跨文化交際-7課件

LanguageandCulture

1入境而問禁入國而問俗入門而問諱——《禮記曲禮上》BookofRites2CaseAnalysis1.A:Whycouldn’tCinderellabeagoodsoccerplayer?B:Shelosthershoe,sheranawayfromtheball,andhercoachwasapumpkin.2.A:Coffee,please.B:Whiteorblack?A:Uhjustwantsomecoffee.3.AChinese:Haveyouhadyourlunch?AnAmerican:No,Ihaven’t.ButIthinkIcanmanagetoarrivehomeforsupper.3Whatislanguage?Languageisawayofcommunicatingneededbyallpeoples.Itistheprincipalmeanswherebypeopleconductsociallives.5Whatisculture?Broadlyspeaking,itmeansthetotalwayoflifeofapeople,includingthepatternsofbelief,customs,objects,institutions,techniques,andlanguage.Inanarrowsense,itreferstolocalorspecificpractice,beliefsorcustoms.6TherelationbetweenlanguageandcultureLanguageexpressesandembodiesculturalreality.Languageandcultureareinextricablyentwined.Languageisanimportantwaytotransmitculture.Languageisthecarrierofculturewhichinturnisthecontentoflanguage.7語言和文化密不可分.語言是文化的一部分，文化又無時(shí)無刻影響著語言.語言是文化的載體，又是文化的寫照 .語言文字當(dāng)中，處處都打有文化的烙印，語言活動(dòng)過程中，時(shí)時(shí)可覓見文化的蹤跡.81.Languageasareflectionofthesociety2008年度中國主流媒體十大流行語榜單及解讀綜合類十大流行語北京奧運(yùn)、金融危機(jī)、志愿者、汶川大地震、神七、三聚氰胺、改革開放30周年、降息、擴(kuò)大內(nèi)需、糧食安全

10MetrosexualMeetthemetrosexualHe'swelldressed,narcissisticandobsessedwithbutts.Butdon'tcallhimgay.ByMarkSimpson12BritishandAmericanEnglish(differencesofsigns)US:Nodogsallowed.England:Weregretthatintheinterestofhygienedogsarenotallowedonthesepremises.US:Videocontrolled.England:Notice:Intheinterestofourregularcustomersthesepremisesarenowequippedwithcentralsecurityclosedcircuittelevision.142.Languagecanbeanexpressionofracialandethnicdiscrimination.Somewordshavemorethanonemeaningandcreatenegativeimages,suchas“blackhearted”or“ablackmarkonyourrecord.”Negativewordscanalsobecomeassociatedwithgroups,suchasreferringtoNativeAmericansas“savages.”15DutchDutchactDutchbargainDutchcourageDutchman’slandDutchtreatDutchuncleDutchcomfortIamDutched.I’maDutchmanif…[美俚]自殺酒席上作成的交易<俗>酒后之勇過分直率或嚴(yán)厲地批評(píng)或譴責(zé)別人的人各付己帳無濟(jì)于事的安慰socialprejudice海市蜃樓16OneEnglishmancanbeatthreeFrenchmen.TheItaliansarewisebeforethedeed,theGermansinthedeed,theFrenchafterthedeed.AnAmericanwillgotohellforabagofcoffee.Socialprejudice17Theuseoftheword“man”inwordslikechairmanandmankind.Useofthepronouns“he”and“she”affectsthinkingaboutgender.Forexample,nursesandsecretariesareusuallyreferredtoas“she.”3.Languagecanalsobeasourceofsexualdiscrimination18

Oh!MydearMr.Bennet,wehavehadamostdelightfulevening,

amostexcellentball.…Janewasso

admired.Everybodysaidhowwellshelooked.Mr.Bingleythoughtherquite

beautiful,…Iwassovexedtoseehimstandupwithher.…Iamquitedelightedwithhim.Heissoexcessivelyhandsome!…[Mr.Darcy]isamostdisagreeable,horridman.Sohighandsoconceitedthattherewasnoenduringhim!Hewalkedhere,andhewalkedthere,fancyinghimselfsoverygreat!Nothandsomeenough

todancewith.見《英語與社會(huì)》p.2320Inthischapter,JaneAustenhastakenadvantageoftheseintensifierstoindicatethatMrsBennetisshallow,superficial,andexaggerating.214.Languageasareflectionofvalues23English:fairplay,privacyorindependence,individualism

AmericanEnglishvocabulary:eg.self-absorbed,self-appointed,self-centered,self-confident,self-conscious,self-important,self-image,self-reliance,self-regard(關(guān)注自己，關(guān)注自身利益)24SpeakerA SpeakerB

Ididityesterday. Idoneityesterday.Hehasn’tgotit. Heain’tgotit.Itwasshethatsaidit. Itwasherwhatsaidit.WhenwelookatthelanguageusedbytwospeakersAandB,wecanestimateroughlytheirrelativesocialstatus.26Culturally-loadedwordsAnimalwordsColorwordsTaboosandeuphemisms27

Chinese

English吹牛――talkhorse孺子牛――willinghorse牛飲――eat/drinklikeahorse健壯如牛――ashealthyasahorse老黃牛――worklikeahorse強(qiáng)按牛頭不喝水――Youcanleadahorsetotheriver,butyoucanneverexpecttoforceittodrink.AnimalWordsWhydifferent?28Exercise:Betterbetheheadofadogthanthetailofalion.drinklikeafishtreaduponeggs寧為雞頭，不為鳳尾。牛飲如履薄冰30Chinese:膽小如鼠狐假虎威甕中之鱉English:astimidasarabbit/chicken-heartedanassinalion’sskinlikearatinahole31Chinese:落湯雞母老虎（比丈夫強(qiáng)的妻子）English:likeadrenchedchicken;likeadrownedratgreymare32dog

漢族人眼中的“狗”：

走狗、狗仗人勢、狗腿子、狐朋狗友、狼心狗肺……loveme,lovemydogaluckdogtopdogolddogcleverdog西方人眼中的“dog”：1.勝利者；奪魁者2.主要人物33中國龍是一種祥獸

西方龍則是邪惡的代名詞

龍34AcollectionofAsianAmericanfeminists’articles(publishedin1997)THEASIANMYSTIQUE:DragonLadies,GeishaGirls,andOurFantasiesoftheExoticOrient(publishedin2005)（亞洲的奧秘：潑婦，藝伎，我們關(guān)于奇異東方的幻想，）35WhyarewomenofAsianoriginsooftendepictedinHollywoodandWesternliteratureassubmissive,sexuallyavailableGeishaordemureChinaDolls—ortheconverse,asDragonLadiesorDominatrix?……（0）為什么好萊塢和西方的文學(xué)作品總是把亞洲婦女描寫成溫順的、隨時(shí)愿意奉獻(xiàn)肉體的藝伎，或矜持、美麗卻沒有頭腦的中國尤物，或者走向另一個(gè)極端，把亞洲婦女描繪成惡毒的女人（DragonLadies）或嗜好性虐待的女魔頭（Dominatrix）？……36《楊過與小龍女》“LittleDragonMaid”?LoongGirl小龍女包租婆《功夫》37Sheisarealdragon,you’dbetterkeepawayfromher.(她是兇狠的母夜叉,最好離她遠(yuǎn)點(diǎn))。38OwlInEnglish:aswiseasanowl象貓頭鷹一樣聰明InChinese:貓頭鷹進(jìn)宅,好事不來bearInEnglish:Heisabearatmaths(他是個(gè)數(shù)學(xué)天才)InChinese:“瞧他那個(gè)熊樣兒”、“真熊”39。fishInChinese:年年有余(魚)InEnglish:apoorfishaloosefishfishintheair可憐蟲生活放蕩的女人水中撈月40EnglishShelley’sOdetothe

WestWind(西風(fēng)頌)

JohnMasefield/約翰·梅斯菲爾德TheWestWind(《西風(fēng)頌》)

zephyr(thewestwind)EastWindAutomobileZephyrautomobileJohnMasefield(1878—1967)PercyByssheShelley珀西·比?！ぱ┤R（1792-1822）

41ColortermsMr.Brownisaverywhiteman.Hewaslookingrathergreentheotherday.Hehasbeenfeelingbluelately.WhenIsawhim,hewasinabrownstudy.Ihopehe’llsoonbeinthepinkagain.布朗先生是一位忠實(shí)可靠的人。那天他臉色不好，近來感到悶悶不樂。我見到他時(shí)，他顯得心事重重。我希望他早點(diǎn)振作起來。42Westerncountrybloody(eg.aredbattle)RudeIrritableModernmeaning:universallove(博愛的fromthefilm“red”)China

Loyal(忠貞,e.g一顆紅心）SuccessfulPopular(受歡迎，受重視，eg.紅人）Lucky(吉利,e.g.紅白事）red43red

redletterday“紀(jì)念日”“喜慶的日子”redfigure，redink(赤字)inthered（虧損）redbalance（赤字差額）redtape繁文縟節(jié)44black

blackmoney（黑錢）blackmarket（黑市交易或黑市）ablackletterday不吉祥的日子，倒霉的一天blackox不幸blackfigure，intheblack都表示“盈利”、“賺錢”表示“嚴(yán)重的，不受歡迎的，不吉利的、罪惡的、不合適的、不合法的、憤怒的”等45“黑色”黑心人theverycruelpeople黑幫thereactionaryorganizationsgatheredsecretly多表示貶意如“陰暗的、非法的、秘密的、壞的、狠毒的等46BlackinChinese

黑眼鏡sunglasses黑貨smuggledgoods黑心腸evilmind黑話cant黑體字boldfacetype黑咕隆咚pitch-dark黑死病theplague黑更半夜inthedeadofnight

47Black:thecolorofnightorcoalWesterncountryEvil(e.g..blackmail)UnluckyVS.whitemeaningunluckinessinChineseHopeless(e.g..thingwasbeginningtolookprettyblackforus)ChinaRighteous(e.g..黑臉的包公鐵面無私）Thesameaswesterncountry–evil(黑社會(huì)）Secret(e.g..黑話）48Translationofblack1.blacktea紅茶(而不譯為黑茶)漢語中的“紅茶”譯成英語是“blacktea”，字面上意為“黑茶”，這是因?yàn)闈h語針對(duì)茶水的顏色而言，故稱其為“紅”，而英語的著眼點(diǎn)則放在茶葉的顏色上，故稱其為“黑”。2.blackandblue青一塊紫一塊(而不是青一塊黑一塊)49Youlookbluetoday.What‘swrongwithyou?你今天看起來悶悶不樂，出了什么事？“憂郁，傷感，沮喪”ablueMonday(倒霉的星期一)inabluemood(情緒低沉)bluemoon;onceinabluemoon“罕見之至，極不可能”"千載難逢blue50blueheisarealblueblood.（他是真正的貴族。）blue-eyedboys“受到管理當(dāng)局寵愛和特別照顧的職工”bluebook（藍(lán)皮書）blue-skymarket（露天市場），blue-collarworkers（從事體力勞動(dòng)的工人）51Blue:thecolorofskyWesterncountrySad(eg.gettheblues;blues—aslowsadstyleofmusicthatcamefromthesouthernUS)Obscene(mentionedabove,bluebook)Noble,highlyprivileged(e.g.blue-blooded=belongingtoaroyalornoble)Modernmeaning:freedom(fromthefilm“blue”)ChinaSinister(陰險(xiǎn)，京劇臉譜中的藍(lán)色代表陰險(xiǎn)）52“黃袍加身”;“黃袍”;“黃榜”;“黃門”有“崇高”、“尊嚴(yán)”和“權(quán)力”的象征意義

“黃花閨女”、“黃毛丫頭”黃色53YellowinChinese黃瓜cucumber黃鱔finlesseel黃土高原loessplateau黃蜂wasp黃花閨女a(chǎn)virgin黃道吉日luckyday黃豆soybean黃毛丫頭asillylittlegirl黃牛ox黃昏dusk54yellowYouareyellow!yellowboyTurnyellowYellowpages表示“卑鄙”、“怯懦”、“猜忌”等55Green:lightblueWesterncountryJealous(e.g.greeneyesVS.紅眼inChinese)Inexperienced(e.g.greenhand),lackinsocialexperience(e.g.賈寶玉isagreenboyinthetranslationof“thedreamofredmansion”)Unripe(不成熟）China

Dynamic(生機(jī)勃勃）Acuckoldhusband(綠帽子）56greenagreenhand(生手，易上當(dāng)受騙的人)，greengoods(新鮮貨)，agreenman(新來水手)，agreenoldage(老當(dāng)益壯)等等。green-eyed“嫉妒”、“眼紅”Youareexpectingtoomuchofhim.Heisstillgreen,youknow.（你對(duì)他要求過高，他還沒經(jīng)驗(yàn)嘛。）greenback“美鈔”greenpower“金錢的力量”或“財(cái)團(tuán)”57Yellow:thecolorofbutter,gold,etc.WesterncountryCowardly,timid(膽怯的，eg.Yellow–bellied=notbrave)OriginatefromtheoffensivewayofdescribingtheskincolorofpeoplefrompartsofAsia.China

Obscene(淫穢，色情，庸俗，eg.黃色書籍，vs.bluebookinEnglish）Royal(黃色是帝王的顏色）Failure(計(jì)劃不能實(shí)現(xiàn)，eg.這事黃了。）58browntobedonebrown被欺騙，被烤BrownBaggers學(xué)習(xí)用功的學(xué)生brownstoners貴族氣派的人59WhiteUniversalconnotations:

purityandinnocence60“White”inChinese白班dayshift白鷺egret白內(nèi)障cataract白癡idiot白開水plainboiledwater白血病leukemia白眼supercilious白手起家tostartfromscratch

61WhiteSnowWhite,whiteChristmas,awhitesoultheWhiteHouseHehaswhitehands.whitehand有“pure”(純潔)、或“unstained”(清白)之意。whitewar指沒有硝煙的戰(zhàn)爭，常指“經(jīng)濟(jì)競爭”。whiteelephant（昂貴卻派不上用場的物體或物主不需要但又無法處置之物）whitegoods表示純潔、美好、善意、合法、公平、幸福、輕輕的、政治上反動(dòng)等awhiteflag62白色“白手”“白手起家”startfromscratch;buildupfromnothing白眼thetiredlook白丁verycommonpeople表示清楚、明白、陳述、純凈、無代價(jià)的、無效的、政治上反動(dòng)的等63White:thecolorofsnowWesterncountryFair,pure(inthewedding)Lucky(eg.awhiteday)ConservativeModernmeaning:equal,fromthefilm“white”ChinaUnlucky(葬禮，白事）Crafty(奸詐的，eg.白臉的曹操）Vain(eg.沒效果，白費(fèi)力氣）不付出代價(jià)而享受（eg.吃白食，小白臉）64Purple:themixedcolorofredandblueWesterncountryRoyal(e.g..borntothepurple=bornintoahighsocialclass)Flashyandwithoutsubstance(華而不實(shí)的，e.g..apurplepassage)ChinaPropitious(祥瑞，e.g..紫氣沖天）65紫氣東來《關(guān)令尹內(nèi)傳》DifferentmeaningsarecontainedinthesamecolorfordifferentnationalitiesCase66Grey:themixedcolorofblackandwhiteWesterncountryExperienced(e.g.greyhand老手）Boring(e.g.agreybook)Gloomy(e.g.greyprospects)Reliable,expensive(灰色是西方消費(fèi)者聯(lián)想到貴重的，質(zhì)量可靠的商品）China

alsothemeaning–gloomy,depressed(e.g.灰心喪氣，心灰意懶）Cheap,unqualified(灰色使消費(fèi)者聯(lián)想到廉價(jià)貨，水貨）67Pink:paleredWesterncountryHealthy(e.g..Inthepink=ingoodshape)Mostlyreferredtofemale(e.g..Pinkjobs:女性的職業(yè)）China

RelatedwiththecolorofpeachRomantic(e.g.桃花運(yùn)）68Scarlet:thebrilliantredcolorWesterncountryNotpure,withoutchastity,obscene(e.g.TheScarletLetter“紅字”isaboutadultery;scarletwoman—awomanwhohassexualrelationshipswithmanymen)Criminal(e.g.themurdererhuddledonthecrimsoncarpetinascarletpoor罪犯在深紅色的地毯上蜷成一團(tuán)，像是一汪剛剛流淌出來的鮮血）ChinaThesamemeaningasred:passionate熱情，潑辣（e.g.王熙鳳總穿深紅色的衣服，以顯示其潑辣的性格）69Taboosandeuphemism

禁忌語與委婉語Tabooreferstosomewordsoractionsthatareavoidedbyaparticulargroupofpeople,orincertaincultureforreligiousorsocialreasons.Euphemismmeanstheactofsubstitutingamild,indirect,orvaguetermforoneconsideredharsh,blunt,oroffensive.70Talkingaboutsexualintercourseandcertainpartsofthebodyistabooinbothcultures.Eg.makeloveTohavesexwith71

Four-letterwordsarestillconsideredimproperinmostconversation,especiallyinmixedcompany.eg.Fucktits,shitJesusChristHolyMarySonofabitchbitchDamn!Damnit!Hell!72委婉語的類別1)傳統(tǒng)委婉語

生,老,病,死性裸拉撒decease,expire,breatheone’slast,fallasleepelderly,goldenager,matureinone’sbirthdaysuit73breezermakeanoisesmellofgunpowderdroparose(出去放屁)callofthenaturenature’scallcanIaddsomepowder?emptydumpgotothebankmajorneednumbertwo74appleandpipnumberoneSeeamanaboutadog(horse)PlantasweetpeapickadaisyPluckarosetospendapennyWee-weecis-ciscissysis-sississy

75Getsomefr