轉(zhuǎn)速測(cè)試器的設(shè)計(jì)與制造-中英文翻譯

西安工程大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（譯文）DesigningtheTestingandControllingInstrumentofthePhotoelectricRotatingSpeedSensorBasedonAT89C52Abstract-Aimingatthenecessityofperformancetestofphotoelectricrotatingspeedsensorandthelimitationoftraditionaltestinginstruments,byusingdual-processormodularstructureofAT89C52,anewtestinginstrumentisdesignedanddeveloped,whichisagenerationofadvancedinstrumentwithpracticalhighperformanceandhighreliability.Thephotoelectricrotatingspeedsensorisdrivenandtestedbytheinstrument.Thedriveandtestofthephotoelectricrotatingspeedsensorarcimplemented.Thehardwaredesignofdriveandtestcircusitmoduleintestingandcontrollinginstrumentareintroduced,andthesoftwaredesignisalsopresentedbydriveandtestcircuitproceduresofstepmotor.Thepracticalrunningindicatesthedevelopedtestingandcontrollinginstrumentimprovesworkingefficiencyandtestingobjectivereality,ithasdefinitelypracticalvalue.Keywords:Pulse;Sensor;Microprocessor;Stepmotor1IntroductionTQG15locomotivethePhotoelectricRotatingSpeedSensorsusedfordetectingthespeedofRailwaylocomotivevehiclewheel,itprovideselectricpulsesignalforlocomotiveelectriccontrolsystem,andisoneofthemainparametersofthelocomotivesafety,reliability,normalwork.ToensuretheTQG15locomotivephotoelectricrotationalspeedsensorqualityandperformance.Thetestisveryimportant.Thetraditionaldetectiondevicesarebasedonmanualoperation,onlyafewlimitedperformanceindicatorsofdetection,thereisahighprecisionandproductivitylowdisadvantages.Withthecontinuousdevelopmentofelectronictechnology,especiallytheSingle-chiptechnologyinintelligentinstrumentwidelyapplication,developmentanewgenerationofhighperformanceandpracticalthetestingandcontrollinginstrumentofthephotoelectricsensorisimperative.2TQG15locomotivethePhotoelectricRotatingSpeedSensor2.1StructureandworkingprincipleTQG15locomotivethePhotoelectricRotatingSpeedSensorconsistsoffulcrumbearinginstitutions、rotationshaftanduniversalunitedshaftdriving、optoelectronicconversioncircuitOptoelectronicconversioncircuit’sthecoreissmallcircuitboardswhichconsistsofgratingplateandphotosensitivetransistor,gratingplatefixedinthehingeshaftends,throughseven-corecabletoconnectasmallcircuitboardandtheexternalcircuit,Seven-corecableisdividedintotwogroupsAandB,eachgrouphasthreelines,twoofthelinestoadd15VDCpower,otheroutputpulsesignals.AfterTQG15locomotivethePhotoelectricRotatingSpeedSensorconnectedto15Vpowersupply,usinglight-emittingdiodes(leds)asthelightsource,gratingplaterotatingdrivenbythewheelshaft,becausetheblockingeffectofgratingplate，thusthelightsourcebecomesintermittentlight,thenleadthelightinterruptersphotosensitivetransistorswitchinterchangeablytoproducethepulsesignals,throughthemagnifyingcircuitreshaping,outputsquare-wavepulsethatitandspeedisproportional,inordertomeettheelectricalcontrolsystemoflocomotiveworkneeds.2.2PerformanceindexandtestcontenttheTestingandControllingInstrumentrequiredperformanceindexfor:Dcworkingpower:(15土15%)V,powerdissipationcurrentlessthan:50mA,outputpulseamplitude(Whentheloadresistoris3kH)：high-level>9V,low-level<2V,phaseposition：90。土50%，rotationalspeedrange：0?1000r/min,thenumberofpulsespercirclc:200,thedutyfactorofoutputpulse:(50土20)%.theTestingandControllingInstrumentrequiredtestparametersfor:rotationalspeed、pulsenumber、Thelowesthigh-level、Thehighestlow-levelandthedutyfactorofpulse.3TheTestingandControllingInstrument’shardwaredesignTheAT89C52isalow-power,high-performanceCMOS8-bitmicrocontrollerwith8Kbytesofin-systcmprogrammableFlashmemoryand256bytesofRAM,thedevelopmentofinstrumentchosenAT89C52microcontroller.Accordingtotheworkprincipleofphotoclcctricsensor,themainperformanceindexesandtestcontent,theTestingandControllingInstrument’sgeneralprinciplestructureschematicinstrumentisshowninfigure1Fig.1HardwarestructureofmeasuringandcontrollinginstrumentItsworkingprocess:throughthekeyboardofinitializationandfunctionaftersetting,thenexecuteAT89C52applications,outputpulsesignal,drivesteppemotorandphotoelectricsensorsrotate,throughthesignalcircuitandA/Dconverter,thenphotoelectricsensoroutputpulsesignalsintodigitalsignals,intotheAT89C52microcontroller,afterdataprocessing,sendtomonitorandmicroprinteroutput.Stepmotorliftingspeedcontrolneedtwotimerinterrupthandling;Althoughphotoelectricspeedsensorpulsesignaltestcontentcanbeastep-by-stepprocess,butintestingdutyfactor、whentwochannel'sphasedifferenceisequal,allneedtwotimers.ButAT89C52Chipcanonlyprovidethreetimer/counter,theAT89C52singleresourcesarenotqualifiedforthetestingandcontrollinginstrument’sjob.Besides,inordertosimplifytheoperationofthetestingandcontrollinginstrumentanduse,thetestingandcontrollinginstrumentadoptsthedualstructureofAT89C52microprocessor,therefore,thetestingandcontrollinginstrumentofthephotoelectricrotatingspeedsensordividedintodrivecircuitandsignalmeasuringcircuittwofunctionalmodules.3.1DrivingcircuitmoduledesignInordertodrivephotoelectricsensorsrotateandeasilyadjustitsspeed,youneedtoselectsuitableforthesystemcharacteristicsandapplicationsofmotor,asthephotoelectricrotatingspeedsensor’spowerplant.sepmotorhasfourcharacters:①Stepangleandspeedsizeonlyandproportionaltothepulsefrequency;②Bychangingthesizeofthepulsefrequencyrangecanadjustmotorspeed;③Toachievequickstart-up,brake,inversion;④Highcontrolaccuracyandreliableoperation.Stepmotorcharacteristicsofthesefouraspects,applicabletothesystem,therefore,inthetestapparatus-drivenpartoftheselectionofthesteppermotorasapowerplant.Stepmotorisatypeofelectricpulseintoangulardisplacementofmotor,thepowertodrivebyspecialoffersaseriesofsteppingmotorwithcertainregularityofelectricalsignals,eachinputanelectricalpulse,itfurtherbeforesteppingmotor,itsangularandpulseproportionaltothenumberof,motorspeedproportionaltothepulsefrequency,rotatingspeedandrotatingdirectionareconnectedwitheachphasewindings’wayofelectricity[l].UseAT89C52MCUphotoelectricspeedsensordrivecircuitmodule，outputthedesiredfrequencypulsesignals,accordingtothefunctionrequirementofdrivecircuitandtheprincipleofsteppingmotor,thetestingandcontrollinginstrumentdrivermodulehardwareprincipleasshowninFigure2:Fig-2StructureschematicofdrivermoduleInFigure2forthesteppermotorspeedgradingcontrol.InAT89C52microcontrollerPIportpinaccesscontrol300,500,700and900fourspeed(r/min)workinthepress.TakeadvantageofsomeoftheP2portpindrivelight-emittingdiode,indicatesthecurrentstepmotorspeedsegment.While,P2.0tubefeetoutputsteppingmotorrequiredpulsesignal,controlsteppermotorswork.Besides,P1.6andP1.7pinusedtoimplementthedrivecircuitandtestcircuitofsimplecommunication,namelysteppermotorworkneededtospeed,takeadvantageofP1.6controltestcircuitryfortesting，whilethetestiscompleted,withP1.7controlsteppermotorcanworktothenextfile.3.2TestcircuitmoduledesignAccordingtothephotoelectricsensoroutputspeedclcctricpulsesignalcharacteristicsandtherequiredtestparameters,thetestingandcontrollinginstrumentofmeasurementcircuitmodulehardwareconfigurationasshowninFigure3Fig.3StructureschematicoftestcircuitFigure3themeasuringcircuitconsistsoffourparts:①Signalconditioningandacquisitioncircuit,thephotoelectricspeedsensor15VsquarewavesignalconvertingcanreceivetheCMOSAT89C52level,usedtomeasurephotoelectricsensor`sthenumberofpulses,pulsedutycycleandphaseparameters.Besides,usinghigh-performanceADCAD574Aachievepulsesignalhigh-lowamplitudemeasurement;②Switchcontrolcircuit,takeadvantageoftheP1portselectionthroughA,Bchannelpulsesignals;meetAandBchannelpulsesignaltestingwork;③TheI/Ocircuit,oneistousethekeyboardinputcircuitoftherelevantinformationaboutrealizingfunctionkeysofinitializationanddifferenttestcontent,thesecondistousetheLCDdisplaytheworkofthetestinstrumentintime,threeistheuseofmicro-printertoprintthetestresultsarchive.④SCMAT89C52,AT89C52isthecoreofthetestcircuit，toachievecoordinationofdatainput,output,operationandprocessing.4SoftwaredesignThesoftwaredesignbasedonthesystemfunction,performance,anduserrequirements,andadoptmodularizedstructureand”top-down”approachtodesignjob.Toimprovetheworkefficiency,run-timeminimizingmanualinterventionandaction,while,systeminitializationworkstatusonlineadjustable,intuitivedisplay,accordingtothetestingandcontrollinginstrumenthardwarestructurelayoutandfunctionalityrequirements,softwaredesigncontentmainlyincludesthestepmotordriverandsignaltestingtwobasicmodules,thefollowingisadescription.4.1StepmotordriverdevelopmentPhotoelectricsensorperformanceparametersofthetest,needamulti-levelspeeddrivenbyitsoutputsignalofelectricalimpulsesalongwithanyexceptionstothoseconditionstest.SteppingmotorspeedistheuseofmultistageAT89C52applicationsystem,bychangingthefrequencyofdrivenpulsetoimplementation,inadditionthereisalimittostartsteppingmotorandthefrequencyandmaximumworkingfrequency,thatis,theaccelerationanddecelerationexcessiveexist-problem,indevisingtheircontrolprogramistogivefullconsideration[2]AsshowninFigure4isinaccordancewiththerequirementsforthedesignofdrivingpartofthemainmoduleflowchart.Fig-4FlowchartofmaincontrolprogramforstepmotorWhendevelopingasteppermotordriver,youshouldalsodealwiththreeissues:first,ontheworkoftheStateflagofmotorplanningandapplication;thesecondisthesteppermotoraccelerationanddecelerationofdiscretetrancheandthecorrespondencebetweentheoperatingfrequency;thethirdisdeterminedbypulsefrequencyistheSCMtimerinterruptoutput,buttheinitialtimerinterruptresponseandthereisanadditionaldelayofMount,theprogramperformsprocessingnecessary[2].4.2SoftwaredevelopmentoftestingmodulesTestmodulesofsoftwareintothemonitoringprogramandtheinterruptserviceprogram,whereeachpartconsistsofanumberoffunctionalmodules.Monitormainlyincludesinitializationmodules,self-diagnosticsandtestmodule,displaymoduleandkeyscanningandprocessingmodule;interruptserviceprogrammainlyconsistsofA/Dconversion,dataread,timer,andclockhandlingfunctionmodule.Dependingonthetestcircuitfunctionalrequirements,whichmonitortheoverallprocessasshowninFigure5.Variousmonitoringmoduleofkeyfeaturesare:initializemoduleisusedtoinitializetheextensioninterface,internalRAMandSFR(specialfunctionregister)andworkstatusflag;testanddiagnosticmodule,usedtocheckthedatainputandoutputchannels,DACanddisplayhardwarecircuitisfunctional;displaymodule,usedtodisplaythetestworkparametersandtheworkoftheState;keyscanningandprocessingmodule,completekeyrecognitionandexecutionofthefunction,eachkeytosettheflags.Themainfunctionkeysandfunctionkeysforlotnumberisusedtosetthetestbatch;datekeyisusedtosetthetestdaychannelkeytogglestheA/Btestpulseoutputchannel;keysarcusedtoperformthetestingcapabilities;printkeycontrolminiatureprinteroutputtestreports.Fig.5FlowchartofmonitoringprogramDependingonthesystemneeds,pulsemoreperformanceindicatorsofmeasurement,isinthemaintestkeycontrolforitemizedtesting,testmoduletoprocessasshowninFigure6.Totesttheimplementationrequiresthecombinationofappropriatesubmodules,theinterruptserviceprogramandhardwarewiring.Fig.6OperationalflowchartoftestingmoduleTestmethodformainparameters:itsanumberofmeasurement,pulse,qualifiedgratingspareshouldopenwith200tanks,accordingtothesteppermotorspeed,youcandetermineadesiredtime,scheduledcounttotal;Secondly,thepulseofhighandlowlevelmeasurement,belongtotheanalogtest,theuseofpulseofrisingandfallingedgeastheinterruptflag，withA/Dconverter,convertstheanalogvoltagedigital;itsthree,dutycyclemeasurement,pulseinputtotheexternalinterruptinterface,withitsrisingandfallingedgecontroltwotimerstartandstop;fourth,twochannelphasedifferencemeasurement,inthephasedifferencefunctionkeysunderthecontrolofthecompleteswitchaboutwiring,makesA,Bchannelpulsesignalreceivedtwoexternalinterruptport，andthenuseatimertodetermineitslatency,combinedwithpulsesignalcyclecandeterminethephasedifferencebetweenthetwo.5conclusionThedevelopmentoftheTestingandControllingInstrumentofthePhotoelectricRotatingSpeedSensorwithdualmicroprocessorarchitecture,inthesystem'shardwareandsoftware,bothintermsofstructure,itscontroloperationssimpleandpractical,workperformanceandhighreliability.Theactualrunningshowsthatthedesignoftheinstrumenthashighutilityvalue.基于AT89C52的機(jī)車(chē)光電轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器測(cè)控儀設(shè)計(jì)摘要:針對(duì)光電轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器性能指標(biāo)測(cè)試的必要性和傳統(tǒng)測(cè)試儀的局限性，引入AT89C52雙微處理器模塊結(jié)構(gòu),設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)發(fā)出先進(jìn)而實(shí)的高性能、商可靠性的新一代光電轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器測(cè)控儀，實(shí)現(xiàn)光電轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器的驅(qū)動(dòng)和測(cè)試工作。介紹測(cè)控儀驅(qū)動(dòng)電路、測(cè)試電路模塊的硬件設(shè)計(jì);并通過(guò)步進(jìn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)程序和測(cè)試電路程序介紹軟件設(shè)計(jì)工作。實(shí)際運(yùn)行表明,所開(kāi)發(fā)的測(cè)控儀提升了工作效率和測(cè)試的客觀性,具有一定的實(shí)用價(jià)值。關(guān)鍵詞:脈沖;傳感器;微處理器;步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)1引言TQG15機(jī)車(chē)光電轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器是用于檢測(cè)鐵路機(jī)車(chē)車(chē)輛車(chē)輪轉(zhuǎn)速的光電式轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器,為機(jī)車(chē)電氣控制系統(tǒng)提供電脈沖信號(hào),是機(jī)車(chē)安全、付靠、正常工作的主要參數(shù)之一。為保證TQG15機(jī)車(chē)光電轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器的質(zhì)景和性能,其檢測(cè)工作至關(guān)重要。傳統(tǒng)的檢測(cè)裝置基于手工操作，只能進(jìn)行幾個(gè)有限性能指標(biāo)的檢測(cè)，存在精度不高和工作效率低等缺點(diǎn)。隨著電子技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展，尤其是單片機(jī)技術(shù)在智能儀器儀表中的廣泛應(yīng)用，開(kāi)發(fā)新一代高性能而實(shí)用的光電傳感器測(cè)控儀勢(shì)在必行。2TQG15機(jī)車(chē)光電轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器2.1結(jié)構(gòu)和工作原理TQG15機(jī)車(chē)光電轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器由支承機(jī)構(gòu)、轉(zhuǎn)軸及萬(wàn)向聯(lián)軸傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)、光電轉(zhuǎn)換電路系統(tǒng)三部分組成。光電轉(zhuǎn)換電路的核心是光柵盤(pán)和光敏二極管組成的小電路板，光柵盤(pán)固定在轉(zhuǎn)軸軸伸端部,通過(guò)七芯電纜連接小電路板和外接電路，七芯電纜分為A、B兩組,每組三根引線，其中兩根引線用于接15V直流電源;另一根用于輸出脈沖信號(hào)。 TQG15機(jī)車(chē)光電轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器接上15V電源后，利用發(fā)光二極管作為光源,光柵盤(pán)在車(chē)輪轉(zhuǎn)軸的帶動(dòng)下而旋轉(zhuǎn)，由于光柵盤(pán)的遮擋作用，從而使光源變?yōu)閿嗬m(xù)光,致使光斷續(xù)器中的光敏三極管通、斷交替切換而產(chǎn)生脈沖信號(hào)，經(jīng)過(guò)電路的放大整形后，輸出與轉(zhuǎn)速成比例的方波脈沖列，以滿足機(jī)車(chē)電氣控制系統(tǒng)的工作需要。2.2性能指標(biāo)及測(cè)試內(nèi)容測(cè)控儀所所需的性能指標(biāo)為:工作直流電源：（15±15%)V，功耗電流小于50mA，輸出脈沖幅值(負(fù)載電阻3kmΩ時(shí)）：高電平≥29V,低電平≤2V，相位差：90°±50%,轉(zhuǎn)速范圍:0?1000r/min,每圈的脈沖數(shù):200，輸出方波波形占空比：（50±20)%。測(cè)控儀所需的測(cè)試參數(shù)為:轉(zhuǎn)速、脈沖數(shù)、脈沖最低高電平、脈沖最高低電平和脈沖占空比。3測(cè)控儀硬件設(shè)計(jì)AT89C52是一種低功耗、高性能、CMOS型微處理器,片內(nèi)含有8k的可反復(fù)擦寫(xiě)的只讀程序存儲(chǔ)器和256B的RAM,所開(kāi)發(fā)的測(cè)控儀選用AT89C52單片機(jī)。根據(jù)光電傳感器的工作原理、主要性能指標(biāo)和測(cè)試內(nèi)容,測(cè)控儀總體原理結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖如圖1所示。圖1測(cè)控儀總體原理解構(gòu)其工作過(guò)程為:通過(guò)鍵盤(pán)對(duì)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行初始化和功能設(shè)置后,執(zhí)行AT89C52中的應(yīng)用程序，輸出脈沖信號(hào)，驅(qū)動(dòng)步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)及光電傳感器旋轉(zhuǎn),通過(guò)信號(hào)調(diào)理電路和A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器，把光電傳感器所輸出的脈沖信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換為數(shù)字信號(hào),送入AT89C52單片機(jī)，數(shù)據(jù)處理后,送顯示器和微型打印機(jī)輸出。步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)升降速控制需要兩級(jí)定時(shí)器中斷處理:盡管光電轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器脈沖信號(hào)的測(cè)試內(nèi)容可進(jìn)行分步處理，但在測(cè)試占空比、兩通道的相位差等參數(shù)時(shí),都需要兩個(gè)定時(shí)器配合。而AT89C52片內(nèi)只能提供三個(gè)定時(shí)/計(jì)數(shù)器，單一AT89C52的資源無(wú)法勝任測(cè)控儀的工作。另外,為了簡(jiǎn)化測(cè)控儀的操作和使用，本測(cè)控儀采用了雙AT89C52微處理器的結(jié)構(gòu)形式，因此,光電轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器測(cè)控儀分為驅(qū)動(dòng)電路和信號(hào)測(cè)試電路兩大功能模塊。3.1驅(qū)動(dòng)電路模塊設(shè)計(jì)為了驅(qū)動(dòng)光電傳感器旋轉(zhuǎn)，并能方便地調(diào)整其轉(zhuǎn)速，需要選擇適合于本系統(tǒng)特點(diǎn)和應(yīng)用的電動(dòng)機(jī),作為光電轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器的動(dòng)力裝置。步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)具有四個(gè)特點(diǎn):①步距角和轉(zhuǎn)速大小僅與脈沖頻率成正比;②通過(guò)改變脈沖頻率的大小可大范圍地調(diào)節(jié)電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速；③能實(shí)現(xiàn)快速起動(dòng)、制動(dòng)、反轉(zhuǎn):④控制精度高,運(yùn)行可靠。步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)這四個(gè)方面的特點(diǎn)，適用于本系統(tǒng)，所以在測(cè)試儀的驅(qū)動(dòng)部分選用步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)作為動(dòng)力裝置。步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)是一種把電脈沖轉(zhuǎn)換成角位移的電動(dòng)機(jī)。由專用的驅(qū)動(dòng)電源向步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)提供一系列具有一定規(guī)律的電脈沖信號(hào),每輸入一個(gè)電脈沖,步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)就前進(jìn)一步，其角位移與脈沖數(shù)成正比，電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速與脈沖頻率成正比，轉(zhuǎn)速和轉(zhuǎn)向與各相繞組的通電方式有關(guān)[1]。利用AT89C52單片機(jī)構(gòu)成光電轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器的驅(qū)動(dòng)電路模塊,輸出所需頻率的脈沖信號(hào)。根據(jù)驅(qū)動(dòng)電路的功能要求和步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)的工作原理，測(cè)控儀驅(qū)動(dòng)電路的模塊硬件原理如圖2所示。圖2驅(qū)動(dòng)電路模塊結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖在圖2中為了對(duì)步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速實(shí)行分級(jí)控制，在AT89C52單片機(jī)P1端口的管腳接入控制300、500、700和900四級(jí)轉(zhuǎn)速(r/min)I:作的按鍵。利用P2端口的部分管腳驅(qū)動(dòng)發(fā)光二極管,指示步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)的當(dāng)前轉(zhuǎn)速工作段。同時(shí)，P2.0管腳輸出步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)所需脈沖信號(hào),控制步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)工作。另外，P1.6和P1.7管腳用于實(shí)現(xiàn)驅(qū)動(dòng)電路和測(cè)試電路的簡(jiǎn)單通信功能,即步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)工作到所需轉(zhuǎn)速后,利用P1.6控