Airandwatersystems(空氣和水系統(tǒng))

PAGEPAGE25Airandwatersystems空氣和水系統(tǒng)Bydirectrefrigerationormorecommonlybytheintroductionofchilledwaterfromtheprimarycoolingsystemsorbyheattransferthroughawatertowaterexchanger.Todistinguishitfromtheprimarychilledwatercircuitthewatersideisusuallyreferredtoasthesecondarywaterlooporsystem.通過直接制冷或更常見的引入,冷凍水從主冷卻系統(tǒng)或通過傳熱通過水水換熱器。以區(qū)別于主要的一次冷凍水回路通常被稱為二次水環(huán)或系統(tǒng)。Individualroomtemperaturecontrolisobtainedbyvaryingthecapacityofthecoil(orcoils)withintheroombyregulationofeitherthewaterflowthroughitortheairflowoverit.Thecoilmaybeconvertedtoheatingserviceduringthewinterorasecondcoiloraheatingdevicewithinthespacemayprovideheatingcapacitydependingonthetypeofsystem.個人房間溫度控制是通過改變水流或空氣流在它的空間內的盤管（或盤管）的能力得到。盤管可以被轉換到加熱的服務在冬季，在該空間內的次要盤管或一個加熱裝置可提供加熱容量取決于系統(tǒng)的類型。Airandwatersystemsarecategorizedastwo-pipe.Andfour-pipesystems.Theyarebasicallysimilarinfunctionandallincorporatebothcoolingandheatingcapabilitiesforallseasonairconditioning.Howeverarrangementsofthesecondarywatercircuitsandcontrolsystemsdiffergreatly.空氣和水系統(tǒng)被歸類為雙管和四管系統(tǒng)。他們在功能上基本是相似的，都包括冷卻和加熱兩種能力對于所有季節(jié)空氣的調節(jié)。然而二次水回路和控制系統(tǒng)的安排差別很大。Air-WaterInductionSystem空氣-水感應系統(tǒng)Thebasicarrangementforair-waterinductionunitsisshowninFig.9-12.Centrallyconditionedprimaryairissuppliedtotheunitplenumathighpressure.Theplenumisacousticallytreatedtoattenuatepartofthenoisegeneratedintheductsystemandintheunit.Abalancingdamperisusedtoadjusttheprimaryairquantitywithinlimits.空氣-水感應單位的基本安排見圖9-12所示。中央空調一次空氣被供給到增壓室在高壓下。集氣室是被用來處理在管道系統(tǒng)和單元中產生的噪聲的減弱的。平衡阻尼器是用來調整一次空氣量在范圍內的。Thehighpressureairflowsthroughtheinductionnozzlesandinducessecondaryairfromtheroomandoverthesecondarycoil.Thissecondaryairiseitherheatedorcooledatthecoildependingontheseason,theroomrequirement.OrbothOrdinarilynolatentcoolingisaccomplishedattheroomcoil.Butadrainpanisprovidedtocollectcondensedmoistureresultingfromunusuallatentloadsofshortduration.Theprimaryandsecondaryairaremixedanddischargedtotheroom.高壓空氣流經感應噴嘴并引起這個房間的二次空氣充滿次級盤管。此二次空氣是加熱或冷卻取決于季節(jié)和房間需求。潛在冷卻通常不是在房間的盤管中完成的。但排水盤被提供來收集短時間內凝結濕氣導致的潛熱載荷。一、二次空氣被混合并排放到房間里。Inductionunitsareusuallyinstalledataperimeterwallunderawindow,butunitsdesignedforoverheadinstallationareavailable.Duringtheheatingseasonthefloor-mountedinductionunitcanfunctionasaconvectorduringoffhourswithhotwatertothecoilandwithoutaprimaryairsupply.感應器通常是安裝在一個窗戶下的圍墻上,但器件設計是專為架空安裝是可用的。在供暖季節(jié)安裝在地板上的感應單元可以起到一個熱空氣循環(huán)對流加熱器的作用，在下班時間用熱水的盤管，并沒有一次空氣供給。Fan-coilConditionerSystem風機盤管空調系統(tǒng)Thefan-coilconditionerunitisaversatileroomterminalthatisappliedtobothair-waterandwater-onlysystems.Despiteshortcomingsinthequalityofairconditioningachievedwithwater-onlysystemsthefan-coilunitshavebeenmorecommonlyassociatedwiththatclassofsystemthanwithair-water.Manyofthestandardfeaturesoftheunitsareaccordinglyincorporatedintoitforwater-onlyapplications.風機盤管空調系統(tǒng)是適用于空氣-水和僅水系統(tǒng)的多功能房間終端。盡管在空調水系統(tǒng)實現了風機盤管機組已更常見的這類系統(tǒng)比水相關的質量缺陷。許多器件的標準特點被因此納入因為全水系統(tǒng)的應用。Thebasicelementsoffan-coilunitsareafinned-tubecoilandafansection.Fig.9-13.Thefansectionrecirculatesaircontinuouslyfromwithintheperimeterspacethroughthecoil,whichissuppliedwitheitherhotorchilledwater.Inadditiontheunitmaycontainanauxiliaryheatingcoil.風機盤管機組的基本要素是一個翅片管式盤管和風機部分。圖9-13。風機部分再循環(huán)空氣不斷從周邊空間通過盤管，其提供有熱水或冷水。此外，該器件可以包含一個輔助的加熱線圈。ALL-WATERSYSTEMS全水系統(tǒng)Electric-resistancetypebutwhichcanbeofthesteamorhot-watertype.Thustherecirculatedroomairiseitherheatedorcooled.電氣電阻式，但它可以是蒸汽或熱水型。因此，循環(huán)的室內空氣被加熱或冷卻。Fan-coilunitcapacitycanbecontrolledbyregulationofcoilwaterflow.Airbypass,fanspeed,oracombinationofthese.Waterflowcanbethermostaticallycontrolledbyeitherreturnairorwallthermostats.Becauseoftheirlowercosttwo-positionvalvesareoftenusedforfan-coilapplicationsinsteadofmodulatingvalves.Watervalvesshouldnotbeusedforcontrolwhereapertureoutdoorintakesareused.Unlessfreezingofthecoilsispreventedifthefansareoperatingwhenwaterflowstops.Bypassdampersareavailableonsomeconditioners.Capacitycontrolisachievedbymodulationofadampertobypassallorpartoftheairaroundtheunitcoil.Fanspeedcontrolmaybeautomaticormanual.Automaticcontrolisusuallyon-offwithmanualspeedselection.風機盤管機組容量可通過調節(jié)控制盤管的水流量?？諝馀酝?，風扇轉速，或這些的組合。水的流動可以通過回風或墻上恒溫恒溫控制。雙位閥，由于其較低的成本常常被用于風機盤管的應用程序，而不是調節(jié)閥。水閥不能用于控制孔徑的攝入量是在戶外使用。除非盤管凍結，如果風扇運行時水流停止阻止。在一些空調旁路阻尼器。用容量控制來實現由調制的阻尼繞過單元盤管周圍的空氣的全部或部分。風扇轉速控制，可自動或手動。自動控制與手動速度通常是開關選擇。ALL-WATERSYSTEMS全水系統(tǒng)All-watersystemsarethosewithfan-coil,unitventilator,orvalance-typeroomterminals,withunconditionedventilationairsuppliedbyanopeningthroughthewallorbyinfiltration.Coolingandhumidificationareprovidedbycirculatingchilledwaterorbrinethroughafinnedcoilintheunit.Heatingisprovidedbysupplyinghotwaterdistributionthesameoraseparatecoilusingtwo-,three-,orfour-pipewaterdistributionfromcentralequipment.Electricheatingoraseparatesteamcoilmayalsobeused.Humidificationisnotpracticalinall-watersystemsunlessaseparatepackagehumidifierisprovidedineachroom.全水路系統(tǒng)是那些有風機盤管、通風器件或框架類型的房間終端，由通過墻上的開放或滲透提供無條件的通風空氣。循環(huán)冷卻的水或鹽水通過翅片盤管的單位提供了冷卻和加濕。加熱是由相同的或單獨的盤管用兩、三個或四個管水分布從中央設備供應熱水分布。也可使用電加熱或單獨蒸汽盤管。除非在每個房間中提供單獨的程序包加濕器加濕不實際全水系統(tǒng)中。Thegreatestadvantageoftheall-watersystemisitsflexibilityforadaptationtomanybuildingmodulerequirements.全水系統(tǒng)的最大優(yōu)勢是其靈活性，適應許多建筑模塊的要求。Afan-coilsystemappliedwithoutprovisionforpositiveventilationoronetakingventilationairthroughanapertureisoneofthelowestfirst-costcentralstationtypeperimetersystemsinusetoday.Itrequiresnoventilationairducts.,iscomparativelyeasytoinstallinexistingstructures.andaswithanycentralstationperimetersystemutilizingwaterinpipesinsteadofairducts,itsuseresultsinconsiderablespacesavingthroughoutthebuilding.風機盤管系統(tǒng)應用于無正壓通氣或一個以通風通過縫隙的配置是在今天使用的最低成本的中心式系統(tǒng)。它不需要任何通風管道。安裝在現有的結構，比較容易。如同任何中央系統(tǒng)利用水代替空氣管，在保證建筑的使用效果的同時相當大的節(jié)省空間。All-watersystemshaveindividualroomcontrolwithquickresponsetothermostatsettingsandfreedomfromrecirculationofairfromotherconditionedspace.Thesesystemshaveremotechillingandheatingequipment.Whenfan-coilunitsareusedwiththethree-orfour-pipewaterarrangements,eachisitsownzonewithachoiceofheatingorcoolingatalltimesandnoseasonalchangeoverisrequired.All-watersystemscanbeinstalledinexistingbuildingswithaminimumofinterferenceintheuseofoccupiedspace.全水系統(tǒng)有單獨的房間控制通過自動調溫器的設置和不受其他空調空間的空氣循環(huán)影響，響應迅速。這些系統(tǒng)有遠程冷卻和加熱設備。當風機盤管使用三或四管水的布置，每一個都有它自己的區(qū)域選擇加熱或冷卻，在任何時候，沒有季節(jié)轉換。所有的水系統(tǒng)可以安裝在現有建筑物空間中，對于建筑物的使用干擾很小。All-watersystemsasusuallyinstalleddonotmeettheconditionsofthedefinitionofairconditioninginASHRAEStandard55-74,ThermalEnviron-mentalConditionsforHumanOccupancy,becausetheylackhumiditycontrolandbecausethequantityofoutdoorairislimitedtotheeffectoftheexhaustfromtheroomandthesizeofthewallopening.全水系統(tǒng)安裝通常情況下是不符合空氣調節(jié)的條件的，在ASHRAE標準55–74條。環(huán)境熱度保護人類居住條件,因為他們缺乏濕度控制,因為從室內和一定尺寸的墻洞排出的廢氣對外部空氣的影響是被限制的。COMPLETEAIR-CONDITIONINGSYSTEMS完整的空調系統(tǒng)Thereisnopositiveventilationunlesswallopeningsareused,andtheseareaffectedbywindpressuresandstackactiononthebuilding.Specialprecautionsarerequiredateachunitwithanoutsideairopeningtopreventfreezingofcoilandpotentialwaterdamagefromrain.沒有正壓的通風,除非墻開洞,建筑中的風壓和物品堆積對其有影響。對于與外界空氣有接觸的器件進行特別的預防措施是必需的，為了防止盤管的凍結和下雨導致的水漬產生。Seasonalchangeoverisrequiredinmostclimates.Withatwo-pipesystem,zoningandpipingarerequiredtoreduceoperatingdifficultiesduringintermediateseasonswhenasun-exposedzonemayneedcoolingwhileotherzonesneedheat.Whenheating,unitscannotbeusedasconvectorsinunoccupiedroomsandfansmustbekeptrunning.在大多數氣候條件下季節(jié)性切換是必須的。使用雙管系統(tǒng)，分區(qū)和管道輸送都需要在中間季節(jié)交替的時候，以減少操作難度。太陽照射的區(qū)域可能需要冷卻，而其他區(qū)域需要加熱。加熱時，器件不能作為在無人居住的房間的散流器并且風扇必須保持運行。Ifatwo-pipesystemhasonlyonepump,thesamequantityofhotandcoldwateriscirculatedeventhoughtherequirementsforeachmaybedifferent.Withthree-andfour-pipesystemshotandcoldwatermaybefurnishedthroughouttheyear.如果一個雙管系統(tǒng)只有一個泵,相同數量的熱水和冷水是循環(huán)的，雖然每個的需求是不同。三和四的管道系統(tǒng)冷熱水可以提供全年。Maintenanceandserviceworkhastobedoneintheoccupiedareas;astheunitsbecomeolderthefannoisecanbecomeobjectionable.Eachunitrequiresacondensatedrainlinethatperiodicallyhastobeflushedoutandcleanedcondensatedrainlinethatperiodicallyhastobeflushedoutandcleaned.Itisdifficulttolimitbacterialgrowthintheunit.Inextremelycoldweatheritisoftennecessarytoclosetheoutsideairdamperstopreventfreezingofcoils,reducingventilationairtothatobtainedbyinfiltration.Filtersaresmallandinefficientandrequirechangingtomaintainairvolume.維護和服務工作不得不完成在其占用區(qū),隨著器件成為舊風扇噪聲的來源可以變得討厭。每個部件需要冷凝排水管,定期必須沖洗和清理冷凝排水管,定期必須沖洗和打掃。很難限制細菌生長在部件里。在極其寒冷的天氣常常需要關閉外部空氣閥門以防止凍結的盤管,減少通風空氣通過滲透獲得。過濾器是小的,效率低下的,需要改變保持的風量。Fan-CoilUnits(UnitVentilators)風機盤管（通風單元）Figure9-14showsatypicalair-conditioningunitventilatorequippedwithacombinationhot-chilledwatercoilforuseinatwo-pipesystem.Thistypeofunitisusuallyprovidedwithface-and-bypassdampersforcapacitycontrol.圖9-14顯示了一個典型的空調機組通風機，裝配著一個組合盤管使用熱冷凍水在一個雙管系統(tǒng)中。這種類型的器件通常裝配有旁通調節(jié)閥為了能量調節(jié)。Figure9-15illustratesatypicalair-conditioningunitventilatorwithtwoseparatecoils,oneusedforheatingandtheotherforcoolingwithafour-pipesystem.Theheatingcoilmayusehotwater,orelectricity.Thecoolingcoilcanbeeitherachilledwatercoiloradirectexpansionrefrigerantcoil.Heatingandcoolingcoilsaresometimescombinedinasinglecoilbyprovidingseparatetubecircuitsforeachfunction.Insuchcasestheeffectisthesameashavingtwoseparatecoils.圖9-15示出了典型的空調機組通風與兩個獨立的盤管，一個用于加熱和其他的冷卻用的四管系統(tǒng)。加熱盤管可以使用熱水或電力。在冷卻盤管可以是冷凍水盤管或直接膨脹制冷劑盤管。加熱和冷卻盤管有時通過提供單獨的管電路為每個功能結合在一個單一的盤管。在這樣的情況下，效果是相同的，具有兩個獨立的盤管。CentralEquipment中央設備Thetotalcoolingloaddeterminestheinstalledrefrigerationcapacityrequired.Itisgenerallylessthanthesumoftheindividualmoduleloadssincepeakdesignloadsdonotoccurinallmodulessimultaneously.Themaximumsolarheatgainvaluesusedtoselectthefan-coilunitsoccuroneachexposureatdifferenttimesofdayoryear.Innorthernlatitudesthemaximumdesignsolarloadonthesouthexposureoccursduringthefallandwintermonthswhenthesunisloweronthehorizon.Intermittentshadingofsunlitexposuresalsoinfluenceszoneloads.總冷負荷確定需要安裝的制冷能力。它一般是小于各個模塊的負荷的總和，因為峰值設計載荷同時在所有模塊中不發(fā)生。發(fā)生在每一天或一年的不同時間暴露在選擇風機盤管的最大太陽能熱增益值的。在北緯地區(qū)朝南的太陽能電池的最大設計負荷發(fā)生在秋季和冬季，當太陽在地平線上。間歇陰影陽光照射的暴露也影響區(qū)的負荷。Thetotalheatingloaddeterminestheinstalledheatingcapacity.Sincemaximumheatingcapacitycalculationsarebasedontheabsenceofsolarload,totalheatingloadwillgenerallyequalthesumofindividualmoduleheatingloads.總加熱負載確定所安裝的加熱能力。由于在沒有太陽能電池的負載，最大加熱能力的計算是基于總的加熱負荷，一般會等于單個模塊加熱負載的總和。Whiletotalloadcalculationsmustbemadeproperlyforselectionorthecentralequipment,itisalsonecessarytodeterminehowtheseloadswillvaryoverthefullrangeofoutdoortemperaturetodeterminehowtheseloadswillvaryovertherangeofoutdoortemperaturetochecktheequipmentperformanceatpart-loadconditions.Thisloadinformationisalsovaluableindeterminingsupplywatertemperatureschedulestotheroomfan-coilunitsandwhereaircoolingortheuseorheatbalanceprinciplecanbeapplied.雖然總負載計算必須作出適當的選擇或中央設備，它也是必要的，以確定如何將這些負載會有所不同的全范圍內的室外溫度，以確定如何這些載荷將隨室外溫度范圍檢查設備在部分負荷條件下的性能。在確定供水溫度時間表的房間風機盤管和空氣冷卻或使用，或熱平衡原理可以應用于此負載信息也是有價值的。Dependingonsystemvariationsthecentralequipmentrequiredforafan-coilsystemincludessomeorallofthefollowingitems:(1)waterchillers,(2)primarywaterpumps,(3)waterheaters，（4)zonewaterpumps,(5)ventilationairheaters,（6）auxiliaryheatexchanges,(7)servicevalves,(8)controlvalvesandcontrols,(9)waterandcondensatepipingand(10)coolingtowersandhumidifiers.根據系統(tǒng)變化中央設備所需的風機盤管系統(tǒng)包括一些或所有下列事項:(1)冷水機組,(2)主水泵,(3)熱水器，(4)帶水泵,(5)通風空氣加熱器,(6)輔助熱交換,(7)服務閥,(8)控制閥門和控制,(9)水和冷凝水管道(10)冷卻塔和加濕器。UNITARYANDROOMAIRCONDITIONERS單一的房間空調Unitaryairconditioners單元式空調機Unitaryairconditioningequipmentconsistsoffactorymatchedrefrigerantcyclecomponentsforinclusioninair-conditioningsystemsthatarefielddesignedtomeettheneedsoftheuser.單元式空氣調節(jié)設備由工廠匹配的制冷劑循環(huán)的組成部分列入了空調系統(tǒng)，現場設計，以滿足用戶的使用需求。Thefollowinglistofvariationsisindicativeofthevastnumberoftypesofunitaryairconditionerspresentlyavailable.1、arrangement:singleorsplit2、heatrejection:aircooled,evaporativecondenser,watercooled3、unitexterior:decorativeforin-spaceapplication,functionalforequipmentroomandducts,weatherproofedforoutdoors4、placement:floorstandingwallmounted,ceilingsuspended5、indoorair:verticalupflow,counterflow,horizontal,90and180degreeturns,withfan,orforusewithforcedairfurnace6、locations:indoor-exposedwithplenumsorfurredinductwork,concealedinclosets,attics,crawlspaces,basements,garages,utilityrooms,orequipmentrooms;wall-builtin,window,transom;outdoor-rooftop,wallmounted,oronground7、heat:intendedforusewithupflow,horizontal,orcounterflowforcedairfurnace,combinedwithfurnace,combinedwithelectricalheat,combinedwithhotwaterorsteamcoil下面列出的變化是廣大類型的單元式空調目前的指標。

1，安排：單個或分割

2，散熱：空氣冷卻，蒸發(fā)式冷凝器，水冷卻

3，單位外部：裝飾空間的應用，設備機房和管道的功能，戶外防水

4，放置：落地式壁掛式，吊頂式

5，室內空氣：垂直上升流，逆流，水平，90和180度的轉彎，配有風扇，用于空氣強制對流

6，地點：室內需要東西隱藏管道系統(tǒng)，可以藏在壁櫥，閣樓，低矮空間，地下室，車庫，雜物間，設備間，建筑的墻里，窗，橫梁，戶外如屋頂，墻壁上，或地面

7，熱：用于使用與上流的，水平的，或逆流強制對流，與暖氣爐相結合，結合電加熱，結合用熱水或蒸汽盤管Unitaryairconditionersascontrastedascontrastedtoroomairconditionersaredesignedwithfancapabilityforductwork,althoughsomeunitsmaybeappliedwithplenums.單元式空調機對比房間空氣調節(jié)器的設計與風扇風管的能力，但也有一些單位可能會都安裝。Heatpumpsarealsoofferedinmanyofthesametypesandcapacitiesasunitaryairconditioners.熱泵也提供許多相同的類型和能力作為整體式空調。Packagedreciprocatingandcentrifugalwaterchillerscanbeconsideredasunitaryairconditionersparticularlywhenappliedwithunitary-typechilledwaterblowercoilunits.包裝的往復式和離心式冷水機組可以被認為是單元式空調機，特別是當使用了單一型的冷凍水風機盤管。Figure9-16depictsasinglepackageairconditionerwhilefig.9-17showsatypicalresidentialsplitsystem.圖9-16描繪了一個單獨整體式空調器，而圖9-17顯示了一個典型的住宅分體式系統(tǒng)空調。Thenearlyinfinitecombinationofcoilconfigurations,evaporatortemperatures,airhandlingarrangements,refrigeratingcapacities,andothervariationsthatareavailableincentralsystemsarerarelypossiblewithunitarysystems.Consequentlyinmanyrespectsahigherlevelofdisighingenuityandperformanceisrequiredtodevelopsuperiorsystemperformanceusingunitaryequipmentthanforcentralsystems.幾乎無限的組合盤管配置,蒸發(fā)器溫度、空氣處理安排,制冷能力,和其他的變化,可在中央系統(tǒng)很少有統(tǒng)一的系統(tǒng)。因此，在許多方面都需要更高層次的的智慧和性能卓越的系統(tǒng)性能比中央空調系統(tǒng)使用統(tǒng)一的設備。Theneedforzoningiswidelyrecognizedbecauseitisdesirabletogivetheoccupantsomecontroloverhisenvironmentbothduringnormaloccupancyandoutsidenormaloperatinghours.Unitaryequipmenttendstofallautomaticallyintoazonedsystemwitheachzoneservedbyitsownunit.Theroomconditionercarriesthisconcepttorelativelysmallrooms.分區(qū)的需要得到廣泛認可，最好是給住戶均在正常使用和正常工作時間以外的環(huán)境控制。單一設備趨于下降到一個分區(qū)自動系統(tǒng)與每個區(qū)由它自己的單位服務。房間空調器這個概念進行相對較小的房間。Forlargesinglespaceswherespaceswherecentralsystemsworkbesttheuseofmultipleunitsisoftenanadvantagebecauseofthemovementofloadsourceswithinthelargerspace,givingflexibilitytomanysmallerinterlockedandindependentsystem.對于大型單一空間,中央系統(tǒng)的使用通常比多個單元多一個優(yōu)勢,因為較大的空間內的運動的負載源，許多較小的互鎖和獨立的系統(tǒng)提供靈活性。Recognizingthataroommaybeassmallasatelephoneboothorlargerthanasupermarket,roomswithlessthan0.5ton(1.8kw)orover25tons(88kw)coolingloadareseldomconditionedbytheirownsingleunitinmultipleunitsystems.認識到一個房間可以小到一個電話亭或大于一個超市,房間還有不到0.5噸(1.8KW)或超過25噸(88KW)冷卻負荷很少受制于自己的單一機組在多個單元系統(tǒng)中。RoomAirConditioners房間空調Aroomairconditionerisanencasedassemblydesignedasaunitprimarilyformountinginawindow,throughawall,orasaconsole.Theseunitsaredesignedtoprovidecomfortthroughcoolingandtoprovidedeliveryofconditionedairtotheroomeitherlackingductsorhavingveryshortducts..Theyincludeaprimesourceofrefrigeration,dehumidification,meansforcirculatingandcleaningair,andmayalsoincludemeansforforventilating,andorexhaustingandheating.房間空調器是作為一個整體設計的一臺主要用于安裝在一個窗口，通過在墻上，或作為控制臺。這些單位的目的是提供舒適的冷卻，并提供冷氣的房間，要么缺乏管道或有很短的管道..他們包括制冷，除濕的主要來源，裝置，用于循環(huán)和凈化用空氣，并且還可以包括裝置，用于通風或排氣加熱。UNITARYANDAIRCONDITIONERS單一的空調Thebasicfunctionofaroomairconditioneristoprovidecomfortbycooling,dehumidifying,filteringorcleaning,andcirculatingtheroomair.Itmayalsoprovideventilationbyintroducingoutdoorairintotheroom,andbyexhaustingtheroomairtotheoutside.Theconditionermayalsobedesignedtoprovideheatingbyreversecycle(heatpump)operation,bysteamorhotwatercoils,orbyelectricresistanceelements.Figure9-18showsaschematicviewofatypicalroomairconditioner.房間空調器的基本功能是通過冷卻除濕，提供舒適，過濾或凈化室內空氣使之循環(huán)。它也可以通過引入室外空氣進入室內提供通風，并排出室內空氣到外面。空調也可以被設計為提供反循環(huán)加熱（熱泵）操作，通過蒸汽或熱水盤管。圖9-18所示為一個典型的房間空調器的示意圖。Through-The-WallConditionerSystems穿墻空調系統(tǒng)Athrough-the-wallsystemusesanair-cooledroomairconditionerdesignedformountingthroughthewallandnormallycapableofprovidingboththeheatingandcoolingfunction.Designandmanufactureparametersvarywidely.Specificationgradesrangefromappliancegradethroughheavydutycommercialgrade.Thelatteriscalledapackagedterminalairconditioner.一種通過墻系統(tǒng)采用風冷房間空調器設計為通過墻通常能夠提供加熱和冷卻功能安裝。制造參數設計有很大的不同。規(guī)范等級范圍從電器等級通過重型商用級。后者被稱為組裝式終端空調器。Thethrough-the-wallconceptincorporatesacompleteaircooledrefrigerationandairhandlingsysteminanindividualpackage,itutilizesspacenormallyoccupiedbythebuildingwallforequipmentwiththeremainderprojectinginsidetheroom.通過墻的概念包含了一個完整的風冷制冷和獨立包裝的空氣處理系統(tǒng)，它利用通常占據的建筑物墻體與其余房間內設備空間投影。Eachpackagedterminalairconditionerhasaself-contained,direct-expansioncoolingsystem,heatingcoil(electric,hotwater,orsteam),andpackagedcontrols.Figure9-19showsatypicalunit:itconsistsofacombinationwallsleeveandroomcabinet.Combinationheatingandcoolingchassis,andoutdoorlouver.每個組裝式終端空調有一個獨立的，直接膨脹制冷系統(tǒng)，加熱線圈（電，熱水，或蒸汽），和包裝控制。圖9-19顯示了一個典型的單位：它由一個組合墻套管和內閣室。組合的加熱和冷卻的底盤，室外百葉窗。Theinitialcostofthethrough-the-wallsystemofairconditioninginthemultiroomapplicationsforwhichitmostadvantageousisconsiderablylessthancentralsystemsadapatedtoprovidesimultaneousfunctionsofeitherheatingorcoolingineachroomundercontroloftheroomoccupants.Withathrough-the-wallsystemofheatingandairconditioning,considerablespaceissavedbyeliminatingbothductworkandequipmentrooms.初始投資成本，通過墻式空調系統(tǒng)，在多房間應用，同時提供功能的加熱或冷卻的每間客房的房間居住者的控制下。隨著通過墻式供暖和空調系統(tǒng)，大量的節(jié)約了空間，消除管道和設備占用房間空間。Thethrough-the-wallsystemislimitedtomultizonesystemsandgenerallycannotbeusedeconomicallyinlargespacesrequiringmorethanthreeunitsperzone.However,wherethepackagedterminalair-conditionersystemiscoordinatedwithawell-designedcoresystem,itcanbeeconomicallyusedforlargeofficeareaswhileallowingformaximumflexibilityinmovingpartitions.limitationofthrough-the-wallunitsismorelikelytobegovernedbytheabilityoftheunittothrowtheairacrosstheroom.通過墻上的系統(tǒng)僅限于多層的系統(tǒng)，一般不能用在很大的空間，需要超過三個單元區(qū)。然而,組裝式終端空調系統(tǒng)是配合一個精心設計的核心系統(tǒng),它可以用于大型辦公區(qū)域，同時允許最大的靈活性在移動分區(qū)。限制通過墻上的單位更可能是由單位的能力把空氣穿過房間。Through-the-wallsystemsarebestappliedinmultizoneapplications.Thetypesofbuildingsinwhichthesystemismostgenerallyappliedareasfollows:high-riseofficebuildingsHigh-risemotelsandhotelsHigh-riseapartmentsanddormitoriesSchoolsandothereducationalbuildingsHospitalsandnursinghomes穿過系統(tǒng)應用于多層是最好的。這個類型的建筑中,最普遍應用的系統(tǒng)如下:1、高層辦公樓2、高層汽車旅館和酒店3、高層公寓和宿舍4、學校和其他教育建筑5、醫(yī)院和療養(yǎng)院HEATPUMPSYSTEMS熱泵系統(tǒng)Inadditiontothehigh-risebuildingsthesystemlendsitselfwelltosmalltonnageapplicationsandlow-risebuildingsinthesamemarketcategoriesasinhigh-risebuildings.除了高層建筑系統(tǒng)非常適用于小噸位的應用程序和低層建筑在同一市場類別如高層建筑。Thissystemisalsoapplicableforrenovationofexistingbuildingsbecauseallorpartoftheexistingheatingsystemcanstillbeutilized.Thereislessdisruptionandconstruction-forcedsacrificeofrentablespacethanwithalternativesystems.Theresultisanautomaticallycontrolledheatingsystemandacompletelyself-containedcoolingsystemwithpressureventilationair.該系統(tǒng)也適用于對現有建筑的改造,因為所有或部分現有供熱系統(tǒng)仍然可以被利用。有更少的破壞和建設被迫犧牲的可出租的空間比替代系統(tǒng)。結果是一個自動控制加熱系統(tǒng)和一個完全獨立的冷卻系統(tǒng)壓力通風空氣。HEATPUMPSYSTEMS熱泵系統(tǒng)Thetermheatpumpasappliedtoyear-roundair-conditioningsystemscommonlydenotesasysteminwhichrefrigerationequipmentisusedinsuchamannerthatistakenfromaheatsourceandgivenuptotheconditionedspacewhenheatingserviceiswantedandisremovedfromthespaceanddischargedtoaheatsinkwhencoolinganddehumidificationaredesired.Thethermalcycleisidenticalwiththatofordinaryrefrigeration,buttheapplicationisequallyconcernedwiththecoolingeffectproducedattheevapratorandtheheatingeffectproducedatthecondenser.Insomeapplicationsboththeheatingandcoolingeffectsobtainedinthecycleareutilized.該術語適用于全年空調熱泵系統(tǒng)通常是指一個系統(tǒng)中，制冷設備是用這樣一種方式，是從一個熱源和放棄空調空間加熱時的服務是要從空間被排放到一個散熱器的冷卻和除濕要求時。熱循環(huán)與普通制冷是相同的，但應用同樣的關注與冷卻效果的產生的熱效應在冷凝器產生。在循環(huán)得到的加熱和冷卻的影響中的一些應用。Unitaryheatpumps(asopposedtoappliedheatpumps)areshippedfromthefactoryasacompletepreassembledunitincludinginternalwiring,controls,andpiping.Onlytheductwork,externalpowerwiring,andcondensatepipingarerequiredtocompletetheinstallation.Forthesplitunititisalsonecessarytoconnecttherefrigerantpipingbetweentheindoorandoutdoorsections.Inappearanceanddimensions,casingsofunitaryheatpumpscloselyresemblethoseofconventionalair-conditioningunitshavingequalcapacity.整體式的泵（反對應用熱泵）運到工廠作為一個完整的預裝配單元，包括內部布線，控制和管道。只有管道，外接電源線，和凝析油管道需要完成安裝。對于分割單元，它也有必要的室內和室外部分之間的制冷劑配管連接。在外觀和尺寸，整體式泵的外殼非常類似于傳統(tǒng)的空調機組具有相同的能力。Capacitiesofunitaryheatpumpsrangefromabout1.5to25tonsor5to90kwalthoughthereisnospecificlimitation.Thisequipmentisalmostuniversallyusedinresidentialandthesmallercommercialandindustrialinstallations.Themultiunittypeofinstallationwithanumberofindividualunitsof2to20tonsor7to70kwofcoolingcapacityisparticularlyadvantageoustoobtainzoningandtoprovidesimultaneousheatingandcooling.Itmayalsobeusedforheatreclaimingtoconserveenergybyconnectingtheunitstoacommonwatercircuit.整體式熱泵的范圍從1.5到25噸或590kW能力雖然沒有具體的限制。本設備是幾乎普遍用于住宅和小型商業(yè)和工業(yè)設施。與許多個別單位的2安裝到20噸或7的冷卻容量70kW復合型獲得分區(qū)特別有利，同時提供加熱和冷卻。它也可以用于熱回收的連接單元常見的水電路節(jié)省能源。Largecentralheatpumpsofmoderndesignwithinthecapacityrangeofabout30to100horsepoweror20to750kwofcompressor-motorratingarenowoperatinginasubstantialnumberofbuildings.Asingleorcentralsystemisgenerallyusedthroughoutthebuildingbutinsomeinstancesthetotalcapacityisdividedamongseveralseparateheatpumpsystemstofacilitatezoning.大型中央熱泵的現代設計在約30到100馬力或20到750千瓦的壓縮機電機額定容量的范圍內工作。一個單一的或中央系統(tǒng)一般用于整個建筑但，在某些情況下，總容量分為幾個獨立的熱泵系統(tǒng)在促進分區(qū)。HeatPumpTypes熱泵的類型Theair-to-airheatpumpisthemostcommontype.Itisparticularlysuitableforfactory-builtunitaryheatpumpsandhasbeenwidelyusedforresidentialandcommercialapplications.ThefirstdiagraminTable9-1istypicaloftherefrigerationcircuitemployed.空氣熱泵是最常見的類型。它特別適合于工廠，建立單一熱泵被廣泛用于住宅和商業(yè)應用。表9-1圖一是典型的制冷電路。Inair-to-airheatpumpsystems,asshownintheseconddiagramofTable9-1,theaircircuitsmaybeinterchangedbymeansofdampers(motordrivenormanuallyoperated)toobtaineitherheatedorcooledairfortheconditionedspace.Withthissystemoneheatexchangercoilisalwaystheevaporatorandtheotherisalwaysthecondenser.Theconditionedairwillpassovertheevaporatorduringthecoolingcycleandtheoutdoorairwillpassoverthecondenser.Thechangeformcoolingtoheatingisaccomplishedbypositioningthedampers.在空氣-空氣的熱泵系統(tǒng)中，如在表9-1中的第二圖所示，空氣回路可能互換裝置，阻尼器（電動或手動操作），得到任一加熱或冷卻的空氣的空調空間。有了這個系統(tǒng)的一個熱交換器盤管始終是蒸發(fā)器，另一種始終是冷凝器?？照{空氣將通過在冷卻循環(huán)期間蒸發(fā)器和室外空氣將傳過來的冷凝器。冷卻至加熱的變化形式是通過定位阻尼器實現。Awater-to-airheatpumpuseswaterasaheatsourceandsinkandusesairtotransmitheattoorfromtheconditionedspace.水-空氣熱泵使用水作為熱源，采用空氣傳熱或空調空間。Air-to-airheatpumpsarecommonlyusedinlargebuildingswherezonecontrolisnecessaryandarealsosometimesemployedfortheproductionofhotorcoldwaterinindustrialapplicationsasheatreclaiming.空氣熱泵常用在大型建筑，區(qū)位的控制是必要的，有時也用于熱或冷的，在工業(yè)中應用在熱水再生生產。Earth-to-airheatpumpsmayemploydirectexpansionoftherefrigerantinanembeddedcoilasillustratedinTable9-1ortheymaybeofindirecttypedescribedunderthewater-to-airtype.地球到空氣中的熱量泵可以采用如在表9-1中示出一個嵌入的盤管中的制冷劑，或者它們可以是間接的所述類型下的水-空氣型的直接膨脹。Awater-to-waterheatpumpuseswaterastheheatsourceandsinkforbothcoolingandheatingoperation.Heating-coolingchangeovermaybeaccomplishedintherefrigerantcircuit,butinmanycasesitismoreconvenienttoperformtheswitchinginthewatercircuitsasillustratedinTable9-1.一個水-水熱泵使用水作為熱源和散熱器的冷卻和加熱操作。加熱和冷卻的轉換可以在制冷劑回路來完成的，但在許多情況下，它是執(zhí)行切換在水電路如表9-1說明更方便。Internalsourceheatpumpsutilizethehighinternalcoolingloadgeneratedinmodernbuildingseitherdirectlyorwithstorage.內部源熱泵利用內部產生的冷卻負荷在現代建筑中，無論是直接或存儲。OthertypesofheatpumpsinadditiontothoselistedinTable9-1arepossible.Oneexampleutilizessolarenergyasasourceofheat:itsrefrigerantcircuitmayresemblethewater-to-air,air-ti-air,orothertypesdependingontheformofsolarcollectorandthemeansofheatingandcoolingdistributionemployed.其他類型的除表9-1列出熱泵是可能的。一個例子是利用太陽能作為熱源：其制冷劑回路可能類似于水的空氣，空氣鈦空氣，或其他不同類型的太陽能集熱器、加熱方式和冷卻分布采用。Anothervariationistheuseofmorethanoneheatsource.Someheatpumpsutilizeairastheprimaryheatsourcebutarechangedovertoextractfromwater(e.g,fromawellorstoragetank)duringperiodsofinsufficientsunshine.另一個變化是使用不止一個熱源。在陽光不足的情況下，一些熱泵利用空氣作為主要熱源卻已從水中提取(例如，從水井或儲罐)。Outdoorairoffersauniversalheat-source,heat-sinkmediumfortheheatpump.Extended-surface,forced-convectionheattransfercoilsarenormallyemployedtotransfertheheatbetweentheairandtherefrigerant.室外空氣為熱泵的熱源，散熱片介質提供是一個通用