哈佛大學生理學

Chapter9,partATheCentralNervousSystem第1頁AboutthisChapterEmergentpropertiesofthenervoussystemAnatomyandfunctionsoftheCNSDivisionsofthebrainandwhateachcontrolsIntegrationofcomplexpathwaysforbehaviorLanguage,memoryandothers第2頁Nervenet–jellyfishSimplebrain&nervecord–flatwormBrain&nervecordwithganglia–earthwormIncreasingforebrain–fish,bird&humanOlfactory–fishComplexbehavior–birdsReasoning&cognition–humansEvolutionoftheNervousSystem第3頁EvolutionoftheNervousSystemFigure9-1:Evolutionofthenervoussystem第4頁NeuralplatetoneuraltubeNeuralcrest–PNSAnteriorformsbrainForebrainMidbrainHindbrainHollowventriclesSpinalcordEmbryonicDevelopmentofNervousSystemFigure9-2:Theembryonicnervoussystemdevelopsintoahollowtube第5頁EmbryonicDevelopmentofNervousSystemFigure9-3a-c:Theneuraltubespecializesintothesixmajorregionsofthenervoussystem.第6頁BrainSpinalcordCentralNervousSystem:OverviewFigure9-4a:ANATOMYSUMMARY:TheCentralNervousSystem第7頁Hair,skin,craniumVenoussinusbloodMeningesDruamaterArachnoidmembranePiamaterCerebrospinalfluidProtectingtheBrainFigure9-4b,c:ANATOMYSUMMARY:TheCentralNervousSystem第8頁FromcoracoidplexusFillsventricles&subarachnoidFluidpillowfloatsbrainExchangetransportFrombloodTobraintissueCerebrospinalFluid第9頁CerebrospinalFluidFigure9-5:ANATOMYSUMMARY:CerebrospinalFluid第10頁Extensivecapillaries&sinusesTightjunctions:limitpermeabilityAstrocytefootprocesses:secreteparacrinesProtectsbrain:hormones&circulatingchemicalsManyglucosetransportersBloodBrainBarrierFigure9-6:Theblood-brainbarrier第11頁CervicalThoracicLumbarSacralSpinalCordRegionsFigure9-4a:ANATOMYSUMMARY:TheCentralNervousSystem第12頁Graymatter:mostlycellbodiesDendrites&terminalsSpinalreflexintegratingcenterWhitematterBundlesofmyelinatedaxonsAscendingtracts–sensoryDescendingtracts–motorDorsalrootsVentralrootsSpinalCordOrganization第13頁SpinalCordOrganizationFigure9-7:Specializationinthespinalcord第14頁TrillioninterneuronsfillthebrainUpto200,000synapseseachBraindivisionsCerebrumDiencephalonsMidbrainCerebellumPonsMedullaoblongataBrainOverview第15頁BrainOverviewFigure9-9b,c:ANATOMYSUMMARY:TheBrain第16頁ManycranialnervesenterPyramids–nervetractscrossoverMidbrain–eyemovementcontrolPons–breathing,signalrelayMedulla–involuntaryfunctionsExamples:Bloodpressure,vomitingReticularformation:NetworkinbrainstemArousal,sleep,pain,&muscletoneBrainStemOverview:Midbrain,Pons&Medulla第17頁BrainStemOverview:Midbrain,Pons&MedullaFigure9-9d:ANATOMYSUMMARY:TheBrain第18頁CranialNervesTable9-1:TheCranialNerves第19頁Chapter9,partBTheCentralNervousSystem第20頁HomeostaticcontrolcentersThalamus–relay&sensoryintegrationHypothalamusHunger,stressThirst:bodyosmolarityFlight/fightpathwaysAnger&fearCircadianrhythmsCoordinatewithendocrineDiencephalon第21頁DiencephalonFigure9-10:Thediencephalon第22頁Pituitarytrophic&otherhormonesPinealMelatoninSleepcoordinationPituitaryandPinealglandsFigure9-10:Thediencephalon第23頁GrayandwhitematterareasHigherbrainfunctionsHemispheresCorpuscallosum-interconnectionCerebrallaterializationLeftbrain–languageRightbrain–specialskillsCerebrum第24頁CerebrumFigure9-11:ThebasalnucleiFigure9-16:Cerebrallateralization第25頁Basalnuclei–

controlofmovementLimbicSystemCingulatedgyrus–

roleinemotionHippocampus–

learning&memoryAmygdala–

emotion&memoryMoreCerebrum:Figure9-13:Thelimbicsystem第26頁Perception:hearing,vision,olfaction,muscles&visceraReasoning,informationintegrationDirectingvoluntarybehaviorCerebralCortex:

Outerlayerofneurons(1mmthick)第27頁CerebralCortex:

Outerlayerofneurons(1mmthick)Figure9-15:Functionalareasofthecerebralcortex第28頁Frontal:voluntarymovement,behavior,perceptionParietal–tactilesensoryOccipital–visionTemporal–olfactory,auditory&gustatoryLobesof“CerebralCortexandAssociatedIntegration第29頁ReticularactivatingsystemFromstemreticularfibersModulatesconsciousnessDistributesneuromodulatorsNT/neuromodulatorsystemsNoradrenegic–norepinephrineSerotonergeic–serotoninDopaminergic–dopamineCholinergetic–actetylcholineCoordinationoftheBrainFunctions第30頁CoordinationoftheBrainFunctionsFigure9-19:Thediffusemodulatorysystemsmodulatebrainfunction第31頁HypothalamicsuprachiasmaticnucleiFeedbackloop:genestoregulatorproteinsMostphysiologicalsystemshaverhythmicpatternsSleep:REM&deepsleepCoordinationofCircadianRhythmsandSleep第32頁CoordinationofCircadianRhythmsandSleepFigure9-20:Electroencephalograms(EEGs)andthesleepcycle第33頁Hypothalamus,limbic&cortexintegrationEmotions:pleasure,sexualarousal,anger&fearlimitedcognitivecontrol–"hardtoturnoff"Motivation:"drives",increasearousalcoordinategoal-orientedbehaviorMoods:LongtermemotionalstatesDepression,SSRIComplexPathwaysofEmotionandMotivation第34頁ComplexPathwaysofEmotionandMotivationFigure9-21:Thelinkbetweenemotionsandphysiologicalfunctions第35頁Learning–knowledgeacquisitionAssociativeNon-associativeMemory–retention&recallHippocampus&memorytracesShortterm&workingLongtermReflexive:"musclememory"ComplexPathwaysofLearningandMemory第36頁ComplexPathwaysofLearningandMemoryFigure9-22:Memoryprocessing第37頁Language–exchangecomplexinformationWernike'sareaBroca'sareaPersonalityGenetic