閱讀理解主旨大意題解題技巧(1) 學(xué)案-高考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)

高考閱讀理解主旨大意題解題技巧一、題型特點(diǎn)與命題方式【設(shè)題類型】1、概括文章大意；2、選出最佳題目（標(biāo)題）；3、概括人物特點(diǎn)?！驹O(shè)問形式】1、標(biāo)題類常見的標(biāo)題型題干：1)Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassagemightbe_____________.2)Thetext(passage)couldbeentitled______________.3)Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?4)Whichofthefollowingwouldbesuitableasatitleforthepassage?2、大意類常見的主題型題干：1)Thispassagechieflydealswith____________.2)What’sthetopicofthearticle?3)Whatisthesubjectdiscussedinthetext?4)Withwhattopicisthepassagechieflyconcerned?【命題趨勢(shì)】考查考生對(duì)文章的主題、標(biāo)題、中心思想的理解程度及辨別主要信息和次要信息的能力。常見題型為最佳標(biāo)題（title）或中心思想（mainidea）等。主題思想是文章的核心，能否抓住文章的主題思想，是考生閱讀能力最主要的體現(xiàn)。高考中閱讀理解的測(cè)試，自然也以此作為檢驗(yàn)考生閱讀理解能力最重要的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。要準(zhǔn)確地抓住文章的主題思想，就要十分留意文章的開頭和結(jié)尾，要抓住文中具有概括性的信息，從上下文連貫的意思來理解全文，看作者主要談的是什么，透過文字?jǐn)⑹龅倪^程來歸納主題，再?gòu)倪x擇項(xiàng)中找出最符合表達(dá)主題思想的選項(xiàng)。有些干擾項(xiàng)，從局部看也許不算錯(cuò)，但從全局看卻又片面。這類干擾項(xiàng)與正確答案之差，其實(shí)是局部與全局之差?？忌谧鲱}時(shí)不要為局部現(xiàn)象迷惑，而忽略了文章的整體思想。二、解題思路與應(yīng)試技巧做這類題時(shí)常用略讀法?？焖匍喿x文章找出各個(gè)段落的主題句。把各個(gè)段落的主題句聯(lián)系起來著眼于全文結(jié)構(gòu)安排，了解文章的重心，就能概括出文章的中心。文章的標(biāo)題是中心思想最精煉的表達(dá)形式，選擇的標(biāo)題意義范圍要能涵蓋全文，不能太大也不能太小。命題者在出這類題時(shí)，常常利用生活常識(shí)編造干擾項(xiàng)，把文中的細(xì)節(jié)當(dāng)主旨，利用局部信息編造干擾項(xiàng)，編制超出文章范圍的標(biāo)題或不能涵蓋文章中心意義的標(biāo)題來考查考生的理解程度，考生要特別留意。下面結(jié)合高考試題，談?wù)剺?biāo)題類和大意類主旨大意題的解題技巧。1、標(biāo)題類標(biāo)題是段落中心思想最精煉的表達(dá)形式。在閱讀中不僅要求考生能夠通過自己已知的信息概括出段落的中心思想，而且還要對(duì)概括出的中心思想加以提煉，擬定出段落的標(biāo)題。在測(cè)試中能夠迅速而準(zhǔn)確地選擇標(biāo)題。文章標(biāo)題可以是單詞，短語(yǔ)，也可以是句子。標(biāo)題可幫助讀者迅速推測(cè)出整篇文章的主要內(nèi)容，抓住文章討論的中心，把握作者的觀點(diǎn)和意圖。它的特點(diǎn)是：短小精悍，多為一短語(yǔ)；涵蓋性強(qiáng)，一般要求能覆蓋全文，其確定的范圍要恰當(dāng)，既不能太大，也不能太小；精確性強(qiáng)，不能隨意改變語(yǔ)言表意的程度及色彩。【考例】(交大附中2019，A篇)59.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.AMother’sLove B.ABraveActC.ADeadlyRiver D.AMatterofLifeandDeath【解析】A。整篇文章敘述的是小牛掉到河里，母牛采取一切措施來進(jìn)行保護(hù)小牛，體現(xiàn)了濃濃的母愛。文章最后一段點(diǎn)題：WhileIwaswonderingwhatIcoulddonext,Iheardthesoundofamother’slove.2、大意類解答該題型最關(guān)鍵的是找出主題句，把握文章主旨。通常情況下主題句在文中的位置:說明文議論文記敘文在開頭√(較常見)√√在結(jié)尾√(較少見)√√在中間√√中心貫穿全文√(較常見)概括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段開頭再看全文找主題句，若無明顯主題句，就通過關(guān)鍵詞句來概括(如議論文中尋找表達(dá)作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的詞句，記敘文尋找概括情節(jié)和中心的動(dòng)詞或反映人物特點(diǎn)的形容詞。)。文中出現(xiàn)兩種或兩種以上的不同觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，務(wù)必牢記作者的觀點(diǎn)才是體現(xiàn)全文中心的。此時(shí)，要注意一些轉(zhuǎn)折詞，如but,yet,however,although,inspiteof,bycontrast,onthecontrary等。當(dāng)文章中表示相反的觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，往往用到這些詞。答題時(shí)要弄清哪個(gè)是作者的觀點(diǎn)，排除迷惑性信息，準(zhǔn)確歸納主旨大意。ALanguageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whenthetheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,small,tightlyknit(聯(lián)系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation.thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation.Especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanyLanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish．SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.Atpresent,theworldhasabout6800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages.Oftenspokenbymanypeoplewhilehot.wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200Languages:theAmericasabout1,000.Africa2400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位數(shù))ofspeakersisamere6.000,whichmeansthathalftheworldslanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof,6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(消亡),withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.Pick,atrandom,BusuuinCameroon(eightremainingspeakers),ChiapanecoinMexico(150).LipanApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(one,withaquestion-mark):noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.28.Whatcanweinferaboutlanguagesinhunter-gatherertimes?A.Theydevelopedveryfast. B.Theywerelargeinnumber.C.Theyhadsimilarpatters. D.Theywerecloselyconnected29.Whichofthefollowingbestexplains"dominant"underlinedinparagraph2？A.Complex. B.Advanced.C.Powerful. D.Modem.30.Howmanylanguagesarespokenbylessthan6,000peopleatpresent?A.About6800 B.About3400C.About2.400 D.About1-20031.Whatistheminideaofthetext?A.Newlanguageswillbecreated.B.PeopleslifestylesarereflectedinlanguagesC.HumandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguagesD.Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.(1)Haveyoueverspentanafternooninthebackyard,maybegrillingorenjoyingabasketballgame,whensuddenlyyounoticethateverythinggoesquiet?Thereisanoldphrase“calmbeforethestorm”,oftenusedinasituation---aquietperiodjustbeforeagreatactivityorexcitement.Accordingtoourownexperience,weknowthereisactuallycalmbeforethestorm.Butwhatcausesthiscalm?Andisitalwayscalmbeforethestorm?Aperiodofcalmhappensinaparticularkindofstorm,thesimplestkindofstorm---asingle-cellthunderstorm.Inthistypeofthunderstorm,thereisusuallyonlyonemainstreamofcurrent,whichiswarm,dampairanddrawnfromplacesneartheground.Stormsneedwarmanddampairasfuel,sotheytypicallydrawthatairinfromsurroundingenvironment.Stormscandrawintheairthatfittheirneedfromalldirections—evenfromthedirectioninwhichthestormistraveling.Asthewarm,dampairispulledintoastormsystem,itleavesalow-pressurevacuum(真空)comingafter.Therisingairmeetsthecolddryairthathasalreadyexistedinthestormclouds,thusthetemperatureofthewarm,dampairdrops,andthewatervaporinitchangesintotinydropsthatareapreconditionofrain.Thesedropsaccumulateandbuildonlargerparticles(顆粒)likedust,untiltheygrowlargeenoughtoformraindrops.Thiswarm,dampairkeepsmovingupwards,butitbecomescooleranddrierduringitstripthroughcloud.Whenitreachesthetopofthecloud,theairissqueezedoutatthetop.Thisairissentrollingoutoverthebigthunderclouds.Fromthere,theairgoesdown.Warmanddryairisrelativelystable,andonceitcoversaregion,thatair,inturn,causesthecalmbeforeastorm.Mostthunderstorms,though,don'tstartwithcalm.That'sbecausemostareactuallygroupsofstormswithcomplexwindpatterns.There'ssomuchairmovingupanddownstormgroupsthatthecalmbeforethestormneverhappens.Instead,beforethestorm,itmightbereallywindy!1.Whichbestfitsthedescriptionofaparticularkindofstorm?A.Athunderstormwithasingleshape.B.Athunderstormwithoutstrongwinds.C.Astormwithairdrawnfromeverydirection.D.Astormfueledbymovingairfromtheground.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”inParagraph3referto?A.Warmandwetair. B.Warmanddryair.C.Coldandwetair. D.Coldanddryair.3.Whichdoesthewritermostlikelyagreeto?A.Presenceofthecalmreliesonstableair.B.Allthunderstormsdon’tstartwiththecalm.C.Thedriertheairis,thebiggerthestormwillbe.D.Stormhappenswithoutairmovingupanddown.4.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.Abriefintroductionofapeacefulstorm.B.Apersonalexperienceofaheavystorm.C.Anexplanationofthecalmbeforeastorm.D.Ananalysisofcausesandeffectsofastorm.(2)UGGbootshavebeenawinterweatherfashionforseveralyearsnow,combiningfunction,comfort,warmthandevensomestyle.WhatmanyUGGenthusiastsdon'tknowisthattheirbootsareabreedinggroundforbacteriaandcausefootproblems.Doctorsbelievetheboots,whichareparticularlypopularamongyoungteenagegirls,areleadingtoariseinthenumberofpeoplesufferingpainsintheirfeetandknees.Dr.IanDrysdale,headoftheBritishCollegeofOsteopathicMedicine,believesbecausethefootdoesnotgetthepropersupportontheinside,itwillleadtomoreankle,knee,hipandbackproblems.“Thesebootsarenotdesignedforoutsidewear.Justbecausesomethingbecomesatrendorfashionabledoesn'tmeanit'sgoodorright，”hesaid.“Theparticularproblemwiththistypeoffootwearisthatitisunsupported.It'saslipper.Youwouldn'tnormallyexpecttobedoingoutdooractivitiesfromsomethingthat'sindoor.Ifyoudecidetowearyourpajamasoutsideallthetime,someonewillcomeupandsayit'snotagoodidea.”Dr.Drysdaleexplainedthatthefeetissuesbecomeaparticularproblemamongyoungteenagegirls,whosebonesare“plastic”anddevelopingwhentheyaregrowing.“Ifthatstructureisdevelopinginaninappropriateway，”hesaid，“thentheultimatestructurewillbedeformed.”MikeO'Neill,aconsultantsurgeon,said，“Asthefootslidesaround,yougetwearandtear(磨損)onthejointsontheinsideofthefoot.Theankleisinthewrongposition,thethighbonealsochangesposition,andyougetanabnormalmovementinthepelvis,whichleadstobackproblems.”UGGAustralia,whomakesthedesignerversionoftheboots,toldTheDailyWirrorthattheirbootsare“comfort”ratherthan“performance”footwearandconsumersshouldbeawareof“knockoffs(仿制品)”whichlackreinforcedheelsintheirboots.1．TeenagegirlsprefertowearUGGbootsbecauseofthefollowingEXCEPT________.A．designB．comfortC．qualityD．warmth2．AccordingtoDr.IanDrysdale,________.A．thereisapossibilitythatbacteriawillmultiplyinUGGbootsB．wearingUGGbootswillleadtomoreankleandtoeproblemsC．it'snotagoodideatowearbootslikeUGGoutsideallthetimeD．teenagegirls'bonesareplasticenoughtowearUGGboots3．Theunderlinedword“deformed”isclosestinmeaningto________.A．shapedB．strengthenedC．reformedD．damaged4．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．PotentialHarmofUGGBootsB．ThePopularityofUGGBootsC．TheUniqueDesignofUGGBootsD．BenefitsofUGGBoots(3)HortonAtfirstglance，thereislittleinHortontoattractpeople.Theothernearbytownshavemuchmoretooffer：Bradfieldhasitsriverandhistoricbuildings，whileNewtownhasshopsandentertainment.ThebuildingsofHortonlookdirtyandunloved.Forshops，thereisasmallsupermarket，afewbargainshops，abakerywhich，strangely，doesnotsellbreadandafloristwhichhasonestandofsad-lookingflowers.Evenso，Hortonhasseveraladvantagesoveritsneighbouringtowns.Firstly，ithasacountrypark.Fourthousandyearsago，thiswasanimportantfort.Therearenohistoricremainsherenow，buttherearewonderfulviewsoverthecountryside.Onsunnyweekendsyoucanoftenseekidsoutwiththeirparents，kickingballsorflyingkites.Therearen’tmanyjobopportunitiesinHorton，andtheroadstonearbycitiesaren’treallyfast，butthereareexcellentraillinks.YoucanbeinLondoninanhourandahalf，andothercitiesarelessthananhouraway.Thatmeansthatparentscanearnagoodsalaryandstillgethomeintimetospendtheeveningswiththeirfamilies.HousesinHortonaren’tpretty，butthey’refunctionalandcheap.Thestreetsarequietandsafe，andthereareplentyofparksandplaygrounds.Ithasalibrary，threeprimaryschoolsandasecondaryschool，St.Mark’s.Itisfriendlyandoffersawiderangeofsubjectsandactivitiestochildrenofallabilitiesandbackgrounds.Thetownalsohasaswimmingandasportscentre，andthecommunityhallsholdregularclubsandeventsforpeopleofallages.1.Whatisthewriter’smainpurpose?A.ToexplainwhattouristscandoinHorton.B.ToexplainwhyHortonisagoodplacetolivein.C.ToexplainwhyHortonisnotaspleasantasothertowns.D.TodescribethehistoryofHorton.2.WhichpartofHortondoesthewriterfinddisappointing?A.Theshops. B.Countrypark.C.Transportlinks. D.Theschools.3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtheadvantageofHorton?A.Plentyofparksandplaygrounds.B.Historicalbuildings.C.Thequietandsafestreets.D.Functionalandcheaphouses.4.WhatadvantagesdoesHortonbringtoworkers?A.Thereareplentyofjobsavailableinthetown.B.Youcandrivetonearbycitiesinashorttime.C.Youcangettoseveralcitiesquicklybytrain.D.Workingconditionsarebetterherethaninothertowns.（4）ThefamousAmericangorilla(大猩猩)expertDianeFosseyhadacompletelynewwaytostudygorillas—shepretendedtobeoneofthem.Shecopiedtheiractionsandwayoflife—eatingplantsandgettingdownonherhandsandkneestowalkthewayagorilladoes.Itwasanewrelationship.DianeFosseywasmurderedinRwandain1985andherstorywasmadeintothepopularfilmGorillasintheMist.ItwasalongwayfromKingKong,whichisaboutagorillaasamonster(afrighteninganimal),andhelpedtoshowanewidea:therealmonsterisman,whilethegorillaistobeadmired.Todaytherearethoughttobearound48,000lowlandgorillasandmaybe400—450mountaingorillasinthewild.FromtheCongoinWestAfrica,toRwandaandUgandafurthereast,theyareendangeredbyhuntingandbythecuttingdownoftheirforesthomes.Sometimeago,IfoundinmyletterboxalittlemagazinefromtheWorldWideFundforNature.Ithadtwophotossidebyside.Onewasofayounggorilla.“Thisisaspeciesofmammal(哺乳類動(dòng)物),”saidthewordsbelowit.“Itisbeingdestroyedbyman.Wemustsaveitforourowngood.”Theotherphotoshowedahumanbaby.Thewordsalsoread,“Thisisaspeciesofmammal,”butthenwenton:“Itisthemostdestructive(破壞性的)onearth.Wemustretrainitforitsowngood.”1.Thetextmainlytalksabout_____.A.DianeFosseyB.thegorillasinRwandaC.theprotectionofthegorillasD.thefilmGorillasintheMist2.Wecanlearnfromthetextthat.A.GorillasinthemistwasbasedFossey’sexperiencesB．LowlandgorillaslivelongerthanmountaingorillasC．KingKongshowedusthatagorillaisadmirableD．DianeFosseywasmurderedbyagorilla58.Whatmessagecanwegetfromthetwophotosinthemagazine?A．Gorillasareman’sclosefriends.B．Bothmanandthegorillaneedtobesaved.C．Younggorillasareaslovelyashumanbabies.D．Manshouldlivepeacefullywiththegorilla.(5)Advertisementisthedifficultbusinessofbringinginformationtogreatnumbersofpeople.Thepurposeofanadvertisementistomakepeoplerespondtomakethemreacttoanidea，suchashelpingpreventforestfires，ortomakethemwanttobuyacertainproductorservice.Atthebeginningofthe20thcentury，advertisementwasdescribedas“salesmanshipinprint”.Ifthisdefinitionwereexpandedtoincluderadioandtelevision，itwouldstillstandtoday.Themosteffectivewaytosellsomethingisthroughperson-to-personcontact.Butthecostofperson-to-personsellingishighbecauseittakesagreatdealoftime，anditincreasesthecostoftheproductorservice.Advertisingdistributesthesellingmessagetomanypeopleatonetime.ThefirstprintedadvertisementintheEnglishlanguageappearedin1278，morethanacenturybeforeShakespeare’sfirstplaywasproduced.ThisearlyadvertisementwastheworkofWilliamCaxton，England’sfirstprinter，whousedittoadvertisereligiousbooksfromhisownworkshopCaxtonpostedsmallprintednoticesalongLondon’smainstreets．Besidesadvertisinghisproduct，heidentifiedhisshopwithared-stripedshield(盾形徽章)sothatcustomerscouldfinditeasily．Thissamesortofsimpleinformationaladvertisingisstillused.Examplesaretheroadsidesignsthattelltravelersthattheycanbuyfreshcornjustdowntheroadorthatthereisarestaurantinthenexttown.TheIndustrialRevolution，inthe18thand19thcenturies，broughtanewkindofadvertising.Largefactoriestooktheplaceofsmallworkshopsandgoodswereproducedinlargequantities.Manufacturersusedthenewlybuiltrailroadstodistribute(遞送)theirproductsoverwideareas.Theyhadtofindmanythousandsofcustomersinordertostayinbusiness.Theycouldn’tsimplytellpeoplewhereshoesorclothorteacouldbebought---theyhadtolearnhowtomakepeoplewanttobuyaspecificproduct.Thusmodernadvertisingwasborn．Advertisingcreatednewmarketsandhelpedtoraisestandardsoflivingaspeoplecametofeelthattheyhadarighttonewandbetterproducts.1、Thepassagemainlytalksabout()A、thedevelopmentofadvertisementB、thefirstadvertisementintheworldC、thedifficultyinadvertisingD、theadvantagesofadvertisements2、Whyisadvertisementacceptedbypeople?()A、Becauseitcanhelptopreventforestfires.B、Becauseitcanmakepeoplewanttobuyacertainproductorservice.C、Becauseitcanbringinformationtogreatnumbersofpeople.D、Becauseitcanhelppeoplelivelonger.3、Modernadvertisementwasbornasaresultof()A、theIndustrialRevolutionB、thenewlybuiltrailroadsC、theappearanceofthefirstprinteradvertisementD、people’sneed(6)Ifirstbeganexperiencinganxietyanddepression（抑郁）attheageof14，afterbeingbullied（欺凌）atschoolforyears．Whileatfirstanxietyanddepressionwouldcameandgo，iteventuallybecameaconstantpartofmylife．

IwassoeagertofindthesolutiontoovercomingmyanxietyanddepressionthatItriedeverythingfromwhenIincollegetograduateschool：mood-changingmedication（藥物），specialteas，yoga，anythingIreadaboutinbooks，andadvicegivenbydoct