測繪工程專業(yè)英語：Section 12 Land Information in the Federal Republic of Germany

Section12LandInformationintheFederalRepublicofGermany:State-of-the-ArtABSTRACT:InGermany,allofficiallandinformationisregisteredilltherealestatecadastreandthelegallandpropertyregister.Therealestatecadastreconsistsofdocumentsintextandgraphicform.Alllandinformation,keptonpaperinthepast,ispresentlybeingtransformedintodigitaldatabases.Thispaperdescribestheprogressofthisworkinthedifferentfieldsoflandinformation,providingdetailsaboutsomeoftheproblemsinvolved,suchasthechoiceofanappropriatedatamodelandthespecificationofafeasiblespatialdataexchangestandard.Thepaperanalyzesthesolutionspresentlybeingappliedandemergingfuturedevelopments.LandInformationSystemsinGermany—AnOverviewBackgroundTheFederalRepublicofGermany(FRG)consistsof16states.Everystateisresponsibleforitsownlandinformationsystem.Thestates'systemsarecoordinatedbytheWorkingCommitteeoftheSurveyingAuthorities(AdV)oftheStatesoftheFederalRepublicofGermany.TheRealEstateCadastreTherealestatecadastredescribestherealestate(parcelsandbuildings)locatedwithintheboundariesofastateandpresentsthemingraphicform.ThecadastreistheofficialregisteroflandinGermany,accordingtothelandregisterregulations(AdV1998).FollowinganagreementreachedthroughintensivenegotiationsamongalltheGermanstates,thecadastreconsistsoftwoparts:Thelandtaxregister(textualpart);Thecadastralmap(graphicpart).TheLandTaxRegisterThelandtaxregistercontainsdataon:Individualparcels,e.g.,codeoflotnumber,area,andplacename;Soilevaluationresults;Landuses;Legalrestrictionsinareaswithnaturereservesandpowerlines;Theownersorotherentitledpersons;andFurtherparcel-relateddata.Thelandtaxregisterismaintainedbythestatesindigitalform,predominantlybymeansoftheautomatedcadastralinventory(ALB).Thedatastructureandcontentshavebeenharmonized,butremainingdifferencesinstateregulationshavetobeanalyzedcarefullybeforeusinganydigitaldatafromthelandtaxregister.Presently,dataaccessisrestrictedtoowners,authorities,andotherpartieswithalegitimatereason.Datacanbeorderedasdigitaloranalogextractsfromthesurveyingandcadastraladministrationsofthestateconcerned.TheCadastralMapThecadastralmapcontainsgraphicalrepresentationsof:Individualparcelswiththeirboundaries;Buildings;Land-useclasseswiththeirboundaries;andTopographicalfeaturesandsoilclassifications(insomestatesonly).Atthetimeofwritingthisarticle,thecontentsoftheoriginalanalogmapsystemwerebeingtransferredintoanautomatedlegalparcelmapsystem(ALK),andtheexpectationwasthatanalogcadastralmapswouldgraduallybereplacedbydigitalones.Nation-widestandardshavebeendevelopedwithregardtothestructureandcontentsofthedatabut,aswiththelandtaxregister,theirimplementationhasdifferedconsiderablyfromstatetostateandsometimesevenbetweencadastralofficeswithinonestate.Aswiththelandtaxregister,dataaccessisrestrictedtoowners,authorities,andotherpartieswithalegitimatereason.Extractsareavailableaspapermapsoronmicrofilm.Digitalextracts(ifavailable)arefeaturestructuredusingastandardizedinterface.Thecadastralmapismaintainedbythesamestatesurveyingandcadastralauthoritiesasisthelandtaxregister.Therealestatecadastre,whichcontainssubstantialinformationaboutalllandparcels,isoneofthemostimportantsourcesoflandinformationinGermany.Itistheonlyofficialcollectionofdatacoveringtilecompletelandsurfaceofthecountry.TheGauss-Kruegercoordinatesystemisusedasacommonreferenceframe.Updatingproceduresarewelldefined,asthiscadastrehasbeeninusewelloveronehundredyears.TheLegalThelegallandpropertyregisteristheotherbaseofofficiallandinformationinthestatesoftheFederalRepublicofGermany.Althoughkeptseparately,thelandpropertyregisteriscloselyrelatedtotherealestateCadastre.Thelandpropertyregisteristhelegalproofofownershipforanylandparcel.Asfarastheexactgeographiclocationandtheshapeofthatlandparcelisconcerned,theregisterreferstotherealestatecadastre.Thelandpropertyregisterholdsallthelandowners'rifles.Thereisapermanentlegalguaranteethatusersmay,atanytime,trustinthecorrectnessofthelandpropertyregister.Eachrecordsheetoftheregisterconsistsof:Thetextualdescriptionoftherealproperty,consistingoflocation,landUse,areasize,andauniquereferencenumberfromtherealestatecadastre;Name(s),date(s)ofbirth,place(s)ofresidenceoftheowner(s),percentageofownershipincaseofseveralowners;Restrictionsontheproperty,suchastheexistingrightsofotherpersonsconcerningtheproperty,e.g.,therightofapublicutilitytocrossthepropertywithahigh-voltagecable;andRegistrationofmortgages.AutomatedCadastralInventoryLandtaxregisterdataarestoredintheautomatedcadastralinventory(ALB).Thisdatabaseholdstheofficiallandinformationrecordsconcerningtheowner(s)ofaparcel,landuse,parcelarea,andsometimesevencoordinatesofalabelpointwithinitsarea,andthemailingaddress,tonamethemostimportantitems.Thelandtaxregistercontainsdigitallandinformationrecordsforalllandparcelsofthewholestate.Theserecordsarekeptexclusivelyinnumericalform,i.e.,neithergraphicaldatanordirectgeo-referencingforboundarypointsareincluded.However,Gauss-Kruegercoordinatesforonelabelpointwithineachparcelarestoredinmanycases.Thesecoordinatesmaybeusedforindirectreferencingpurposesaswell.Thedigitallandtaxregisterdatabasewascompletedinmoststatesabout10yearsago.Fromatechnicalpointofview,theautomatedcadastralinventoryisorganizedasafilesystemconsistingoffiveapplicationfileswhicharemutuallyconnectedwithpointers(seeFigure3).Thelandtaxregistercanbequeriedstartingfromdifferententries,e.g.,theuniqueparcelidentifier,themailingaddress,filenameoftheowner(s).TheLinktoStatisticalInformationSystemsTheeight-digitmunicipalityidentifierkeyreflectstheadministrativemake-upoftheFederalRepublicofGermany.Theidentifierconsistsofthestatecode(07,forinstance,isthecodeforthestateofRhineland-Palatinate),thedistrictcode,andthemetropolitanortheruralareadistrictcode.Thisnation-wideacceptedidentifierkeylinkstheofficial.realestatedatawiththeofficialstatisticaldataofGermany.ItalsocomplieswiththestatisticalclassificationoftheEuropeanCommunityattheNUTS1,NUTS2andNUTS3levelsTheParcelIdentifierKeyTheparcelidentifierisauniquelydefined,nationallyused,numericcadastralkeyandisthuswellsuitedfordatabasequeries.Thekeyservesasaconnectiontootherinformationsystemswitharea-relateddata,likeparcelvalues,forinstance.Thethirdandthefourthkeysofthefilesystem,thelandregisteridentifierkeyandtherecordidentifierkey,aremoreorlessforinternaluseonly.Theyestablishthelinkbetweentheownerandtheparcel.Thislinkisneededtoexplicitlyconnectthecadastralrealestatedataheldbythecadastralofficeswiththelandregisterdataheldbythelocalcourts.ManagingtheLandTaxRegisterDatabaseThemanagementofthelandtaxregisterdatabaseisillustratedbyusing,asanexample,the