土木工程概論(英文版)Chapter-1-Introduction課件

土木工程概論（英文版）Chapter1Introduction土木工程概論（英文版）Chapter1IntroducIntroductiontoCivilEngineeringWhatisCivilEngineering?

JohnSmeaton(1724-1792)wasthefirstmaninBritaintocallhimselfacivilengineer.Today,theworkofaprofessionalcivilengineermaybebroadlydefinedastheplanning,design,construction,andmain-tenance

ofthemanyandvariedphysicalstructuresnecessaryfortheeconomicwell-beingofsociety.Selectedfrom:CSE,UKIntroductiontoCivilEngineerWhatisCivilEngineering?Thewholeofnon-militaryengineeringatthetimeofthefoundingoftheICEin1818,butnowexcludingchemical,electrical,electronic,marine,mechanicalengineering,etc.Itincludesairfields,bridges,canals,docks,foundation,harbor,offshoreconstruction,railways,riverbasinmanagement,roads,sewagetreatment,sewerage,soilmechanics,structuraldesign,trafficengineering,tunnels,watersupply,etc.

SelectedfromDictionaryofCivilEngineeringIntroductiontoCivilEngineeringWhatisCivilEngineering?IntrWhatisCivilEngineering?Thescienceofcivilengineeringcanbedividedintomanymajorbranchesaccordingtofunctionsperformed:

Designingstructures(Structuralengineering);

Constructingstructures(Constructionengineering);Hydraulicengineering;Irrigationengineering;Geo-technicalengineering(Foundationengineering);Surveying;Highwayengineering;Railwayengineering;Environmentengineering;SelectedfromBasicCivilEngineeringIntroductiontoCivilEngineeringWhatisCivilEngineering?IntrAsaCivilEngineer,youcouldfindyourselfworkinginanyoneofthefollowingareas:Transportsystems:roads,railways,canals,docks,harbors,airports,bridges,tunnelsandtrafficmanagementsystems.Watersupply:Dams,reservoirs,hydrometricsystem,treatmentsystems,pollutioncontrolanddistributionnetworks.Energy:thermal,nuclearandhydro-electricpowerstation,coalminesandoilrigs.Wastedisposal:seweragesystems,landfillsites.Protectionworks:floodcontrol,urbandrainageandcoastaldefence.Industrialandcommercialdevelopment:shoppingcentersandcarparks,factories,officeblocks.Communications:telecommunicationmastsandtowers.Environment:environmentalimpactassessment.Recreation:sportsstadiaandcenters,swimmingpools,theatersandoperahouses,waterwaysandmarinas.IntroductiontoCivilEngineeringAsaCivilEngineer,youcouldCivilEngineering–ACareerwithaDifferenceTobecreative;Toworkindoorandoutofdoor;Tousetechnicalandpracticalskills;Totakeresponsibilityanduseinitiative;Tofollowasatisfyingandrewardingcareer;Totraveltheworld,ifdesired.IntroductiontoCivilEngineeringCivilEngineering–ACareerwAsacivilengineer,youmayneedtobe:Imaginativeandcreative;Adaptable:capableofworkinginmanydifferentsituationandconditions;Technicallyableandpracticallyminded;Capableofcommunicatingeffectivelywithfellowprofessionals,clientsandthelaborforce;Capableoftakingdecisionsinvolvinglargesumsofmoney.IntroductiontoCivilEngineeringAsacivilengineer,youmaynAftergraduated,youmightbeatDESIGNING:Designrequiresanunderstandingofcomputerknowledgeaswellasgeneralengineeringskill.ToolssuchasAutoCADandFORTRANallowthemodernengineertoworkmuchmoreefficientlythanengineersofthepast.Designelectivesandstudentorganizationprojectsaregoodsteppingstonestolarge-scaleprojectsintheworkplace.Safety,cost,andqualityarethethreegoalssetforeveryproject--thedesignengineercannotsacrificeonefortheothertwo.IntroductiontoCivilEngineeringAftergraduated,youmightbeAftergraduated,youmightbeatCONSULTING:

Today'sCivilEngineeringconsultantsarespecialized.Thegrowingdemandforhighaccuracyinthedesignandconstructionofaprojectrequiresstudentstospendmoretimeindifferentdesignelectivesthaninthefield.Studentswishingtopursueconsultingshouldaimforatleastamastersdegreeintheirsub-disciplineascredibilityisoftentheindicationofsuccess.

IntroductiontoCivilEngineeringAftergraduated,youmightbeAftergraduated,youmightbeatCONSULTING:Newconsultantstypicallybeginworkinaconsultingdepartmentbeforetheybeginleadingothers.Paymentvariesfromlump-sumtobythehourdependingontheproject.Theannualincomeofacivilengineeringconsultant,however,isusuallyhigh.

IntroductiontoCivilEngineeringAftergraduated,youmightbeAftergraduated,youmightbeaCORPORATERESEARCH:

CorporateresearchisrareintheCivilEngineeringfield.Mostworktakesplaceattheuniversitylevel.Largecorporations(e.g.oilcompanies)employresearchengineerstoexamineefficiencyofexistingstructuresandsystems.

IntroductiontoCivilEngineeringAftergraduated,youmightbeAftergraduated,youmightbeatGOVERNMENTEMPLOYMENT:Thestabilityofagovernmentjobprovidesjobsecurityataprice--mainlywages.Whiletheaveragesalaryofagovernmentemployeeislowerthananengineerintheprivatesector,thebenefitsprovidedleveltheplayingfield.Benefitsinclude:predictableadvancement,retirementplans,healthcare,andastructuredenvironmenttoworkin.Theroleofagovernmentengineerstretchesfromcityengineers,specialists.Evenfederalorganizations(e.g.F.B.I.andtheC.I.A.)hireforensicengineerstoexaminecriminalcases.

IntroductiontoCivilEngineeringAftergraduated,youmightbeThepurposeof《IntroductiontoCivilEngineering》:Anintroductiontocivilengineeringispresentedthroughlecturesandhands-onexperiments.Throughlecturesanddiscussionsthestudentswillbeexposedtothedifferentfieldsincivilengineeringsuchasenvironmental,geotechnical,hydraulics,hydrology,structural,surveying,transportation,andwatertreatment.

IntroductiontoCivilEngineeringThepurposeof《IntroductiontThepurposeof《IntroductiontoCivilEngineering》:Theselectureswillalsobeusedtoinformthestudentsofcareerpathsandemploymentopportunitiesincivilengineering.Indepthlecturescoupledwithsimpleexperimentswillbegivenintheareasofenvironmental,structuralandtransportationsystems.IntroductiontoCivilEngineeringThepurposeof《IntroductiontThepurposeof《IntroductiontoCivilEngineering》:Throughhands-onexperimentsandcalculationsthestudentsexperiencethetypesofproblemsthatareexploredandsolvedbycivilengineersintheareasofenvironmental,structuralandtransportationengineering.

IntroductiontoCivilEngineeringThepurposeof《IntroductiontThepurposeof《IntroductiontoCivilEngineering》:Throughboththeexperimentsandlectures,thestudentsdevelopanappreciationforaesthetics,environment,lifesafety,forces,structuralsystems,transportationdesignandpolicyandenvironmentalprocessesandpolicy.

IntroductiontoCivilEngineeringThepurposeof《IntroductiontIntroductionMaterialsforCivilEngineeringFoundationandUndergroundEngineeringBuildingEngineeringTransportation,BridgeandHarborEngineeringHydraulicandHydroelectricEngineeringConstructions&ManagementsDigitalizationtoCivilEngineeringIntroductiontoDesignofCivilEngineeringIntroductiontoCivilEngineeringIntroductionIntroductiontoCiTomeetvarieddemandsofhumanHighqualityRapidlyconstructionHigheconomicefficiencyIntroductiontoCivilEngineeringTomeetvarieddemandsofhuma1.Newmaterials2.Newfoundationandtreatment3.Engineeringplanning4.Engineeringdesign5.Engineeringconstruction6.Civilengineering+Digital=?IntroductiontoCivilEngineering1.NewmaterialsIntroductiontCasestudies:PisaleantowerIntroductiontoCivilEngineeringCasestudies:IntroductiontoPisaleantower:ThetowerofPisawasconstructedinthreephases.Fourfloorswerebuiltovera5yearsperiodfrom1173to1178.Followinganalmost100yearhiatus,threeadditionalfloorswereconstructedbetween1272and1278.Thethirdconstructionphaseoccurredmorethan80yearslaterbetween1360and1370whenthebelltowerwasadded.

IntroductiontoCivilEngineeringPisaleantower:IntroductionPisaleantower:Therecordsindicatethatduringconstruction,thetowerappearedtomovesufficientlysothatthebuildersusedobliquelycutstonesinanefforttomaintainthefloorsofeachsuccessivestoryapproximatelyhorizontal.ItshowedthatattheendofthefirstconstructionofthetowerhadbeguntoleantowardstheNorthwest.Duringthesecondthethirdphases,theangleofinclinationincreasedandtheprincipaldirectionoftiltshiftedfirsttotheNorthwestandthentotheSouth.

IntroductiontoCivilEngineeringPisaleantower:IntroductionCaseStudies:Pisaleantower:

IntroductiontoCivilEngineeringCaseStudies:Pisaleantower:Pisaleantower:

Currentlythetowerwhichisabout60mtall,20mindiameterandweight145MN(14500tons),isinclinedatalmost5.5degreestotheSouthorabout6moutofplumb.ThefailureoftheTowerofPisaiswithoutdoubtuniqueforanumberofreasonsrangingfromthefactthatitisafailurethathasbeenoccurringessentiallyonacontinuousbasisformorethan800years.

IntroductiontoCivilEngineeringPisaleantower:IntroductionPisaleantower:Theextensiveinvestigationsandanalysesconducedoverthepast60years,thereisstillnoconsensusonthecauseoffailure.StructuralMechanicsrescuedtheTowerofPisa.After8centuries,theconditionofthetowerhasbeenimprovedinacontrolledfashion.

IntroductiontoCivilEngineeringPisaleantower:IntroductionIntroductiontoCivilEngineeringPisaleantower:

IntroductiontoCivilEngineerIntroductiontoCivilEngineering

Pisaleantower:

IntroductiontoCivilEngineerPisaleantower:

IntroductiontoCivilEngineeringPisaleantower:IntroductionWhatisCivilEngineering?WhatarethemajordivisionsofCivilEngineering?WhatarethefunctionsofCivilEngineeringprofession?CiteexamplesWhatdidyoulearnfromPisaLeanTower?WhatareyouplanningtodoatCivilengineering?ReviewQuestionsIntroductiontoCivilEngineeringWhatisCivilEngineering?Revi土木工程概論（英文版）Chapter1Introduction土木工程概論（英文版）Chapter1IntroducIntroductiontoCivilEngineeringWhatisCivilEngineering?

JohnSmeaton(1724-1792)wasthefirstmaninBritaintocallhimselfacivilengineer.Today,theworkofaprofessionalcivilengineermaybebroadlydefinedastheplanning,design,construction,andmain-tenance

ofthemanyandvariedphysicalstructuresnecessaryfortheeconomicwell-beingofsociety.Selectedfrom:CSE,UKIntroductiontoCivilEngineerWhatisCivilEngineering?Thewholeofnon-militaryengineeringatthetimeofthefoundingoftheICEin1818,butnowexcludingchemical,electrical,electronic,marine,mechanicalengineering,etc.Itincludesairfields,bridges,canals,docks,foundation,harbor,offshoreconstruction,railways,riverbasinmanagement,roads,sewagetreatment,sewerage,soilmechanics,structuraldesign,trafficengineering,tunnels,watersupply,etc.

SelectedfromDictionaryofCivilEngineeringIntroductiontoCivilEngineeringWhatisCivilEngineering?IntrWhatisCivilEngineering?Thescienceofcivilengineeringcanbedividedintomanymajorbranchesaccordingtofunctionsperformed:

Designingstructures(Structuralengineering);

Constructingstructures(Constructionengineering);Hydraulicengineering;Irrigationengineering;Geo-technicalengineering(Foundationengineering);Surveying;Highwayengineering;Railwayengineering;Environmentengineering;SelectedfromBasicCivilEngineeringIntroductiontoCivilEngineeringWhatisCivilEngineering?IntrAsaCivilEngineer,youcouldfindyourselfworkinginanyoneofthefollowingareas:Transportsystems:roads,railways,canals,docks,harbors,airports,bridges,tunnelsandtrafficmanagementsystems.Watersupply:Dams,reservoirs,hydrometricsystem,treatmentsystems,pollutioncontrolanddistributionnetworks.Energy:thermal,nuclearandhydro-electricpowerstation,coalminesandoilrigs.Wastedisposal:seweragesystems,landfillsites.Protectionworks:floodcontrol,urbandrainageandcoastaldefence.Industrialandcommercialdevelopment:shoppingcentersandcarparks,factories,officeblocks.Communications:telecommunicationmastsandtowers.Environment:environmentalimpactassessment.Recreation:sportsstadiaandcenters,swimmingpools,theatersandoperahouses,waterwaysandmarinas.IntroductiontoCivilEngineeringAsaCivilEngineer,youcouldCivilEngineering–ACareerwithaDifferenceTobecreative;Toworkindoorandoutofdoor;Tousetechnicalandpracticalskills;Totakeresponsibilityanduseinitiative;Tofollowasatisfyingandrewardingcareer;Totraveltheworld,ifdesired.IntroductiontoCivilEngineeringCivilEngineering–ACareerwAsacivilengineer,youmayneedtobe:Imaginativeandcreative;Adaptable:capableofworkinginmanydifferentsituationandconditions;Technicallyableandpracticallyminded;Capableofcommunicatingeffectivelywithfellowprofessionals,clientsandthelaborforce;Capableoftakingdecisionsinvolvinglargesumsofmoney.IntroductiontoCivilEngineeringAsacivilengineer,youmaynAftergraduated,youmightbeatDESIGNING:Designrequiresanunderstandingofcomputerknowledgeaswellasgeneralengineeringskill.ToolssuchasAutoCADandFORTRANallowthemodernengineertoworkmuchmoreefficientlythanengineersofthepast.Designelectivesandstudentorganizationprojectsaregoodsteppingstonestolarge-scaleprojectsintheworkplace.Safety,cost,andqualityarethethreegoalssetforeveryproject--thedesignengineercannotsacrificeonefortheothertwo.IntroductiontoCivilEngineeringAftergraduated,youmightbeAftergraduated,youmightbeatCONSULTING:

Today'sCivilEngineeringconsultantsarespecialized.Thegrowingdemandforhighaccuracyinthedesignandconstructionofaprojectrequiresstudentstospendmoretimeindifferentdesignelectivesthaninthefield.Studentswishingtopursueconsultingshouldaimforatleastamastersdegreeintheirsub-disciplineascredibilityisoftentheindicationofsuccess.

IntroductiontoCivilEngineeringAftergraduated,youmightbeAftergraduated,youmightbeatCONSULTING:Newconsultantstypicallybeginworkinaconsultingdepartmentbeforetheybeginleadingothers.Paymentvariesfromlump-sumtobythehourdependingontheproject.Theannualincomeofacivilengineeringconsultant,however,isusuallyhigh.

IntroductiontoCivilEngineeringAftergraduated,youmightbeAftergraduated,youmightbeaCORPORATERESEARCH:

CorporateresearchisrareintheCivilEngineeringfield.Mostworktakesplaceattheuniversitylevel.Largecorporations(e.g.oilcompanies)employresearchengineerstoexamineefficiencyofexistingstructuresandsystems.

IntroductiontoCivilEngineeringAftergraduated,youmightbeAftergraduated,youmightbeatGOVERNMENTEMPLOYMENT:Thestabilityofagovernmentjobprovidesjobsecurityataprice--mainlywages.Whiletheaveragesalaryofagovernmentemployeeislowerthananengineerintheprivatesector,thebenefitsprovidedleveltheplayingfield.Benefitsinclude:predictableadvancement,retirementplans,healthcare,andastructuredenvironmenttoworkin.Theroleofagovernmentengineerstretchesfromcityengineers,specialists.Evenfederalorganizations(e.g.F.B.I.andtheC.I.A.)hireforensicengineerstoexaminecriminalcases.

IntroductiontoCivilEngineeringAftergraduated,youmightbeThepurposeof《IntroductiontoCivilEngineering》:Anintroductiontocivilengineeringispresentedthroughlecturesandhands-onexperiments.Throughlecturesanddiscussionsthestudentswillbeexposedtothedifferentfieldsincivilengineeringsuchasenvironmental,geotechnical,hydraulics,hydrology,structural,surveying,transportation,andwatertreatment.

IntroductiontoCivilEngineeringThepurposeof《IntroductiontThepurposeof《IntroductiontoCivilEngineering》:Theselectureswillalsobeusedtoinformthestudentsofcareerpathsandemploymentopportunitiesincivilengineering.Indepthlecturescoupledwithsimpleexperimentswillbegivenintheareasofenvironmental,structuralandtransportationsystems.IntroductiontoCivilEngineeringThepurposeof《IntroductiontThepurposeof《IntroductiontoCivilEngineering》:Throughhands-onexperimentsandcalculationsthestudentsexperiencethetypesofproblemsthatareexploredandsolvedbycivilengineersintheareasofenvironmental,structuralandtransportationengineering.

IntroductiontoCivilEngineeringThepurposeof《IntroductiontThepurposeof《IntroductiontoCivilEngineering》:Throughboththeexperimentsandlectures,thestudentsdevelopanappreciationforaesthetics,environment,lifesafety,forces,structuralsystems,transportationdesignandpolicyandenvironmentalprocessesandpolicy.

IntroductiontoCivilEngineeringThepurposeof《IntroductiontIntroductionMaterialsforCivilEngineeringFoundationandUndergroundEngineeringBuildingEngineeringTransportation,BridgeandHarborEngineeringHydraulicandHydroelectricEngineeringConstructions&ManagementsDigitalizationtoCivilEngineeringIntroductiontoDesignofCivilEngineeringIntroductiontoCivilEngineeringIntroductionIntroductiontoCiTomeetvarieddemandsofhumanHighqualityRapidlyconstructionHigheconomicefficiencyIntroductiontoCivilEngineeringTomeetvarieddemandsofhuma1.Newmaterials2.Newfoundationandtreatment3.Engineeringplanning4.Engineeringdesign5.Engineeringconstruction6.Civilengineering+Digital=?IntroductiontoCivilEngineering1.NewmaterialsIntroductiontCasestudies:PisaleantowerIntroductiontoCivilEngineeringCasestudies:IntroductiontoPisaleantower:ThetowerofPisawasconstructedinthreephases.Fourfloorswerebuiltovera5yearsperiodfrom1173to1178.Followinganalmost100yearhiatus,threeadditionalfloorswereconstructedbetween1272and1278.Thethirdconstructionphaseoccurredmorethan80yearslaterbetween1360and1370whenthebelltowerwasadded.

IntroductiontoCivilEngineeringPisale