雅思公益課堂學(xué)生水平評(píng)估

學(xué)有方學(xué)校雅思課程入學(xué)能力測(cè)試(READING40minsWRITING20mins)第一篇用時(shí)20分鐘，聊聊賣家的小計(jì)倆★HowtoincreasesalesHowshopscanexploitpeople'sherdmentalitytoincreasesalesATRIPtothesupermarketmaynotseemlikeanexerciseinpsychologicalwarfare—butitis.Shopkeepersknowthatfillingastorewiththearomaoffreshlybakedbreadmakespeoplefeelhungryandpersuadesthemtobuymorefoodthantheyhadintended.Stockingthemostexpensiveproductsateyelevelmakesthemsellfasterthancheaperbutlessvisiblecompetitors.Nowresearchersareinvestigatinghow—swarmintelligenceII(thatis,howants,beesoranysocialanimal,includinghumans,behaveinacrowd)canbeusedtoinfluencewhatpeoplebuy.AtarecentconferenceonthesimulationofadaptivebehaviourinRome,Zeeshan-ul-hassanUsmani,acomputerscientistfromtheFloridaInstituteofTechnology,describedanewwaytoincreaseimpulsebuyingusingthisphenomenon.Supermarketsalreadyencourageshopperstobuythingstheydidnotrealizetheywanted:forinstance,byplacingeverydayitemssuchasmilkandeggsatthebackofthestore,forcingshopperstowalkpastothertemptinggoodstoreachthem.MrUsmaniandRonaldoMenezes,alsooftheFloridaInstituteofTechnology,setouttoenhancethistendencytobuymorebyplayingontheherdinstinct.Theideaisthat,ifacertainproductisseentobepopular,shoppersarelikelytochooseittoo.Thechallengeistokeepcustomersinformedaboutwhatothersarebuying.Entersmart-carttechnology.InMrUsmani'ssupermarketeveryproducthasaradiofrequencyidentificationtag,asortofbar-codethatusesradiowavestotransmitinformation,andeverytrolleyhasascannerthatreadsthisinformationandrelaysittoacentralcomputer.Asacustomerwalkspastashelfofgoods,ascreenontheshelftellshimhowmanypeoplecurrentlyintheshophavechosenthatparticularproduct.Ifthenumberishigh,heismorelikelytoselectittoo.MrUsmani's—swarm-movesIImodelappealstosupermarketsbecauseitincreasessaleswithouttheneedtogivepeoplediscounts.Anditgivesshoppersthesatisfactionofknowingthattheyboughtthe—rightIIproduct—thatis,theoneeveryoneelsebought.Themodelhasnotyetbeentestedwidelyintherealworld,mainlybecauseradiofrequencyidentificationtechnologyisnewandhasonlybeeninstalledexperimentallyinsomesupermarkets.ButMrUsmanisaysthatbothWal-MartinAmericaandTescoinBritainareinterestedinhiswork,andtestingwillgetunderwayinthespring.Anotherrecentstudyonthepowerofsocialinfluenceindicatesthatsalescould,indeed,beboostedinthisway.MatthewSalganikofColumbiaUniversityinNewYorkandhiscolleagueshavedescribedcreatinganartificialmusicmarketinwhichsome14,000peopledownloadedpreviouslyunknownsongs.Theresearchersfoundthatwhenpeoplecouldseethesongsrankedbyhowmanytimestheyhadbeendownloaded,theyfollowedthecrowd.Whenthesongswerenotorderedbyrank,butthenumberoftimestheyhadbeendownloadedwasdisplayed,theeffectofsocialinfluencewasstilltherebutwaslesspronounced.Peoplethusfollowtheherdwhenitiseasyforthemtodoso.InJapanachainofconvenienceshopscalledRanKingRanQueenhasbeenorderingitsproductsaccordingtosalesdatafromdepartmentstoresandresearchcompanies.Theshopssellonlythemostpopularitemsineachproductcategory,andtherankingsareupdatedweekly.Icosystem,acompanyinCambridge,Massachusetts,alsoaimstoexploitknowledgeofsocialnetworkingtoimprovesales.Andthepsychologythatworksinphysicalstoresisjustaspotentontheinternet.OnlineretailerssuchasAmazonareadeptattellingshopperswhichproductsarepopularwithlike-mindedconsumers.Evenintheprivacyofyourhome,youcanstillbepartoftheswarm.(644words)Questions1-6Completethesentencesbelowwithwordstakenfromthereadingpassage.UseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.l.Shopownersrealizethatthesmellofcanincreasesalesoffoodproducts.2.Inshops,productsshelvedatamorevisiblelevelsellbettereveniftheyaremore .AccordingtoMr.Usmani,withtheuseof—swarmintelligenceIIphenomenon,anewmethodcanbeappliedtoencourage.4.Onthewaytoeverydayitemsatthebackofthestore,shoppersmightbetemptedtobuy5.Ifthenumberofbuyersshownontheishigh,othercustomerstendtofollowthem.Usingthe—swarm-movesIImodel,shopownersdonothavetogivecustomers toincreasesales.Questions7-12Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninthereadingpassage?Forquestions7-12writeYES ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationNO ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthisinthepassageRadiofrequencyidentificationtechnologyhasbeeninstalledexperimentallyinbigsupermarketslikeWal-Mart.Peopletendtodownloadmoreunknownsongsthansongstheyarefamiliarwith.9.Songsrankedhighbythenumberoftimesbeingdownloadedarefavoredbycustomers.Peoplefollowtheotherstothesameextentwhetheritisconvenientornot.ItemssoldinsomeJapanesestoresaresimplychosenaccordingtothesalesdataofothershops.Swarmintelligencecanalsobeobservedineverydaylife.第二篇用時(shí)20分鐘有時(shí)候你就是很喜歡你喜歡的人身上的味道有沒(méi)有？★RoguetheoryofsmellgetsaboostAcontroversialtheoryofhowwesmell,whichclaimsthatourfinesenseofodordependsonquantummechanics,hasbeengiventhethumbsupbyateamofphysicists.CalculationsbyresearchersatUniversityCollegeLondon(UCL)showthattheideathatwesmellodormoleculesbysensingtheirmolecularvibrationsmakessenseintermsofthephysicsinvolved.That'sstillsomewayfromprovingthatthetheory,proposedinthemid-1990sbybiophysicistLucaTurin,iscorrect.Butitshouldmakeotherscientiststaketheideamoreseriously."Thisisabigstepforward,"saysTurin,whohasnowsetuphisownperfumecompanyFlexitralinVirginia.Hesaysthatsincehepublishedhistheory,"ithasbeenignoredratherthancriticized."Mostscientistshaveassumedthatoursenseofsmelldependsonreceptorsinthenosedetectingtheshapeofincomingmolecules,whichtriggersasignaltothebrain.Thismolecular'lockandkey'processisthoughttoliebehindawiderangeofthebody'sdetectionsystems:itishowsomepartsoftheimmunesystemrecogniseinvaders,forexample,andhowthetonguerecognizessometastes.ButTurinarguedthatsmelldoesn'tseemtofitthispictureverywell.Moleculesthatlookalmostidenticalcansmellverydifferent——suchasalcohols,whichsmelllikespirits,andthiols,whichsmelllikerotteneggs.Andmoleculeswithverydifferentstructurescansmellsimilar.Moststrikingly,somemoleculescansmelldifferent一toanimals,ifnotnecessarilytohumans一simplybecausetheycontaindifferentisotopes(atomsthatarechemicallyidenticalbuthaveadifferentmass).urin'sexplanationforthesesmellyfactsinvokestheideathatthesmellsignalinolfactoryreceptorproteinsistriggerednotbyanodormolecule'sshape,butbyitsvibrations,whichcanencourageanelectrontojumpbetweentwopartsofthereceptorinaquantum-mechanicalprocesscalledtunnelling.Thiselectronmovementcouldinitiatethesmellsignalbeingsenttothebrain.Thiswouldexplainwhyisotopescansmelldifferent:theirvibrationfrequenciesarechangediftheatomsareheavier.Turin'smechanism,saysMarshallStonehamoftheUCLteam,ismorelikeswipe-cardidentificationthanakeyfittingalock.Vibration-assistedelectrontunnellingcanundoubtedlyoccur一itisusedinanexperimentaltechniqueformeasuringmolecularvibrations."Thequestioniswhetherthisispossibleinthenose,"saysStoneham'scolleague,AndrewHorsfield.StonehamsaysthatwhenhefirstheardaboutTurin'sidea,whileTurinwashimselfbasedatUCL,"Ididn'tbelieveit".But,headds,"becauseitwasaninterestingidea,IthoughtIshouldproveitcouldn'twork.Ididsomesimplecalculations,andonlythenbegantofeelLucacouldberight."NowStonehamandhisco-workershavedonethejobmorethoroughly,inapapersoontobepublishedinPhysicalReviewLetters.TheUCLteamcalculatedtheratesofelectronhoppinginanosereceptorthathasanodorantmoleculeboundtoit.Thisratedependsonvariouspropertiesofthebiomolecularsystemthatarenotknown,buttheresearcherscouldestimatetheseparametersbasedontypicalvaluesformoleculesofthissort.Thekeyissueiswhetherthehoppingratewiththeodorantinplaceissignificantlygreaterthanthatwithoutit.Thecalculationsshowthatitis—whichmeansthatodouridentificationinthiswayseemstheoreticallypossible.ButHorsfieldstressesthatthat'sdifferentfromaproofofTurin'sidea."Sofarthingslookplausible,butweneedproperexperimentalverification.We'rebeginningtothinkaboutwhatexperimentscouldbeperformed."Meanwhile,Turinispressingaheadwithhishypothesis."AtFlexitralwehavebeendesigningodorantsexclusivelyonthebasisoftheircomputedvibrations,"hesays."Oursuccessrateatodorantdiscoveryistwoordersofmagnitudebetterthanthecompetition."Attheveryleast,heisputtinghismoneywherehisnoseis.(668words)Questions1-4Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninthepassage?PleasewriteTRUE ifthestatementagreeswiththewriterFALSE ifthestatementdoesnotagreewiththewriterNOTGIVEN ifthereisnoinformationaboutthisinthepassageTheresultofthestudyatUCLagreeswithTuriifstheory.ThestudyatUCLcouldconclusivelyprovewhatLucaTurinhashypothesized.TurinlefthispostatUCLandstartedhisownbusinessbecausehistheorywasignored.Themolecules