英法百年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)【英文】課件

IntroductiontoModernEuropeanHistory:FeudalSocietyAdorateDeumIntroductiontoModernEuropea1Social,PoliticalandEconomicInfluencesoftheLateMiddleAges(Overview)CrusadesTradeRomanCatholicChurchTheBlackPlagueTheHundredYearsWarTheGreatSchismSocial,PoliticalandEconomic2Crusades1095-1291Crusades1095-12913英法百年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)【英文】課件4TradeAllowsforExchangeofideasIncreasedWealth=IncreasedConsumergoods/luxuriesCrusades/TradecreateunifiedChristendomRenaissanceofthe13thCentury?TradeAllowsforExchangeofid5BirthoftheTown(TheFounding)TownsbegintodeveloparoundEuropeCenteredaroundChurchesandMarketsDominatedbyGuildsNon-TraditionalSocialGroup(Artisan)BirthoftheTown(TheFoundin6英法百年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)【英文】課件7MedievalUniversitiesMedievalUniversities8OxfordUniversityOxfordUniversity9TheLateMiddleAgesandTheCatholicChurchSocietyin13thCenturyEuropeReligionDominatesallaspectsoflifePapacyexertsbothsecularandspiritualauthorityAgeofthegreatCathedralsandGothicArtRenaissanceofthe13thCenturyChartres,FranceTheLateMiddleAgesandTheC10CompetitiontoBuildtheGrandestCathedralfortheGloryofGodScotlandCologneCompetitiontoBuildtheGrand11NotreDame,ParisNotreDame,Paris12TheocracyofEuropePopes,CardinalsanointKingsEuropeisunitedinChristianityPoliticalandReligioushierarchyissimilarSomediversityinpracticesandbeliefsChurch,GoodWorks,Sacraments,KeytoSalvationPreoccupationwithdeathTheocracyofEuropePopes,Card13HowtheChurchSavedCivilizationChurchMonopolizeseducationMonasteriescentersofeducationandliteratureMonksstudyandcopyancienttextsSomeclassicworksarepreservedOthersdestroyedbecauseofthecostofpaperHowtheChurchSavedCivilizat14ArtandLiteratureChristianfocusVerylittlerealismArtandLiteratureChristianfo15SomeAncientSymbologyBlendofAncientPaganTraditionsandChristianity13thand14thCenturyPapacytriestotightenthereignsonancientsymbologySomeAncientSymbologyBlendof16Feudalism:ParallelPyramidsStateKingLordsLesserLordsKnightsArtisansPeasantry,SerfsChurchPopeCardinalsArchBishopBishopClergyandReligiousOrdersParishionersFeudalism:ParallelPyramidsSt17

SocialRelations

Apolitical,economic,andsocialsystembasedonloyaltyandmilitaryservice.

SocialRelations

Apolitical,18SocialHistoryPeasantsAgrariansocietyVerylittleopportunityforsocialmobilityLabor/productiscurrencyPeasantareproducersandconsumersLifeisshort,daysarelong,goalsalvationServiceforProtectionWomenandFamilyHighinfantMortality20%ofWomendieinchildbirthFamilyworkstogethertofarmsmallplotsoflandAfterMarriagewomenarehusbandspropertyNorightstoinheritanceEducationtakesplaceinthehomeSocialHistoryPeasantsWomenan19英法百年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)【英文】課件20MedievalCastleMedievalCastle21TheBlackPlaguePreconditionsforPlagueWhatwasthePlague?TheSpreadofthePlagueLifeDuringthePlagueImpactTheBlackPlaguePreconditions22PreconditionsforPlagueFamine(cropfailure),LoweredImmuneSystemPopulationgrowth(Over-Population?)Urbanization+DenselivingconditionsInternationaltradeItisbelievedthatthePlaguewasbroughtoverbyratsontraderoutes.PreconditionsforPlagueFamine23WhatwasthePlague?BubonicPlague“BlackDeath”Plagueiscausedbythebacteria,Yersiniapestis.ThebacterialivesinthestomachoffleasSymptomsofthePlague:Swellingoflymphnodes.Feverof101-105Blackblotchescalled“buboes”formedonbody,swellingandoozingpuss.Deathwithin4-7daysofbeingaffected.EwwWhatwasthePlague?BubonicPl24TheSpreadofthePlagueCametoEuropein1347.Spreadextremelyquickly.RatstoFleastoHumans.Mainlyafflictedareasalongtraderoutes.TheSpreadofthePlagueCamet25LifeduringthePlagueObsessionwithdeathanddying.Europe=EmoNoexplanation/noremediesDifferentreactionsamongstpopulation:Repentedsins,thoughtGodwaspunishingthem.(Flagellants)Gavethemselvesovertosinandpromiscuity.Leftcities,wenttocountrysidetoseekseclusion.LifeduringthePlagueObsessio26ProcessionoftheFlagellantsWouldwalkfromvillagetovillagewhippingthemselvesandothersasasignofrepentanceProcessionoftheFlagellantsW27Impact1/3-1/2ofEuropeanpopulationdies.Decreaseinpopulationincreasesneedforlaborers,leadstoincreaseinwages.PeasantrevoltsCitiesreboundandprosper.Resultsingrowingmiddle class.Artisansorganizeintoguilds.Guildsgainpoliticalpower.PeasantsinthefieldImpact1/3-1/2ofEuropeanpopu28TheHundredYears’War

1337-1453TheHundredYears’War

1337-29CausesoftheWarEnglandEnglishrightstoFrenchterritory(EdwardIII)EconomicallyvitalresourcesinregionFlandersvitaltowooltrade(WantsindependenceEnglishrightstoFrenchthrone4millionpopulationFranceInternaldisunityandconflictLackofcentralizationFrenchNavyattackingEnglishPortsPhillipVIreclaimsGascony(EnglishKingVassal)17millionpopulationCausesoftheWarEnglandFrance30FrenchMonarchyFamilyTreeFrenchMonarchyFamilyTree31ProgressoftheWar:Stage1EarlyadvantageforFrance(mostknightsinEurope)DominateEnglishChannelEarlyEnglishinvasionsfail(bankruptsEngland)TideBeginstoTurnFrenchnavyannihilatedin1340ProgressoftheWar:Stage1Ea32Stage1Continued…TheBlackPrince,EdwardsonofEdwardIIIBattleofCrecy1347-EnglishlongbowmencrushFrenchBlackDeathravagesEurope1348(lullinfighting)FrenchKing,JohnII,capturedattheBattleofPoitiersFrenchGovernmentcollapses-CallfortheEstatesGeneralRiseoftheJacqueriePeaceofBretigny-CalaisEnglandcontrolshalfofFranceStage1Continued…TheBlackPr33Stage2-1369-1422CharlesVregainssomelostterritorybutwentMADEnglandstruggleswithinternalconflictsEnglandregainssupremacyatBattleofAgincourtTreatyofTroyesestablishesHenryIVasheirtoFrenchthrone-takesthronein1422Stage2-1369-1422CharlesVre34Stage3Stage335Stage3JoanofArcappealstoCharlesVIILeadsFrencharmytorepeatedvictoriesRiseofFrenchnationalismCharlesseesJoanasathreatandhasherexecutedasaheretic1453Warends-BritainretainsonlyCalaisStage3JoanofArcappealsto36Timeline1340-EnglishVictoryattheBayofSluys1346-EnglishVictoryatCrecyandseizureofCalais1347-BlackDeathStrikes1356-EnglishVictoryatPoitiers1358-JacqueriedisruptsFrance1360-PeaceofBretigny-CalaisrecognizesEnglishholdingsinFrance1381-EnglishPeasantsRevolt1415-EnglishVictoryatAgincourt1420-TreatyofTroyes1422-HenryVIproclaimedKingofbothEnglandandFrance1429-JoanofArcleadsFrenchtovictoryatOrleans1431-JoanofArcexecutedasaheretic1453-WarEnds;EnglishretainonlyCalaisTimeline1340-EnglishVictory37ImpactBeginsprocessofpoliticalcentralizationinEuropeSignificantmilitaryevolution(Gunpowder)EarlyriseofnationalisticfeelingsFirstpopularchallengestosecularandspiritualauthorityEndofEnglishclaimstoFranceImpactBeginsprocessofpoliti38TheChallengestothePapacythroughoutthe14thCenturyTheChallengestothePapacy39TheThirteenth-CenturyPapacyTheRomanCatholicChurchwasthemostimportantinstitutioninthefeudalworldControlledboththepoliticalandreligiousinstitutionsConflictarisesbetweenthetemporalandspiritualdomainsasmonarchsbegantocentralizetheirpowertakingitawayfromthechurchTheThirteenth-CenturyPapacyT40TheChallengestothePapacyUnamSanctam(1302)PopeBonifaceissuedthisbullanditdeclaredthattemporalauthoritywas‘subject’tothespiritualpowerofthechurch.Results:monarchsbegintoruleoverthereligiousinstitutionsBonifaceisforcedtorepealtheUnamSanctamwhichshowsalossofpapalpowerPleaseSeeHistoriographyassignmentandjournal.AvignonPapacy(1309-1377)UnderstrongFrenchinfluenceSevenpopesresidedinAvignonwhichPopeJohnXXIIwasthemostpowerfulResult:TheGreatSchismGroupsofpeoplebegintoactoutagainsttheRomanCatholicChurchEx:LollardsinEnglandandHussitesinBohemiaTheChallengestothePapacyUn41TheGreatSchism(1378-1417)PopeUrbanVIandClementVIIConciliarTheoryTheCouncilsUrbanVIwasinpoweruntil“thethirteen”(mostofwhichwereFrench)electedClementVIIcausingconflictsdoctrinethatassertedthesuperiorityundercertaincircumstancesofthegeneralcouncilsoverthechurchTheCouncilofPisa(1409-1410)

TheCouncilofConstance

(1414-1417) TheCouncilofBasel(1431-1449)FinallyMartinViselectedastheoneandonlyPopeTheGreatSchism(1378-1417)Po42Resultsof

TheGreatSchismSomepeoplebegintoquestionthechurch’sspiritualandsecularauthorityMagistratesandcitycouncilsreformedandregulatedreligiouslifeassecularcontrolincreasedMartinVwasmadePopebytheCouncilofConstancewhichendedTheGreatSchismSeparationofsecularandspiritualauthorityResultsof

TheGreatSchismSo43SowingtheSeedsOfChange:

CausesoftheRenaissanceNewsocial,politicalandeconomicopportunityIncreasedcentralizationofpoliticalpower,foundationsoftheNation-StateIntercontinentaltradeandearlieststagesofglobaleconomy(Capitalism)ExchangeofideasWeakeningPapacy,ChallengestoChurchAuthoritySowingtheSeedsOfChange:

44HomeworkImagineyouareapeasantlivinginthefourteenthcentury,describeadayinyourlife(assumeyoucanreadandwrite)inajournal.HomeworkImagineyouareapeas45IntroductiontoModernEuropeanHistory:FeudalSocietyAdorateDeumIntroductiontoModernEuropea46Social,PoliticalandEconomicInfluencesoftheLateMiddleAges(Overview)CrusadesTradeRomanCatholicChurchTheBlackPlagueTheHundredYearsWarTheGreatSchismSocial,PoliticalandEconomic47Crusades1095-1291Crusades1095-129148英法百年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)【英文】課件49TradeAllowsforExchangeofideasIncreasedWealth=IncreasedConsumergoods/luxuriesCrusades/TradecreateunifiedChristendomRenaissanceofthe13thCentury?TradeAllowsforExchangeofid50BirthoftheTown(TheFounding)TownsbegintodeveloparoundEuropeCenteredaroundChurchesandMarketsDominatedbyGuildsNon-TraditionalSocialGroup(Artisan)BirthoftheTown(TheFoundin51英法百年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)【英文】課件52MedievalUniversitiesMedievalUniversities53OxfordUniversityOxfordUniversity54TheLateMiddleAgesandTheCatholicChurchSocietyin13thCenturyEuropeReligionDominatesallaspectsoflifePapacyexertsbothsecularandspiritualauthorityAgeofthegreatCathedralsandGothicArtRenaissanceofthe13thCenturyChartres,FranceTheLateMiddleAgesandTheC55CompetitiontoBuildtheGrandestCathedralfortheGloryofGodScotlandCologneCompetitiontoBuildtheGrand56NotreDame,ParisNotreDame,Paris57TheocracyofEuropePopes,CardinalsanointKingsEuropeisunitedinChristianityPoliticalandReligioushierarchyissimilarSomediversityinpracticesandbeliefsChurch,GoodWorks,Sacraments,KeytoSalvationPreoccupationwithdeathTheocracyofEuropePopes,Card58HowtheChurchSavedCivilizationChurchMonopolizeseducationMonasteriescentersofeducationandliteratureMonksstudyandcopyancienttextsSomeclassicworksarepreservedOthersdestroyedbecauseofthecostofpaperHowtheChurchSavedCivilizat59ArtandLiteratureChristianfocusVerylittlerealismArtandLiteratureChristianfo60SomeAncientSymbologyBlendofAncientPaganTraditionsandChristianity13thand14thCenturyPapacytriestotightenthereignsonancientsymbologySomeAncientSymbologyBlendof61Feudalism:ParallelPyramidsStateKingLordsLesserLordsKnightsArtisansPeasantry,SerfsChurchPopeCardinalsArchBishopBishopClergyandReligiousOrdersParishionersFeudalism:ParallelPyramidsSt62

SocialRelations

Apolitical,economic,andsocialsystembasedonloyaltyandmilitaryservice.

SocialRelations

Apolitical,63SocialHistoryPeasantsAgrariansocietyVerylittleopportunityforsocialmobilityLabor/productiscurrencyPeasantareproducersandconsumersLifeisshort,daysarelong,goalsalvationServiceforProtectionWomenandFamilyHighinfantMortality20%ofWomendieinchildbirthFamilyworkstogethertofarmsmallplotsoflandAfterMarriagewomenarehusbandspropertyNorightstoinheritanceEducationtakesplaceinthehomeSocialHistoryPeasantsWomenan64英法百年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)【英文】課件65MedievalCastleMedievalCastle66TheBlackPlaguePreconditionsforPlagueWhatwasthePlague?TheSpreadofthePlagueLifeDuringthePlagueImpactTheBlackPlaguePreconditions67PreconditionsforPlagueFamine(cropfailure),LoweredImmuneSystemPopulationgrowth(Over-Population?)Urbanization+DenselivingconditionsInternationaltradeItisbelievedthatthePlaguewasbroughtoverbyratsontraderoutes.PreconditionsforPlagueFamine68WhatwasthePlague?BubonicPlague“BlackDeath”Plagueiscausedbythebacteria,Yersiniapestis.ThebacterialivesinthestomachoffleasSymptomsofthePlague:Swellingoflymphnodes.Feverof101-105Blackblotchescalled“buboes”formedonbody,swellingandoozingpuss.Deathwithin4-7daysofbeingaffected.EwwWhatwasthePlague?BubonicPl69TheSpreadofthePlagueCametoEuropein1347.Spreadextremelyquickly.RatstoFleastoHumans.Mainlyafflictedareasalongtraderoutes.TheSpreadofthePlagueCamet70LifeduringthePlagueObsessionwithdeathanddying.Europe=EmoNoexplanation/noremediesDifferentreactionsamongstpopulation:Repentedsins,thoughtGodwaspunishingthem.(Flagellants)Gavethemselvesovertosinandpromiscuity.Leftcities,wenttocountrysidetoseekseclusion.LifeduringthePlagueObsessio71ProcessionoftheFlagellantsWouldwalkfromvillagetovillagewhippingthemselvesandothersasasignofrepentanceProcessionoftheFlagellantsW72Impact1/3-1/2ofEuropeanpopulationdies.Decreaseinpopulationincreasesneedforlaborers,leadstoincreaseinwages.PeasantrevoltsCitiesreboundandprosper.Resultsingrowingmiddle class.Artisansorganizeintoguilds.Guildsgainpoliticalpower.PeasantsinthefieldImpact1/3-1/2ofEuropeanpopu73TheHundredYears’War

1337-1453TheHundredYears’War

1337-74CausesoftheWarEnglandEnglishrightstoFrenchterritory(EdwardIII)EconomicallyvitalresourcesinregionFlandersvitaltowooltrade(WantsindependenceEnglishrightstoFrenchthrone4millionpopulationFranceInternaldisunityandconflictLackofcentralizationFrenchNavyattackingEnglishPortsPhillipVIreclaimsGascony(EnglishKingVassal)17millionpopulationCausesoftheWarEnglandFrance75FrenchMonarchyFamilyTreeFrenchMonarchyFamilyTree76ProgressoftheWar:Stage1EarlyadvantageforFrance(mostknightsinEurope)DominateEnglishChannelEarlyEnglishinvasionsfail(bankruptsEngland)TideBeginstoTurnFrenchnavyannihilatedin1340ProgressoftheWar:Stage1Ea77Stage1Continued…TheBlackPrince,EdwardsonofEdwardIIIBattleofCrecy1347-EnglishlongbowmencrushFrenchBlackDeathravagesEurope1348(lullinfighting)FrenchKing,JohnII,capturedattheBattleofPoitiersFrenchGovernmentcollapses-CallfortheEstatesGeneralRiseoftheJacqueriePeaceofBretigny-CalaisEnglandcontrolshalfofFranceStage1Continued…TheBlackPr78Stage2-1369-1422CharlesVregainssomelostterritorybutwentMADEnglandstruggleswithinternalconflictsEnglandregainssupremacyatBattleofAgincourtTreatyofTroyesestablishesHenryIVasheirtoFrenchthrone-takesthronein1422Stage2-1369-1422CharlesVre79Stage3Stage380Stage3JoanofArcappealstoCharlesVIILeadsFrencharmytorepeatedvictoriesRiseofFrenchnationalismCharlesseesJoanasathreatandhasherexecutedasaheretic1453Warends-BritainretainsonlyCalaisStage3JoanofArcappealsto81Timeline1340-EnglishVictoryattheBayofSluys1346-EnglishVictoryatCrecyandseizureofCalais1347-BlackDeathStrikes1356-EnglishVictoryatPoitiers1358-JacqueriedisruptsFrance1360-PeaceofBretigny-CalaisrecognizesEnglishholdingsinFrance1381-EnglishPeasantsRevolt1415-EnglishVictoryatAgincourt1420-TreatyofTroyes1422-HenryVIproclaimedKingofbothEnglandandFrance1429-JoanofArcleadsFrenchtovictoryatOrleans1431-JoanofArcexecutedasaheretic1453-WarEnds;EnglishretainonlyCalaisTimeline1340-EnglishVictory82ImpactBeginsprocessofpoliticalcentralizationinEuropeSignificantmilitaryevolution(Gunpowder)EarlyriseofnationalisticfeelingsFirstpopularchallengestosecularandspiritualauthorityEndofEnglishclaimstoFranceImpactBeginsprocessofpoliti83TheChallengestothePapacythroughoutthe14thCenturyTheChallengestothePapacy84TheThirteenth-CenturyPapacyTheRomanCatholicChurchwasthemostimportantinstitutioninthefeudalworldControlledboththepoliticalandreligiousinstitutionsConflictarisesbetweenthetemporalandspiritualdomainsasmonarchsbegantocentralizetheirpowertakingitawayfromthechurchTheThirteenth-CenturyPapacyT85TheChallengestothePapacyUnamSanctam(1302)PopeBonifaceissuedthisbullanditdeclared