4BasicFormatofArgumentat教學講解課件

StepsofMaking

anArgumentationWithintheTimeLimitAnalyticalThinking&ComprehensiveKnowledgeStepsofMaking

anArgumentat1StepsofMakinganArgumentationToanalyzethemotionandfindoutthecenterwordsToanalyzethecorrelationofthecenterwordsTomakeanStepsofMakinganArgumentati2Studentshouldmemorizefactsonlyaftertheyhavestudiestheideas,trendsandconceptsthathelpexplainthosefacts.Studentswhohavelearnedonlyfactshavelearnedverylittle.Keywords:

Students,facts,underlyingconcepts2.Correlation:Studentshouldmemorizefacts3Outline:Opening:Althoughthememorizationoffactscanbeahandytoolforstudentstolearnasubject,especiallythefundamentalknowledge,itisstillnotenoughtograspwhattheylearnwithfullcomprehension.Aqualifiedstudentshouldbewellinformedbyeitherthefactsortheunderlyingtheoriesandbeabletoapplythemindifferentsituationaswell.Factsbase(Memorizingmerefactsisusefulbutatthelowestleveloflearning)Eg:Englishwords,Multiplicationtables,tableofelementsUnderlyingconceptscanbeahelpfultoolforstudentstoreachthehighestleveloflearning,i.e.theabilitytoapplyeitherfactsorthetheoriesbehindthefactstodifferentsituationandtocoherentlydiscussthem.Eg:historystudyStudents’abilitiesareofparamountimportance.Eg.:comprehension,assimilation,applicationSummary:Whetherthefactsarememorizedfirstorafterthestudentunderstandstheunderlyingtheoriesdoesnotmatter,whatmatteristhatthestudenttrulygraspsthesubjectwithfullcomprehensiontothebestofhisorherability.Outline:4Shouldthriftbeencouragednowthatourpersonalincomehasconsiderablyincreased?Keywords:

income

thriftstillnecessary?Sparing,frugal,frugalityIdeasrelatedtothekeywords:

1.從對立面看：收入高了，但消費也多了,limitone’sdesire

2.從長遠看:要買房買車、教育子女，收入再高也不為高.Insatisfyingtheneedsofthepresent,wemustnotneglecttheproblemofprovidingforthefuture.Thriftcansafeguardonefromextravaganceandwaste

3.從自身特點看：節(jié)儉是美德。。。Wecanbenefitfromitfromatleastthreeperspectives.Individually…mouldourpersonalities;socially…;nationally…savepublicmoney

Shouldthriftbeencouragedno54.從資源角度看：

Weareexperiencing

unprecedentedeconomicgrowth;meanwhile,wesufferfromunprecedentedshortage.Wehavelessnaturalresourcesthaneverbeforeforhuman,evenforsuchessentialthingsaswatertodrinkandfreshairtobreathe.Asanexample,Chinaisadevelopingcountryandtherearemillionsofpeoplelivingindireproperty.Wecannotaffordsuchrecklesswaste.4.從資源角度看：6TheBasicFormatofArgumentationTheClaimTheSupportTheRefutationTheConclusionTheBasicFormatofArgumentat7TheClaimDefinition:Claim,orpropositions,representanswerstowhatyouaretryingtoproveinanargumentativeessay.Althoughtheyaretheconclusionsofyourarguments,theyoftenappearasthesisstatements.(Ensurethatitisclearlystated,preferablyatthebeginningofyourpaper.)TheClaimDefinition:8TypesofClaimsThecountry’seconomicgrowththisyearwillreach8percent.(OfFacts)Itisnotwiseforstudentstomarryandhavechildrenbeforetheyfinishcollege.(OfValue)Astrictcodeofbehaviorshouldbeintroducedinallpublicschoolsandcolleges.(OfPolicy)TypesofClaimsThecountry’se9TipsofHowtoMakeaClaimDefinetermsthatmaycauseconfusionbeforemakingaclaim.Qualifyaclaimoffactwithawordsuchasgenerally,usually,probablyorasarule,etc.Inthecaseofclaimsofvalue,adheretothevalueyoudefend.Stateaclaimofpolicywithawordsuchasshouldormust.TipsofHowtoMakeaClaimDef10Shouldthriftbeencouragednowthatourpersonalincomehasconsiderablyincreased?Whileitistruethatourpersonalincomehasconsiderablyincreasedinaccordancewithrelatednationalsurveys,butonthewhole,thriftasavirtueshouldstillbeencouragedonaccountofitsseveralbenefitstothepeople.Shouldthriftbeencouragedno11TheSupportDefinition:

Theideasandinformationintendedtoconvincereadersthattheclaimissoundorbelievable.Types:Reasons:Generalstatementsthatbackupaclaim,explainingwhyaviewpointonanissueisreasonableorcorrect.Reasonsshouldbelogicalandreasonable.Evidence:Whatwritersusetosupportorverifyreasons.Evidencemustberelevantandsufficient.Emotionalappeal:whichevoketheneedsorvaluesthatreaderscaredeeplyabout.TheSupportDefinition:12TheEvidenceFactsStatisticsExpertOpinionExamplesObservationFromPersonalExperience(Withalloftheseexamples,itisevidentthat…;Inthesecases…;TheEvidenceFacts13Reasoning:如何推理?Thereasonsandevidenceinanargumentshouldfollowalogicallineofreasoning.Themostcommontypesofreasoningareinductionanddeduction.Theyuseevidenceindifferentwaystoarriveataconclusion.Thedifferencebetweenreasoningandsupporting?Reasoning:如何推理?Thereasonsand14Induction:歸納Itbeginswithevidenceandmovestoaconclusion.Inotherwords,specificcasesandfactsareexaminedtodrawawider-rangingconclusionwhichwouldbethethesisofanargumentativeessay.(Fromspecificstoageneralization)Induction:歸納Itbeginswithevi15Evidence1Evidence2Evidence3ConclusionP149examples:Evidence1Evidence2Evidence316Deduction:演繹P149Itbeginswithcommonlyacceptedstatementsorpremisesandshowshowaconclusionfollows.Inotherwords,generalstatementsbelievedtobetrueareappliedtospecificsituationsorcases.Theresultofdeductionisaconclusionaboutthespecificsituation.(fromgeneralizationtospecific)Deduction:演繹P149Itbeginswith17Themajorpremiseshouldbeuniversallyaccepted.Theminorpremiseshouldaccordwiththemajorone.ConclusionDeductionminormajorConclusionThemajorpremiseshouldbeun18TheRefutation

Refutationattemptstoproveviewsagainst“myopinion”wrong.Itisoftenanindispensablepartofanargumentativeessay,foritshowsthatthewriterisawareofopposingviewpointsandhasthoughtaboutbothsides.ONEcancastdoubtontheopponent’sreasonsorquestiontheaccuracy,relevancy,andsufficiencyoftheopponent’sevidence.TheRefutationRefutationat19TheConclusionTobeasummaryinahigherlevelTrytouseanyofquotationsasanending(oranopening)Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayconcludethathighlivingstandardsdonnotnecessarilymeantowaste.Thequestionisnottogiveupmoderncomfort;thequestionishowtoenhanceefficiency.Infact,economicdependsstronglyonsaving.WehaveonlyoneEarthtoliveon;weshouldleavebehindnothingbutfootprints.

TheConclusionTobeasummary201.Wastenot,wantnot.儉以防匱。2.Fromsavingcomeshaving.富有來自節(jié)儉。3.Apennysavedisapennygained.省一文是一文。4.Takecareofthepenceandthepoundwilltakecareofthemselves.金錢積少便成多。5.Frugalityisanestatealone.節(jié)儉本身就是一宗財產(chǎn)。6.Hethatregardsnotapenny,willlavishapound.小錢不知節(jié)省，大錢將濫花。7.Smallgainsbringgreatwealth.積小利，成巨富。8.Manyalittlemakesamickle.積少便成多。1.Wastenot,wantnot.儉以防匱。21OpeningWithaQuotation

“Apennysavedisapennyearned.”Whatthesayingmeansisthatthriftisassignificantasindustryinone’slife.Thrift,asitmaybedefinedinsimplewords,isahabitformedbymantoleadaneconomicallife.OpeningWithaQuotation“Ap22StepsofMaking

anArgumentationWithintheTimeLimitAnalyticalThinking&ComprehensiveKnowledgeStepsofMaking

anArgumentat23StepsofMakinganArgumentationToanalyzethemotionandfindoutthecenterwordsToanalyzethecorrelationofthecenterwordsTomakeanStepsofMakinganArgumentati24Studentshouldmemorizefactsonlyaftertheyhavestudiestheideas,trendsandconceptsthathelpexplainthosefacts.Studentswhohavelearnedonlyfactshavelearnedverylittle.Keywords:

Students,facts,underlyingconcepts2.Correlation:Studentshouldmemorizefacts25Outline:Opening:Althoughthememorizationoffactscanbeahandytoolforstudentstolearnasubject,especiallythefundamentalknowledge,itisstillnotenoughtograspwhattheylearnwithfullcomprehension.Aqualifiedstudentshouldbewellinformedbyeitherthefactsortheunderlyingtheoriesandbeabletoapplythemindifferentsituationaswell.Factsbase(Memorizingmerefactsisusefulbutatthelowestleveloflearning)Eg:Englishwords,Multiplicationtables,tableofelementsUnderlyingconceptscanbeahelpfultoolforstudentstoreachthehighestleveloflearning,i.e.theabilitytoapplyeitherfactsorthetheoriesbehindthefactstodifferentsituationandtocoherentlydiscussthem.Eg:historystudyStudents’abilitiesareofparamountimportance.Eg.:comprehension,assimilation,applicationSummary:Whetherthefactsarememorizedfirstorafterthestudentunderstandstheunderlyingtheoriesdoesnotmatter,whatmatteristhatthestudenttrulygraspsthesubjectwithfullcomprehensiontothebestofhisorherability.Outline:26Shouldthriftbeencouragednowthatourpersonalincomehasconsiderablyincreased?Keywords:

income

thriftstillnecessary?Sparing,frugal,frugalityIdeasrelatedtothekeywords:

1.從對立面看：收入高了，但消費也多了,limitone’sdesire

2.從長遠看:要買房買車、教育子女，收入再高也不為高.Insatisfyingtheneedsofthepresent,wemustnotneglecttheproblemofprovidingforthefuture.Thriftcansafeguardonefromextravaganceandwaste

3.從自身特點看：節(jié)儉是美德。。。Wecanbenefitfromitfromatleastthreeperspectives.Individually…mouldourpersonalities;socially…;nationally…savepublicmoney

Shouldthriftbeencouragedno274.從資源角度看：

Weareexperiencing

unprecedentedeconomicgrowth;meanwhile,wesufferfromunprecedentedshortage.Wehavelessnaturalresourcesthaneverbeforeforhuman,evenforsuchessentialthingsaswatertodrinkandfreshairtobreathe.Asanexample,Chinaisadevelopingcountryandtherearemillionsofpeoplelivingindireproperty.Wecannotaffordsuchrecklesswaste.4.從資源角度看：28TheBasicFormatofArgumentationTheClaimTheSupportTheRefutationTheConclusionTheBasicFormatofArgumentat29TheClaimDefinition:Claim,orpropositions,representanswerstowhatyouaretryingtoproveinanargumentativeessay.Althoughtheyaretheconclusionsofyourarguments,theyoftenappearasthesisstatements.(Ensurethatitisclearlystated,preferablyatthebeginningofyourpaper.)TheClaimDefinition:30TypesofClaimsThecountry’seconomicgrowththisyearwillreach8percent.(OfFacts)Itisnotwiseforstudentstomarryandhavechildrenbeforetheyfinishcollege.(OfValue)Astrictcodeofbehaviorshouldbeintroducedinallpublicschoolsandcolleges.(OfPolicy)TypesofClaimsThecountry’se31TipsofHowtoMakeaClaimDefinetermsthatmaycauseconfusionbeforemakingaclaim.Qualifyaclaimoffactwithawordsuchasgenerally,usually,probablyorasarule,etc.Inthecaseofclaimsofvalue,adheretothevalueyoudefend.Stateaclaimofpolicywithawordsuchasshouldormust.TipsofHowtoMakeaClaimDef32Shouldthriftbeencouragednowthatourpersonalincomehasconsiderablyincreased?Whileitistruethatourpersonalincomehasconsiderablyincreasedinaccordancewithrelatednationalsurveys,butonthewhole,thriftasavirtueshouldstillbeencouragedonaccountofitsseveralbenefitstothepeople.Shouldthriftbeencouragedno33TheSupportDefinition:

Theideasandinformationintendedtoconvincereadersthattheclaimissoundorbelievable.Types:Reasons:Generalstatementsthatbackupaclaim,explainingwhyaviewpointonanissueisreasonableorcorrect.Reasonsshouldbelogicalandreasonable.Evidence:Whatwritersusetosupportorverifyreasons.Evidencemustberelevantandsufficient.Emotionalappeal:whichevoketheneedsorvaluesthatreaderscaredeeplyabout.TheSupportDefinition:34TheEvidenceFactsStatisticsExpertOpinionExamplesObservationFromPersonalExperience(Withalloftheseexamples,itisevidentthat…;Inthesecases…;TheEvidenceFacts35Reasoning:如何推理?Thereasonsandevidenceinanargumentshouldfollowalogicallineofreasoning.Themostcommontypesofreasoningareinductionanddeduction.Theyuseevidenceindifferentwaystoarriveataconclusion.Thedifferencebetweenreasoningandsupporting?Reasoning:如何推理?Thereasonsand36Induction:歸納Itbeginswithevidenceandmovestoaconclusion.Inotherwords,specificcasesandfactsareexaminedtodrawawider-rangingconclusionwhichwouldbethethesisofanargumentativeessay.(Fromspecificstoageneralization)Induction:歸納Itbeginswithevi37Evidence1Evidence2Evidence3ConclusionP149examples:Evidence1Evidence2Evidence338Deduction:演繹P149Itbeginswithcommonlyacceptedstatementsorpremisesandshowshowaconclusionfollows.Inotherwords,generalstatementsbelievedtobetrueareappliedtospecificsituationsorcases.Theresultofdeductionisaconclusionaboutthespecificsituation.(fromgeneralizationtospecific)Deduction:演繹P149Itbeginswith39Themajorpremiseshouldbeuniversallyaccepted.Theminorpremiseshouldaccordwiththemajorone.ConclusionDeductionminormajorConclusionThemajorpremiseshouldbeun40TheRefutation

Refutationattemptstoproveviews