebestwayofproceeding.77.Hedidn’ttakealarmatthenews.78.Thepianistpromotedagrandbenefitconcert.79.Hedidn’twanttobetiedtoasteadyjob.Unit980.Thenearerasocietyapproximatestozeropopulationgrowth，theolderitspopulationislikelytobe-atleast，foranyfuturethatconcernsusnow.81.Tothesenowfamiliarfactsanumberoffurtherfactsmaybeadded，someofthemonlyrecentlyrecognized.82.Thereistheappreciationofthesalienthistoricaltruththattheagingofadvancedsocietieshasbeenasuddenchange.83.Takentogether，thesethingshaveimplicationswhichareonlybeginningtobeacknowledged.84.ThereisoftenresistancetotheideathatitisbecausethebirthratefellearlierinWesternandNorthwesternEuropethanelsewhere，…thatwehavegrownsoold.85.Longlifeisalteringoursociety，ofcourse，butinexperientialterms.86.Youraccountofwhathappenedapproximatestotherealfacts.87.Hisearningsareoutofallproportiontohisskillandability.Unit1088.Aminor-partyorindependentcandidate，…candrawvotesawayfromthemajor-partynomineesbutstandsalmostnochanceofdefeatingthem.89.Indecidingwhethertopursueacourseofaction，theytrytoestimateitslikelyimpactonthevoters.90.Thesloganwasmeantasaremindertothecandidateandthestafftokeepthecampaignfocusedonthenation’sslow-movingeconomy.91.Whethervotersacceptthisimage，however，dependsmoreonexternalfactorsthanonacandidate’spersonalcharacteristics.92.Asin1980，whenJimmyCarterlosttoRonaldReaganduringtougheconomictimes，thevotersweremotivatedlargelybyadesireforchange.93.Bushtriedtostirimagesofhisstrongleadershipofthewar，butvotersremainedconcernedabouttheeconomy.94.Theinventionisgoingtocauseabigstirintheworld.95.Youshouldsaveupmoneytomakeprovisionforthefuture.Unit1196.Animalresearchisirrelevanttoourhealthanditcanoftenproducemisleadingresults.97.Itwouldbecompletelyirresponsibleandunethicaltousedrugsonpeoplethathadnotbeenthoroughlytestedonanimals.98.Oneexperimentinnerveregenerationinvolvescuttingabignerveinarat’sleg，leavingitslegparalysed.99.Evenwiththesenewdevelopmentsinresearch，onlyatinyproportionofalltestsaredonewithoutusinganimalsatsomestage.100.Theuseofanimalsinexperimentscannotstopimmediatelyifmedicalresearchistocontinueandconsumerproductsaretobeproperlytested.101.Whenitcomestoresearchintoheartdiseaseanditseffectsonthebody，wedonothaveadequatesubstitutesfortheuseofanimals.102.Iwassurprisedtoseehisroominsuchalitter.103.Theconditionsthatexistedtenyearsagoarereproducedtoday.Unit12104.Untilrecentlydaydreamingwasgenerallyconsideredeitherawasteoftimeorasymptomofneurotictendencies.105.Atitsbest，daydreamingwasconsideredacompensatorysubstitutefortherealthingsinlife.106.Aswithanythingcarriedtoexcess，daydreamingcanbeharmful.107.Thereisagrowingbodyofevidencetosupportthefactthatmostpeoplesufferfromalackofdaydreamingratherthananexcessofit.108.Daydreamingsignificantlycontributestointellectualgrowth，powerofconcentration，andtheabilitytointeractandcommunicatewithothers.109.Daydreamingresultedinimprovedself-controlandenhancedcreativethinkingability.110.Contrarytopopularbelief，constantandconsciouseffortatsolvingaproblemis，inreality，oneofthemostinefficientwaysofcopingwithit.111.Wheneverconfrontedwithataskwhichseemedtoohardtobedealtwith，hewouldstretchoutonhislaboratorysofaandletfantasiesfloodhismind.112.Theimportantthingtorememberistopicturethesedesiredobjectivesasifyouhadalreadyattainedthem.113.Daydreamingishighlybeneficialtoyourphysicalandmentalwell-being.114.Escapebeingimpossible，therabbitturnedtoconfrontthedog.115.Thedifficultiesthatconfrontuscannotbeovercome.Unit13116.Hecannotbereallyhappyifheiscompelledbysocietytodowhathedoesnotenjoydoing，orifwhatheenjoysdoingisignoredbysocietyasofnovalueorimportance.117.Inasocietywhereslaveryinthestrictsensehasbeenabolished，thesignthatwhatamandoesisofsocialvalueisthatheispaidmoneytodoit.118.Whatfromthepointofviewofsocietyisnecessarylaborisfromhisownpointofviewvoluntaryplay.119.Whetherajobistobeclassifiedaslabororworkdepends，notonthejobitself，butonthetastesoftheindividualwhoundertakesit.120.Itisalreadypossibletoimagineasocietyinwhichthemajorityofthepopulation，thatistosay，itslaborers，willhavealmostasmuchleisureasinearliertimeswasenjoyedbythearistocracy.121.Themassesaremorelikelytoreplaceanunchangingritualbyfashionwhichitwillbeintheeconomicinterestofcertainpeopletochangeasoftenaspossible.122.Workersseldomcommitactsofviolence，becausetheycanputtheiraggressionintotheirwork，beitphysicalliketheworkofasmith，ormentallikethewo