論述建筑節(jié)能設(shè)計的問題和措施 節(jié)能建筑論文建筑節(jié)能減排論文

建筑節(jié)能設(shè)計的問題和措施能設(shè)計存于的問題進(jìn)行探討和交流，分析了我市的節(jié)能設(shè)計中主要存于的問題，且結(jié)合多年設(shè)計實踐經(jīng)驗提出了幾點節(jié)能措施。詞建筑設(shè)計；節(jié)能；措施建筑的節(jié)能和低碳注定成為繞不開的話題。低碳建筑已逐漸成為國際建筑界的主流趨勢。于我國二氧化碳排放中有40%來自于建筑，建筑業(yè)仍是占地大戶，僅以住宅面積為例，我國城鎮(zhèn)和村鎮(zhèn)住房面積2008年底達(dá)到530多億㎡，我國要實現(xiàn)節(jié)能作為，至少是半句空話。于我國能耗結(jié)構(gòu)中，建筑能耗占社會總億元，單位建筑面積能耗比世界頭號耗能大國美國2004年平均水平多出30%之上。樓宇建15%左右，建筑空間很大。1建筑設(shè)計中的問題1）部分建筑節(jié)能不合理。對于我市的住宅小區(qū)，由于空調(diào)的啟停和人的活動密切關(guān)聯(lián)，這是住宅節(jié)能的主要問題。住宅小區(qū)最突出的問題是主導(dǎo)風(fēng)向進(jìn)行小區(qū)的自然通風(fēng)模擬，且根據(jù)結(jié)果進(jìn)的部分建筑自然通風(fēng)不良的且不少見。建筑單體的設(shè)計大面積的窗戶，而開啟部分的面積卻很小。由流通不暢，很多時間需要開空調(diào)，室內(nèi)空氣質(zhì)量差，不僅增大能耗，開空調(diào)的時間能夠大大減少，空調(diào)的能耗也會大大然也就好了。所以，小區(qū)的規(guī)劃和建筑自我市的許多小區(qū)設(shè)計中或單體設(shè)計中被嚴(yán)重疏忽的地方。同時，許多建筑于建建筑師對其進(jìn)行過必要的節(jié)能設(shè)計，對建筑的布局、朝向、體形、間距、組團(tuán)屋頂、地面、門窗等圍護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)造、選材、熱工指標(biāo)曾按照國家規(guī)范的要求然而，于進(jìn)行建筑采暖設(shè)計時，設(shè)計人員不按照建筑節(jié)能設(shè)計計算所得的耗熱地按非節(jié)能建筑進(jìn)行設(shè)計，或者是有考慮，但不是按設(shè)計計算結(jié)果執(zhí)行，而是險系數(shù)。結(jié)果這樣所謂的節(jié)能建筑投入使用后，和普通建筑相比于能耗上且不，或者略有節(jié)省但效果不夠明顯，即人們常說節(jié)能建筑不節(jié)能。2）建筑外遮陽不合理。隨著節(jié)能技術(shù)的推廣，建筑行業(yè)對建筑外遮陽也越來越重視。建筑到建筑物的外圍結(jié)構(gòu)，特別是防止太陽輻射穿過窗，達(dá)到節(jié)能的最終目標(biāo)。于實際設(shè)計中，設(shè)計師經(jīng)而刻意增加立面上的裝飾構(gòu)板，這些構(gòu)件由于且非從遮陽方面考慮，式作用大于實際功能。這且不符合設(shè)計的經(jīng)濟(jì)原則和節(jié)能原則。3）太陽能的利用不足。我市具有豐富的光、熱資源。但于我市的建筑設(shè)計中，充分利用太計理念尚未完全進(jìn)入設(shè)計人員的頭腦中，即便有壹初級的。同時，設(shè)計人員對新型的太陽能設(shè)施、設(shè)性能指標(biāo)及各類參數(shù)不了解、不熟悉，自然于設(shè)計時也就不會采用此類節(jié)能設(shè)備。2建筑節(jié)能措施2.1設(shè)計者必須優(yōu)化建筑位置及朝向設(shè)計需要對建筑的方位、體型、朝向進(jìn)行優(yōu)化，為充分利用自然風(fēng)、陽光同時，從方案設(shè)計開始到初步設(shè)計，工程師需要根據(jù)不斷調(diào)整的設(shè)計耗情況，計算空調(diào)和各類設(shè)備的裝機(jī)功率，比對各種影響因素，嚴(yán)格計計算結(jié)果執(zhí)行，最后提供最佳的節(jié)能設(shè)計方案。2.2建筑立面設(shè)計應(yīng)和建筑外遮陽設(shè)計相結(jié)合1）要明確各種外遮陽的適用性。建筑外遮陽的設(shè)置和太陽的位置、建筑物的朝向均有著密切的關(guān)系。于窗戶遮陽方面，實踐證明平遮陽能遮擋高度角較大、從上方入射的太陽光，適用于南向的窗戶；垂直遮陽能遮擋高度角較小、從側(cè)面斜入射的太陽光，適用于東北向、向的窗戶；綜合遮陽則綜合了水平和垂直遮陽的優(yōu)點，適用于東南向、西南向戶。此外，擋板式遮陽、簾式遮陽、百葉遮陽等方式對于窗戶遮陽均有非常好建筑采光則有壹定的影響。而對于建筑墻體和屋面的遮陽，目前較為有效的方遮陽和綠化遮陽。隨著社會經(jīng)濟(jì)水平的不斷提高，建筑遮陽技術(shù)已越來越趨向化、自動化、高效化。2）要從構(gòu)件的設(shè)計上合理處理好遮陽和隔熱的問題。傳統(tǒng)的實體構(gòu)件水平、垂直和綜合遮給外墻，而且容易構(gòu)成半開放式空間，遮陽構(gòu)件受表面?zhèn)鳠嵊煽諝鈳ё咔蚁蛏蟼鬟f，但由于其它遮陽風(fēng)的作用下通過窗戶導(dǎo)入建筑室內(nèi)，從而不利于隔上采用通透性的構(gòu)件，如金屬百葉、混凝土柵格板對室內(nèi)的影響。目前較為先進(jìn)的雙層玻璃幕墻系統(tǒng)幕墻間的空氣夾層往往是壹個可連續(xù)的整體，即垂保熱空氣能上升且?guī)ё邿崃?。因此，于遮陽?gòu)件的上要細(xì)致研究，不斷更新設(shè)計。3）要合理設(shè)置遮陽板，避免影響室內(nèi)空氣的流動速度。因為遮陽板的存于會對建筑物周圍將會大大降低。實踐證明，由于設(shè)置了遮陽板，室內(nèi)風(fēng)速會減弱22%~47%。而且，遮陽的設(shè)置方式也會對氣流產(chǎn)生不同的影響。如入室內(nèi)后會上升，不利于房間中下部的通風(fēng)。若于部的墻體流出通風(fēng)口，又或?qū)⒄陉柊逶O(shè)于高于窗頂?shù)接行У恼{(diào)節(jié)，使房間中部和下部均得到良好的通遮陽來說，由于風(fēng)向是經(jīng)常變化的，所以固定的垂置相應(yīng)的角度，而更好的方法是采用可調(diào)節(jié)的垂直板，使建筑最大限度地適應(yīng)氣候的變化。2.3要加強(qiáng)設(shè)計人員的專項學(xué)習(xí)查部門應(yīng)加大對太陽能節(jié)能設(shè)計的審查，凡屬可利用太陽能設(shè)施節(jié)能均應(yīng)建議采用，通過行政手段強(qiáng)制推行太陽能這壹我市得天獨厚的資源節(jié)能措施。3結(jié)束語個復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)工程，涉及方方面面的問題。上文所提及的三方面問題只是其中增加。本文專門把它們選出來進(jìn)行探討，正是為了集思廣益，共同探討建筑節(jié)法，于今后的設(shè)計中多研究、多嘗試、多積累、多總結(jié)，于有限的條件下將建和技術(shù)更好地結(jié)合，使建筑設(shè)計的各個方面均能體現(xiàn)節(jié)能的原則，努力創(chuàng)造低、高效率的節(jié)能建筑。TheproblemsandmeasuresofbuildingenergysavingdesignThearticlewithrespecttotheourcitybuildingenergyconservationdesignproblemstoexploreandexchange,analyzesthecity'senergy-savingdesignmainproblems,combinedwithyearsofdesignexperienceputsforwardsomeenergysavingmeasures.IntheKeywords:architecturaldesign;energysavingmeasures;Inthedevelopmentoflowcarboneconomy,energysavingandlowcarbondestinedtobenotopenaroundthetopic.Lowcarbonbuildinghasgraduallybecomethemainstreamtrendofinternationalconstructionindustry.InChina'scarbondioxideemissionsin40%fromabuilding,constructionindustryorareaoflargefamily,onlytoresidentialareaasanexample,China'surbanandruralhousingareareachedabout53000000000squaremetersbytheendof2008,ourcountryshouldrealizeenergysavingandlowcarbontarget,iftheindustryisnotas,atleasthalfempty.InChina'senergyconsumptionstructure,buildingenergyconsumptionaccountedfornearlythreeofsocialtotalenergyconsumption,accordingtothesurvey,China'sbuildingpowerconsumptionaccountedfor10%ofthetotalconsumption,energycostsover$80000000000,energyconsumptionofunitbuildingareathantheworld'slargestenergy-consumingcountrytheUnitedStatesin200430%morethantheaveragelevel.Thebuildingenergyconsumptionisthemainfield.Atpresentourcountryconstructionmaterialconsumptionaccountedforabout15%ofthetotalmaterialconsumption,buildingenergyconsumptionaccountsforabout30%ofthewholesocietyenergyconsumption.Atthesametime,China'sbuildingenergyefficiencyisonly30%indevelopedcountries,buildingenergysavingoflargespace.1problemsinthedesignof1)partofbuildingenergysavingisnotreasonable.Forthecityofresidentialairconditioning,becausethestart-stopiscloselyrelatedtohumanactivities,thisandthenorthareverydifferent,soairconditioningequipmentisnotthemainproblemofresidentialenergysaving.Residentialquartersofthemostoutstandingissueisinthestageofplanningandpreliminarydesignphase,accordingtotheprevailingwinddirectioninsummerarerarelyresidentialnaturalventilationsimulation,andaccordingtotheresultsoftheplotplan.Becauseofthelayoutofimproperpartofthebuildingnaturalventilationarenotuncommon.Singlebuildingnaturalventilationisnotwidespreadattention.Manyarchitecturalwindows,andtheopeningpartoftheareaisverysmall.Duetothelackofnaturalventilation,aircurrentnotfree,alotoftimeneedairconditioning,indoorairqualityispoor,notonlyincreasestheenergyconsumption,andbadforthehealth.Naturalventilationadmirableresidence,openairconditioningtimecanbereducedgreatly,theenergyconsumptionofairconditioningwillbegreatlyreduced.Duetolessclosedwindows,indoorairqualityisgood.Therefore,theareaofplanningandbuildingnaturalventilationdesign,andindoorthermalenvironmentandpeople'shealthiscloselyrelatedto,butalsotheimportantlinkofbuildingenergy-savingdesign,butthislinkinthecity'smanysmalldesignormonomerdesignareseriousnegligenceplace.Atthesametime,manyofthebuildingsinthedesignstage,thearchitectonthenecessaryofbuildingenergy-savingdesign,layout,orientation,shape,spacing,travelarrangementandwall,roof,floor,doorsandwindowsandotherenclosurestructure,materialselection,thermalindicatorshaveaccordingtonationalstandardrequirementswereconsidered.However,inbuildingheatingdesign,designpersonnelinaccordancewiththebuildingenergysavingdesigncalculatedheat(cold)indextodetermineheating(airconditioning)theamountofequipment,anddidnotevenconsiderbuildinghastheenergysavingmeasuresofasinthepast,stillaccordingtononenergysavingbuildingdesign,orareconsidered,butnotaccordingtothedesigncalculationresultsofexecution,buttobeexcessiveinsurancecoefficient.Theresultsofsuchso-calledenergy-savingbuildingisputintouse,differentfromordinarybuildingonenergyconsumptiondoesnotsaveorsaveslightly,buttheeffectisnotquiteapparent,thatisoftensaidthatenergysavingbuildingenergysaving.2)thesunoutsidethebuildingisnotreasonable.Withthepromotionofenergy-savingtechnology,theconstructionindustryonthesunoutsidethebuildingaremoreandmoreattention.Buildingexteriorshadingcaneffectivelypreventpartofsolarlightirradiationtotheperipheryofbuildingstructure,especiallytopreventsolarradiationthroughthewindowdirectlyintothechamber,therebyeffectivelyreducingtheindoortemperature,toachievetheendgoalofsaving.Intheactualdesign,designersofteninordertoachievetheshapeeffectanddeliberatelyincreaseonthefacadedecorationboardstructure,thesecomponentsasnotfromthesunintoconsideration,sotheformeffectisgreaterthantheactualfunction.Thisisnotconsistentwiththedesignoftheeconomyprincipleandtheenergysavingprinciple.3)theuseofsolarenergyshortage.Ourcityhasabundantlight,heatresource.Butinourarchitecturaldesign,makefulluseofsolarenergyinthenatureoflightandheatresourcesareprovidedfreeofchargedesignconcepthasnotyetbeenfullyintothemindsofthedesigners,eveniftherearesomedesignconsiderationsofsolarenergy,isalsoextremelysimpleandprimary.Atthesametime,thedesignofnovelsolarenergyfacilities,equipmentperformanceandvariousparametersdonotunderstand,notfamiliarwiththenatureinthedesign,itwouldnothaveusedsuchenergy-savingequipment.2architecturalenergysavingmeasures2.1designermustoptimizethepositionandorientationofarchitecturaldesignIntheprojectdesign,architectsneedtobuildingorientation,shape,directionoptimization,inordertomakefulluseofnaturalwind,sunandothernaturalresourcestocreatetheconditions.Atthesametime,fromprogrammedesigntothepreliminarydesign,engineersneedtoconstantlyadjustthedesignsimulationofbuildingenergyconsumptioncalculationofquantification,air-conditioningandequipmentinstalledpower,ratioofvariousinfluencingfactors,instrictaccordancewiththeresultsofthedesigncalculations,finallyprovidesthebestenergysavingdesign.The2.2elevationofthebuildingdesignshouldbecombinedwiththedesignandbuildingexternalsolarshading1)toclearallkindsofexternalsun-shadingapplicability.Buildingexteriorshadingsettingsandthepositionofthesun,buildingorientationarecloselyrelated.Thewindowshade,practicehasprovedthat:thehorizontalsunshadecapableofshieldingangleislarger,fromthetopofincidentsunlight,applicabletothesouthwindow;verticalshadingcankeeptheheightangleissmall,fromthesideoftheobliqueincidencelightfromthesun,applicabletothenortheast,northwestandnorthtothewindow;overallshadingofthelevelandverticalshadingadvantages,applicabletothesoutheast,southwestandsouthtowindows.Inaddition,thebaffletypesunshade,curtaintypesunshade,sunshadeforwindowsunshade,hasverygoodresults,butthebuildingwillhaveacertaineffect.Asforbuildingwallandroofsunshade,moreeffectivemethodisthroughthegridandgreenvisorvisor.Withthecontinuousimprovementofsocialeconomy,buildingshadingtechnologyhasmoreandmoreintelligent,automation,highefficiency.2)fromthecomponentdesignandreasonabledealwithsunshadeandheatinsulationproblems.Thetraditionalentitycomponentlevel,verticalandsunshadeandwallareconnected,theabsorbedheatwillbepasseddirectlytotheexterior,butalsoconstituteahalfopenspace,sunshadecomponentbysolarradiationtemperaturerise,apartoftheheatthroughtheheattransferfromairtopassaway,butduetoothersunshadecomponentoftheblock,butpronetoaccumulationphenomenon,undertheactionofwindthroughthewindowintotheinterior,whichisnotconducivetoheat.Thesolutionisinthehorizontalsunshadecomponentischosenasthepermeabilityofthecomponents,suchasmetallouvers,concretegridplate,sothattherisinghotaircanbeeffectivelydissipated,reducingonindooreffect.Theadvanceddoubleglasscurtainwallsystem,inordertohotairrises,thetwolayersofglasscurtainwallandtheairbetweentheinterlayerisoftenacontinuouswhole,i.e.verticalintervalsarepermeablemetalcomponents,toensurethatthehotaircanriseupandtaketheheat.Therefore,thesunshadecomponentselectiontometiculousresearch,constantlyupdateddesign.3)shouldbearrangedreasonablyvisor,avoidtheinfluenceofindoorairflow.Becauseoftheexistenceofthevisorofbuildingsaroundthepressureimpact,whentheangleanddirectionofinconsistencies,windspeedwillbereducedgreatly.Practicehasprovedthat,duetothesettingofthesunvisor,indoorweaken22%~47%.Moreover,shadesettingswillhavedifferenteffectsontheflow.Iftheentitylevelvisorisconnecteddirectlytothewindowtop,airintotheroomaftertherise,isnotconducivetotheroominthelowerpartoftheventilation.Ifthesolidplateandwallbetweentheincreasedgap,orintheupperpartofthewalloutofthevisorvent,orthesunvisorineachpositionsomedistanceabovethewindow,canmaketheairflowdirectioncanbeeffectivelyregulated,sothattheroomismiddleandlowerpartsaregoodventilation,improvingthecomfortoftheindoorenvironment.Butfortheverticalshading,asthewinddirectionchangesfrequently,sothefixedverticalvisorshouldcomplywithlocalsummerprevailingwindtosetthecorrespondingangles,andabette