2020-2021上海市重點(diǎn)高中英語習(xí)題1(附詳解和微信答疑)

2019-2020上海市重點(diǎn)高中英語習(xí)題（附詳解和微信答

疑）II.GrammarandVocabularySectionADirections：BeneatheachofthefollowingsentencestherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheoneanswerthatbestcompletesthesentence.Withfeweremployeesaskedtoaccomplishmoreinaday,manyAmericanstreatlunchnotasabreakbutasanothertaskto intoanalreadyover-bookeddayA.stretchB.fit C.squeeze D.pushWhichofthefollowingsentencehastheword“account“withthesamemeaningasthatin"Itisreportedthatgenesaccountforabout41percentofthevariationsinintelligence."?Afro-Americansaccountfor12%oftheUSpopulation.InEnglishlawamanisaccountedinnocentuntilheisprovedguilty.Wemustaccount(toouremployer)foreverypennywespendduringabusinesstrip.Pleaseaccountforyourdisgracefulconduct./\1thoughmanyresearchersbroadlyagreethatpublic torawdatawouldpromotescience,mostarereluctanttoposttheresultsoftheirownlaborsonline.A.analysisB.access C.process D.approachThereportargued一theuniimited-growthpathwaywaschosen,itwouldrequirecomplementarypolicies theplanet?slimitedlife-supportsystem.A.thatwhether,preserving B.thatif,topreserveC.if,preserving D.whenever,topreserveChildrenlearnlanguageseasily,butthisdoesn，tmeanthat exposureisenough.Theymusthearalanguagequiteabittounderstandit-anduseitoftentobeabletospeakitcomfortably.A.maximumB.repeatedC.continued D.momentaryAtthebottom bytheirteacherexplaininghowherkidshadputtheboxtogetherandhowtheysupportedoureffortsinthewar.A.wasaletterwritten B.aletterwaswrittenC.waswritingaletter D.aletterwasbeingwrittenInordertopreventthefurtherspreadofthe—,localhealthofficialsarepostingtimesandplaceswhereresidentsmayhavebeenexposed.A.outputB.outlook C.outbreak D.outcomeNotelevisionprogramhadeventakenmesofarawayfrommysurroundingsthisverbalvisittoacoldstreaminaforestandtheseanimalsbuildingahome.A.thatdidB.asto C.asdid D.asifAlthoughthestoryinvolvesapoliticallymotivatedkidnappingandasupposedlyhauntedhouse,thescariestmomentisduring turnsouttobeadreamsequence.A.what B.which C.that D.whenItisthoughthatthemasksallowedVenetianstohidetheiridentities,allowingthepoortomixwiththewealthy, strictsocialorder,onlyforabriefandcontrolledperiod.A.tobreaktunlessB.breaking,evenifC.broke,butD.break,thoughWhichofthefollowingsentencehastheword“odds"withthesamemeaningasthatin“Theoddsarehighthatyou*veseenabeautypageantortwoinyourlife."?Againstalltheoddssheachievedherdreamofbecomingaballerina.He'salwaysatoddswithhisfatheroverpolitics.Youcannarrowtheoddsofanastyaccidenthappeninginyourhomebybeing

moresafety-conscious.Thehospital*sdirectorhasbeenbattlingagainsttheoddsisimprovepatientcare.Globalgreenleafareahasincreasedbyfivepercentsincetheearly2000s,anareatotheentireAmazonrainforest.A.distantB.relevantC.equivalentD.resistant33.Theweavingstylevivid,variedpatternsandexceptionaldurabilityA.ischaracteristicbyB.ischaracterizedbyC.characterizesD.featuresin34.SincethebeginningoftheindustrialRevolution,foreveryjoblostanareatotheentireAmazonrainforest.A.distantB.relevantC.equivalentD.resistant33.Theweavingstylevivid,variedpatternsandexceptionaldurabilityA.ischaracteristicbyB.ischaracterizedbyC.characterizesD.featuresin34.SincethebeginningoftheindustrialRevolution,foreveryjoblostamachineatleastonenewjobwas,andtheaveragestandardoflivingamachineatleastonenewjobwas,andtheaveragestandardoflivinghasincreaseddramatically.to,createdwith,cancelledC.for,establishedD.against,to,createdwith,cancelledC.for,establishedD.against,deletedInthepast,machinescompetedwithhumansmainlyinrawphysicalabilities,whilebecausestillhadagreatadvantage machinesincognition.A.on B.over C.of D.againstNature-Deficit-DisorderhasgottenalotofattentionsinceitwasfirstA.coined B.produced C.created D.manufacturedThereisforeveryone,fromsnowflyingsaucerandsnowmobile,tominigolfandjungleliveCS.A.somethingB.everythingC.anythingD.nothingJudgingfromthecurrentbusinessmodel,thosewhocansurvivearecompletingthe fromsellingbookstosellinglife.A.resolutionB.connectionC.transitionD.questionBooksellersandauthorsgenerallybelievethatbookstoresmostdevelopinthedirectionofaculturalsothatpeoplecomehereforalotofmoneyThereisforeveryone,fromsnowflyingsaucerandsnowmobile,tominigolfandjungleliveCS.A.somethingB.everythingC.anythingD.nothingJudgingfromthecurrentbusinessmodel,thosewhocansurvivearecompletingthe fromsellingbookstosellinglife.A.resolutionB.connectionC.transitionD.questionBooksellersandauthorsgenerallybelievethatbookstoresmostdevelopinthedirectionofaculturalsothatpeoplecomehereforalotofmoneytattendingconcerts,watchingmovies,orparticipatingindiscussions.A.value B.complex C.symbol D.identitySafetyshouldbeapriorityinanyindustryanditshouldcomeasnosui'prisethat safetyissuesearlycanactuallysavemoney,long-term,forcompanies.A.requiringB.inquiring C.addressing D.acquiringBroadlyspeaking,jobsofcaringforrobotsfallundertheumbrellaofcareersinautomation,whichincludemaintenance,engineeringandprograming.Whatdoestheunderlinedsentencemean?A.areundertheprotectionof B.areintherelationofC.intheprocessof D.areinthecategoryofThecyberschoolwas asafreeoptionforstudentsinkindergartenthroughgrade8whohavetroublesucceedinginthedistrict1straditionalpublicschool.A.locatedB.launchedC.undergone D.transformedPleasedonothesitatetomake withmeintheeventthatthisletterleavesunanswered.A.acontactB.contacts C.thecontact D.contact.SectionBDirections：Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.repetitiveAC.mentalB.continuallyAD.challengeC.alertsBC.networkD.patternBD.evolvingAB.locateCD.reverselyABC.literacyBi11Draytonbelieveswe,reinthemiddleofanecessarybutpainfulhistoricaltransition,formillenniums（千禧一代）mostpeople*sliveshadacertain44. .Youwenttoschooltolearnatradeoraski11-baking,farmingoraccounting.Thenyoucouldgointotheworkforceandmakeagoodlivingrepeatingthesameskilloverthecourseofyourcareer.Butthesedaysmachinescandoprettymuchanythingthat，s45. _一.Thenewworldrequiresadifferentsortofperson.Draytoncallsthisnewsortofpersonalchangemaker.Changemakersarepeoplewhocanseethepatternsaroundthem,identifytheproblemsinanysituation,figureoutwaystosolvetheproblemsinanysituation,organizefluidteams,leadcollectiveactionandthen46. adaptassituationschange.Forexample,AshokafellowAndresGallardoisaMexicanwho1ivedinahighcrimeneighborhood.Hecreatedanapp,calledHaus,thatallowspeopleto47. withtheirneighbors.Theapphasapanicbuttonthat48.everybodyintheneighborhoodwhenacrimeishappening.Itallowsneighborstoorganize,chat,sharecrimestatisticsandworktogether.Toformandleadthiscommunityofcommunities,GallardohadtopossesswhatDraytoncalls“cognitiveempathy-basedlivingforthegoodofall.”Cognitiveempathyistheabilitytoperceivehowpeoplearefeelingin49.circumstances."Forthegoodofall“isthecapacitytobuildteams.Itdoesn，tmatterifyouareworkinginthecafeteriaortheinspectionlineofaplant,companieswi11nowonlyhirepeoplewhocan50. problemsandorganizeresponses.Millionsofpeoplealreadylivewiththemind-set.Butalotofpeoplestillinhabittheworldoffollowingrulesandrepetitiveskills.Theyhearsocietytellingthem：”Wedon'tneedyou.Wedon'tneedyourkids,either.”O(jiān)fcourse,thosepeoplegointoreactionarymodeandstrikeback.Thecentral51. ofourtime,Draytonsays,istomakeeveryoneachangmaker.Inanearlierera,hesays,societyrealizeditneededuniversal52..Today,schoolshavetodevelopthecurriculumsandassessmentstomakethechangmakingmentalityuniversal.Theyhavetounderstandthisistheircriteriaforsuccess.Ashokahasstudiedsocialmovementstofindouthowthiskindof53.shiftcanbepromoted.Itturnsoutthatsuccessfulmovementstakesimilarsteps.III.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections：ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagestherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.(A)Overthelast15years,digitalcommunicationhasusheredinmorechangesthantheprintingpressdidin1570.Andthestand-outearlyadoptersinthisworldareteenagers,whosebrainsappeartohaveanextraordinary_54toadapttotheworldaroundthem,accordingtoDrJayGiedd,anadolescentbrainexpert.Wearenowprovingthatasaspecies,ourbrainsarestillflexibleand55duringadolescence.Havingamoreflexiblebrainmeansthatsome56ofit,suchasimpulsecontrolandtheabi1itytomakelong-termdecisions,haven?tdevelopedyet,whichmayalsoexplainwhywespenda/an 57—periodlivingundertheprotectiononfourparentsratherthanleavinghomeattheageof12or13.Thisalsomeansthattheadolescentbraincanadapttonewtechnology,allowingteenagersto_58 theacceleratingpaceofdigitaitechnologyandgivingthemamultitaskingadvantage.IntheUS,teenagersarespending8.5hoursusingcomputers,mobilesandotherdevicestolearn,interactandplay.Thisjumpsto11.5ifyoutakeintoaccountallofthe_59thatgoeson,suchastalkingonthephonewhileyou*rewatchingTV.Australianteenagerswerefoundtobespendinganaverageof7hours,38minutesusingthesedevicesin2009.Thereare 60_astohowsocialmediaisaffectingthewayinwhichthe

brainlearnsto61,asoneofthemostimportantskillsthatwelearnaschildrenishowtomakefriendsandinteractwithpeoplearoundyou.Geiddsaysthatfromabiologystandpoint,alotofwhatgoesoninsideourbrainsissocial.“Alotofthebrainchangesaresortofsetuptodevelopthesesocialskills.”Theseinteractionsarenowbeing_62bytechnology-youcouldhavehundredsoffriends,allofwhomarerealpeoplethatyouinteractwith-andscientistsarea*tsurewhetherwe'11beabletodevelopthesame63usingFacebook.Thereisapossible_64ofthegrowingdigitaltrend：YouTubeindicatesthatteenagersallovertheworldarewatchingthesameclipsandlaughingatthesamejokes,indicatingthattheyaremore65_thantheirpredecessors.Sharingthesamejokescouldpossiblygoalongwaytobreakingdownsomeoftheprejudicesoutthere.Theymaybe_66_totextingtheirfriendsandpostingupdatesonFacebooks,butteenagerstodayareprobablygoingtohaveaccesstotechnologyand 67—socialandeducationalopportunitiesthatanyonewithalessflexiblebrainmighthavetroubleimagining._68_,thereisacutoffandmakingitharderforbytheageof30,ourbrainsbecomemoresetintheirways,makingitharderforadaptandcopewithnewtechnologies.adaptandcopewithnewtechnologies.A.activityA.operatingA.functionsB.capacityA.activityA.operatingA.functionsB.capacityB.promotingoptionsC.responsibilityC.adjustingrestrictionsD.opportunityestablishingD.positions57.A.opposedimposed1imitedD.extended57.A.opposedimposed1imitedD.extendedA.keepupwithA.entertainingA.curiositiesA.memorizeA.changedA.keepupwithA.entertainingA.curiositiesA.memorizeA.changedA.attitudesA.advantageA.narrow-mindedB.comeupwithB.multitaskingB.criticismsB.internalizeB.controlledB.pi'ospectsB.distinctionglobal-mindedputupwithC.interactingC.concernsrealizeC.troubledC.trendsC.indicationC.absent-mindedendupwithD.gossipingD.shortcomingsD.socializeD.interruptedD.skillsD.tuitionD.quick-mindedA.keen B.addicted C.obsessed D.enthusiasticA.howeverB.hence C.moreover D.insteadA.ConsequentlyB.AdditionallyC.NeverthelessD.ThusSectionBDirections：Readthefollowingpassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyquestionsornnfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.(A)ForthosewhoaretooyoungtoknowwhataTamagotchiis,it'sanegg-shapedplasticdevicewithablack-and-whitescreenonwhichappearsalittlepixelatedpet.Withthethreebuttonsbelowthescreen,youcanfeedthepet,careforitandcleanupitsmess.Andjustlikearealpet,itgetssickanddiesifneglected.WhenitwasfirstreleasedbyJapanesecompanyBandaiin1997,thisvirtualupocketpetMwassopopularwithschoolchildrenthatitwasfrequentlysoldoutatstoresallovertheworld.Formanypeople,theTamagotchiwastheirfirstevenexperienceofraisingandcaringfora“pet”.Alothascertainlychangedinthelast20years-especiallywhenitcomestotechnology-sowoulditbeagoodideatoreintroducetheTamagotchitotoday?sworld?Bandaiobviouslythinkssosinceit'sgoingtore-releaseitnextmonth,markingthedevice's201anniversary."We'regoingafterthatnostalgia,MsaidTaraBadie,directorofTamagotchi*sbrandmanagement,accordingtoTheVerge.Modernfeatures：Nostalgiaisalltheragethesedays.JustlookatNintendo1sPokemonGo-the2016smartphonegamederivedfromits1996version-andNokia,s2017versionofthe3310-themobilephonereleasedin2000thatitseemsnearlyeveryoneintheworldowned.Butthesecompaniesdidn'tjustsimplycopyfromthepast-theymanagedtoupdatetheoldversionandadaptitforthemodernworld.WithPokemonGo,Nintendosuccessfullycombinedcutting-edge（前沿的）augmentedreality（增強(qiáng)現(xiàn)實(shí)）technologywiththegame*soriginalstoryline.uPokemonGotellsusaboutthefutureofsoftwareandthenatureofreality-andhowtheyintegrate（整合）intowhatwethinkofasentertainment,MtechnologywriterOmMalikwroteonTheNewYorker.AndalthoughNokia'snew3310stayedfaithfultotheoriginalphone'sdesign,itaddedafewmodernfeatureslikeacolorscreen,cameraandinternetaccess.ItevenkepttheiconicgameSnake,whichmanyoftoday'sadultswouldhavespenthoursplayingasteenagers.Butwhilenostalgiaiscertainlyasellingpointtomanypeople,noteveryoneisafan.'Tmsosickofnostalgiaasaployforprofit.Fromthe"MakeAmericaGreatAgain'slogan（口號）ttotheendlessStarWarsandX-Menmovies,we'vebecomeaworldobsessed（沉迷的）withlookingbackwardforlazysourcesofjoy,MwrotetechreporterThomasRickeronTheVerge.ButwillthemagicofnostalgiaworkwiththeTamagotchi?AccordingtoJuliaAlexander,aneditorforvideogamewebsitePolygon,itseemsprettyunlikely.Aftertryingthenewproduct,Alexandersoonfoundoutthatlittlehasbeenchangedsincetheoriginal.“Igrewupand,unfortunately,theTamagotchididn't."shewrote.Sowhenitcomestonostalgia,maybethefondmemoriesofourfavoritechildhoodproductsarebestleftasthat-fondmemories.Whatistheauthor?smainpurposeinwritingthisarticle?TopromotethenewTamagotchi.Tocompai'esomehitvideogames.Toexplorewhy"nostalgia“isvaluedthesedays.ToanalysewhetheritwaswisetobringtheTamagotchiback.Accordingtothetext,thesuccessofPokemonGoandNokia'snew3310hasinthefactthattheyboth .useaugmentedrealitytechnologylookexactlythesameastheoriginalversionmadecreativeadaptationsfromtheoldversionchangedwhatwethinkaboutentertainmentWhyisn'tThomasRickerafanofusingnostalgiaforprofit?ItcouldmakepeoplelessinventiveTheoriginalproductswereoftenbad.Itcouldmakepeoplebecomeaddictedtothepast.ItruinsoutfondchiIdhoodmemories.Itcanbeinferredfromthearticlethattheauthor .isn'tcompletelysupportiveofre-releasingoldproductsbelievesthatnostalgiaisagreatsellingpointbelievesthenewTamagotchiwillappealtothepub!iclovesproductsthatcanhelprevivehergoodmemories(B)IfyouenjoyAmericanstories,you'11havenoticedthatquiteafewofthemtakeplaceontheroad.TheUnitedStatesisavastcountrywhoselonghighwaysconnectverydistantplaces.ManyfamousAmericannovelsandfilmsareaboutstoriesthatoccurwhiletheircharactersaretravelingalongthesehighways.ThesenovelsareoftencelebrationsofAmerican1ife.JesmynWard*sNationalBookAwardwinnerSing,Unburied,Singisaroadnovel,butnotacelebration.TheroadjourneyhereisthroughMississippitasanAfrican-Americanmotherandhertwochildrentraveltocollectherwhitehusband-thechildren'sfather-ashe,sreleasedfromjail.Neitherthemother,Leonie,northefather,Michael,areidealparents.Leonieinparticularissofullofangerandregretthatshetakesoutherunhappinessonherchildren,the13-year-oldJojoandhislittlesisterKayla.Andthepainoflackingproperfinancialsupportmakesthejourneyevenharder.Thetellingofthestoryisdividedbetweenvariousnarrators.Jojo,theboy,isthemostsympatheticofthem.Butitisworryingtoreadabouthowheexperiencestheworld.Eventhoughhe'syoung,he'salreadyexperiencedthedarksideoflife.TheopeningsentenceofthebookgivesasenseofJojo'sunnaturalmaturity."IliketothinkIknowwhatdeathis.IliketothinkthatIcouldlookatitstraight.Thismaturity（成熟）istestedwhenawhitepolicemanpullsagunonhimwhenJojoputshishandinhispocket.Butwho,orwhat,istoblameforthesesadcircumstances?ForWard,it'sclearlythepast.SheadmirestheworkoffellownovelistWilliamFaulkner.Whenshethinksaboutthepast,she'softhesamemindashim.Faulknerfamouslywrote："Thepastisneverdead.It'snotevenpast.''Atonepoint,Wardsaysthathercharactersare“pullingthepastwiththem,“l(fā)ikeatoo-heavytrailercoupledtothecar,astheyjourneyonthroughMississippitothejailhouse,Thebiggestpartofthispast,ofcourse,isracism-theremainsofslavery-whichisalwaysthere,andruininglife.ThisisprobablywhyTheWashingtonPostlistedSing,Unburied,Singasoneofits10choicesof2017'sBestBooks."Theplightofthisonefamilyistiedtocrimesthatstretchoverdecades."wrotethenewspaper."Thesearepeoplepullingal1theweightofhistory.”WhatcanwelearnaboutSing,Unburied,Singfromthearticle?Itwasrecentlyadaptedasafilm.It'sacelebrationofAmericanlife.It'soneof2017'sbest-sellingAmericannovels.ItisastoryofaroadtripthroughMississippi.Accordingtothetext,thecharacterJojo .isthemainnarratorofthenovelistheyoungestchildinthefamilyfightswithawhitepolicemanontheroadshowsanunusuallymaturemindofachildWhatistherootcauseofthefamily'sdifficultyaccordingtothearticle?A.Theunhappymarriageoftheparents.Thelackofeducationalopportunities.Theremainingslaveryandracism.Thelackoffinancialsupportfromthegovernment.WhyisWi11iamFaulknermentionedinthearticle?ToproveWardsharesasimilaropinionofthepastwithhim.ToshowWardhasdrawnalotofinspirationfromhim.ToshowWardisasgreatanovelistasheis.TocompareWard*swritingstylewithhis.(0Whenyoueatoutinarestaurant,itisnotunusualtohearpeopleyelling,“Letmegetthisone!”andsometimesseethempushingorarmwrestlingtofightfortheprivilegeofpayingthebill.Thesefightsareoftenveryloudandactive.Eachpersoninvolvedshowsanhonestdesiretopickupthebill,andintheend,allthepeopleatthetablegivethewinnerpraiseandgratitude.Infact,figuringoutwhowi11getthebillisalwaysaheadacheforChinesepeopleatformalmeals.Althoughthepeoplehostingthemealareverylikelytopaythecheck,itisacommonpracticetomakeatokenefforttopaythebill,butyouwillembarrassthemifyoudoendupactuallychippinginsomecash.Inrecentyears,goingDutchhasbeenembracedbymanyyoungpeople.Butoldergenerationswhofearulosingface“stillfinditembarrassingandstingytocalculateeachperson?sshareofthebill.AstravelguidebrandLonelyPlanetnoted,itisconsidered“theheightofunsophistication”！Butthesedays,thankstodigitalpaymentapps,splittingthebi11electronicallyisbecomingawidely-acceptedidea.Evenpeoplefromoldergenerationsmaybetemptedtodoso.ByscanningaQRcodeandpayingtheirshareviasocialnetworkingtoolWeChatande-commerceappAlipayontheirsmartphonesinoneeasyclick,urbanChinesearefindingiteasiertosavethemtheembarrassmentoffiguringouteachperson*spaymentwhentheyorderameal.Thisfunction“hasmadegoingDutchlesshassleandmorefuninChina.”CNNnoted.uBecauseoftheirconvenience,manyofusareneverwithoutourphones.Andperson-to-personmobilepaymentservicesareincrediblyeasytouseandsavethetroubleofdealingwithchange,Msaid18-year-oldstudentinChina.“Youcanalsoleavefunnynotesusingemojilikeabowlofriceoracupofteatodescribeamealthatyouhaveshared.''Whatisthearticlemainlyabout?TheChinesetraditionofdiningoutwithfriends.AnewtrendofsplittingthebillinChina.Howsocialnetworkingtoolshaveinfluencedourdaily1ives.WhypeopleinChinaargueoverwhopaysthebillwhendiningout.Theunder1inedphrase“goingDutch“inParagraph4probablymeans .figuringoutthetotalpaymenttakingturnstopaythebillfightingfortheprivilegeofpayingthebilleachpersonpayingtheirownexpensesManyChinesepeoplemakeatokenefforttopaythebillbecause .theydon*twanttobeconsideredunsophisticatedtheywantpraiseandgratitudefromtheirfriendstheyconsideritanhonortohostthemealandpaythebilltheyfindithardtoworkouthowmucheachpersonneedstopayAccordingtothearticle,whataretheadvantagesofusingdigitalpaymentappstosplitthebill?They，reeasiertouseandmoreinteresting.Theysavethetroubleofdealingwithchange.Theymakeiteasiertofigureouthowmuchmoneyeachpersonhastopay.Theymakepeoplelessembarrassedtosplitthebill.A.a,b B.b,c C.a,b.d D.b,c,dSectionCDirections：Readthefollowingpassage.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.Eachsentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notthattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.Yet.thepower,sensingandcomputationtechnologiesonboardcouldhavemuchbroaderapplications.Afewyearsago.histeamgotthego-aheadtostartpiecingtogetherthecomponents.Thereusedtobefewways1ikethistostudyhowinsectsfly.Therearealotoftechnologiesandopeninterestingscientificquestionsthatarereallywhatdriveshumansonaday-to-daybasis.AB.Thus,itmightsomedayperformdata-gatheringworkatrescuesites,infarmerJsfieldsoronthebattlefield.AC.Designedtodowhataflydoesnaturally,thetinymachineisthesizeofafathousefly.AteamofengineersatHarvardUniversityhasbeeninspiredbyNaturetocreatethefirstroboticfly.Themechanicalflyhasbecomeaplatformforaseriesofnewhigh-techintegratedsystems.81Itsminiwingsallowittostayintheairandperformcontrolledflighttasks.“It'sextremelyimportantforustothinkaboutthisasawholesystemandnotjustthesumofabunchofindividualcomponents,saidRobertWood,theHarvardengineeringprofessorwhohasbeenworkingontheroboticflyprojectforoveradecade.82_"Theaddeddifficultywithaprojectlikethisisthatactuallynoneofthosecomponentsareofftheshelfandsowehavetodevelopthemal1onourown."hesaid.Theyengineeredaseriesofsystemstostartanddrivetheroboticfly.“Theseeminglysimplesystemwhichjustmovesthewindshasanumberofinterdependenciesontheindividualcomponents,eachofwhichindividuallyhastoperformwell,butthenhastomatchedwel1toeverythingit'sconnectedto,''saidWood.Theflightdevicewasbuiltintoasetofpower,computationsensingandcontrolsystems.Whilethisfirstroboticflyerislinkedtoasmall,off-boardpowersource,thegoaliseventuallytoequipiswithabuilt-inpowersource._83“Basicallyitshouldbeabletotakeoff,landandflyaround,Mhesaid.Woodsaysthedesignoffersanewwaytostudyflightmechanicsandcontrolatinsect-scale.84_"Youcanstartthinkingaboutusingthemtoansweropenscientificquestions,youknow,tostudybiologyinwaysthatwouldbedifficultwiththeanimals,butusingtheserobotsinstead.”GrammarDirections：Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankswiththeproperformofthegivenword；fortheotherblanks,useONEwordthatbestfitseachblank.StartWiththeEndandWorkBackwardsWhenJasonHoelscherwasanundergraduateoffineartstudies,thereweren?tanyprofessionaldevelopmentclasses.Soambitionandthetimelyrealization1. hewouldhavetodetermine"what'snextMonhisownurgedJasontoengagehisfutureselftofinddirection.Itwas1996,andhewasfinishinghisBFA(BachelorofFineArt)inDenver.Hewasfacedwiththechoiceofsittingbacktowaitforsomething2. (happen)Forpursuingapathintotheunknown.Hechosethelatter.Jasonsetupaplanthatinfiveyearshe3. (show)hisworkinthetopgalleryinthatareaofthecountry.Thisfive-yeargoalgavehimastartingpoint4. whichtoworkbackwards.Bysettingthegoal,allofJason'sefforts5. (point)inthesamedirection.Heshowedupatdifferentartshowopenings,andresearchedasbesthecouldtomake6. familiarwiththemarketenvironment.Asaresultofshowingup,Jasontookopportunities7. gothimclosertohisgoal.HesentworktoastudentshowandwasacceptedbyRobinRule,theownerofRuleGallery.8. (inspire)tJasonspentthenextmonthmakingnewwork.InApri1of1997,JasonwentbacktoRuleGallerywithhisnewwork9.scaredtodeath,helookedconfidentatthegallerymeeting.Whenheleft,heleftasthenewestadditiontotheruleGalleryroster.Hehadhisfirstexhibitionthereoneyearlater.Jasoncouldhavestoppedwiththeshowselection,butwhathereallywantedwasgalleryrepresentation.Hestruckwhiletheiro