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2010中考英語(yǔ)知識(shí)總結(jié)本資料為特級(jí)教師原創(chuàng)(一)形容詞和副詞
I.要點(diǎn)
A.形容詞
1、形容詞的用法
形容詞是用來(lái)修飾、描繪名詞的,通常在句中作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或賓補(bǔ),有時(shí)還可作狀語(yǔ)。如:
Heishonestandhardworking.
Ifoundthebookinteresting.
某些形容詞與定冠詞連用表示一類(lèi)人作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:
Therichandthepoorliveindifferentpartsofthecity.
TheEnglishliketobewiththeirfamilies.
多個(gè)形容詞作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞的順序:
冠詞+序數(shù)詞+基數(shù)詞+性質(zhì)狀態(tài)(描述性)+形狀大小+新舊老少+顏色+國(guó)籍+材料+名詞。如:
thesecondfiveinterestingbignewredChinesewallpapers.
2、形容詞比較等級(jí)的形式
(1)規(guī)則形式
一般說(shuō)來(lái),單音節(jié)詞及少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞在后加-er;--est來(lái)構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí);其他雙音節(jié)詞及多音節(jié)詞在前加more,most.如:
great-greater-greatest
busy-busier-busiest
important-moreimportant-(the)mostimportant
(2)不規(guī)則形式
good(well)-better-best
bad(ill)-worse-worst
many(much)-more-most
little-less-least
(3)形容詞比較等級(jí)的用法
①表示兩者的比較,用形容詞的比較級(jí)+than.如:
Heisclevererthantheotherboys.
Thisoneismorebeautifulthanthatone.
②表示兩者以上的比較,用"the+形容詞最高級(jí)(+名詞)+of(in)…"如:
Heisthecleverestboyinhisclass.
③表示兩者是同等程度,用"as+形容詞原級(jí)+as".如:
HeisastallasI.
Ihaveasmanybooksasyou.
④越…越…
例如:ThemoreIlearn,thehappierIam.
⑤Youcanneverbetoocareful.越小心越好
又如:Youcanneverpraisetheteachertoohighly.
你怎么贊揚(yáng)這個(gè)老師也不過(guò)分。
⑥Ihaveneverspentamoreworryingday.
那一天是最令我擔(dān)心的一天。
Ihaveneverhadabetterdinner.
這是我吃過(guò)的最好的一頓飯。
⑦M(jìn)yEnglishisnobetterthanyours.
我的英語(yǔ)和你的英語(yǔ)都不怎么樣。
B.副詞
1、副詞的種類(lèi)
(1)時(shí)間副詞如:ago,before,already,just,now,early,late,finally,tomorrow等
(2)地點(diǎn)副詞如:here,there,near,around,in,out,up,down,back,away,outside等。
(3)方式副詞如:carefully,angrily,badly,calmly,loudly,quickly,politely,nervously等。
(4)程度副詞如:almost,nearly,much,greatly,abit,alittle,hardly,so,very等。
2、副詞比較等級(jí)的用法
其用法與形容詞相似,只是副詞最高級(jí)前可省略定冠詞。如:
Ofalltheboyshesings(the)mostbeautifully.
Wemustworkharder.
3、某些副詞在用法上的區(qū)別
(1)already,yet,still
already表示某事物已經(jīng)發(fā)生,主要用于肯定句;yet表示期待某事發(fā)生,主要用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句;still表示某事還在進(jìn)行,主要用于肯定句和疑問(wèn)句,有時(shí)也可用于否定句。如:
We'vealreadywatchedthatfilm.
Ihaven'tfinishedmyhomeworkyet.
Hestillworksuntillateeverynight.
(2)too,aswell,also,either
too,aswell和also用于肯定句和疑問(wèn)句,too和aswell多用于口語(yǔ),一般放在句末,而also多用于書(shū)面語(yǔ),一般放在句中與動(dòng)詞連用。either用于否定句和否定的疑問(wèn)句,往往放在句末。如:
Hewenttheretoo.
Hedidn'tgothereeither.
Ilikeyouaswell.
Ialsowentthere.
(3)hard,hardly
hardly意為"幾乎"與hard在詞義上完全不同。如:
Iworkhardeveryday.
Icanhardlyrememberthat.
(4)late,lately
lately意為"最近、近來(lái)",late意為"晚、遲"。如:
Henevercomeslate.
Haveyoubeentothemuseumlately?II.例題
例1Tom'sfatherthinksheisalready____
AhighenoughBtallenough
CenoughhighCenoughtall
解析:該題正確答案是B。修飾人高用tall,而建筑物的高用high,并且enough修飾形容詞要放在形容詞后面。因此該題選B。
例2____theworseIseemtobe.
AWhenItakemoremedicine
BThemoremedicineItake
CTakingmoreofthemedicine
DMoremedicinetaken
解析:該題正確答案為B。"the+形容詞比較級(jí)+…,the+形容詞比較級(jí)+…"意為越…,越…。該句意為:吃的藥越多,我的病越是加重。
例3"Ihaven'tbeentoLondonyet".
"Ihaven'tbeenthere____".
AtooBalsoCeitherDneither
解析:該題正確答案為C。A和B都用于肯定句中。D-neither本身意為否定"兩者都不",而C-either則用于否定句中,意為"也"。
例4MrSmithwas____movedatthenews.
AdeepBdeeplyCverydeepDquitedeeply
解析:該題正確答案為B。A.deep用于副詞時(shí),修飾具體的深,如digdeep,而B(niǎo)-deeply則修飾表示感情色彩的詞,如該題為deeplymoved.另如deeplyregret等。而D-quite和deeply均為副詞,不能互相修飾。(二)介詞I.要點(diǎn)
1、介詞和種類(lèi)
(1)簡(jiǎn)單介詞,常用的有at,in,on,about,across,before,beside,for,to,without等。
(2)復(fù)合介詞,如bymeansof,alongwith,becauseof,infrontof,insteadof等。
2、介詞和其他詞類(lèi)的習(xí)慣搭配關(guān)系
(1)和動(dòng)詞的搭配,如agreewith,askfor,belongto,breakawayfrom,careabout等。
(2)和形容詞的搭配,如afraidof,angrywith,differentfrom,goodat
(3)和名詞的搭配,如answerto,keyto,reasonfor,causeof,visitto等.
3、介詞短語(yǔ)可以有自己的修飾語(yǔ),這種修飾語(yǔ)通常有right,just,badly,all,well,directly,completely等少數(shù)幾個(gè)副詞。如:
Hecamerightafterdinner.
Helivesdirectlyoppositetheschool.
4、某些介詞的意義與用法舉例
(1)at,on,in(表時(shí)間)
表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)用at,如atfouro'clock,atmidnight等;表示不確定的時(shí)間或短期假日也用at,如atthattime,atChristmas等。
指某天用on,如onMonday,ontheendofNovember,指某天的朝夕用on,如onFridaymorning,ontheafternoonofSeptemberlst等。
指長(zhǎng)于或短于一天的時(shí)段用in,如intheafternoon,inFebruary,inSummer,in1999等。
(2)between,among(表位置)
between僅用于二者之間,但說(shuō)三者或三者以上中的每?jī)蓚€(gè)之間的相互關(guān)系時(shí),也用between,如
I'msittingbetweenTomandAlice.
Thevillageliesbetweenthreehills.
among用于三者或三者以上之間。如:
Heisthebestamongthestudents.
(3)beside,besides
beside意為"在…旁邊",而besides意為"除…之外"。如:
Hesatbesideme.
Whatdoyouwantbesidesthis?
(4)inthetree,onthetree
inthetree指動(dòng)物或人在樹(shù)上,而onthetree指果實(shí)、樹(shù)葉長(zhǎng)在樹(shù)上
(5)ontheway,intheway,bytheway,inthisway
ontheway指在路上intheway指擋道
bytheway指順便問(wèn)一句inthisway用這樣的方法
(6)inthecorner,atthecorner
inthecorner指在拐角內(nèi)atthecorner指在拐角外
(7)inthemorning,onthemorning
inthemorning是一般說(shuō)法onthemorning特指某一天的早晨
(8)bybus,onthebus
bybus是一般說(shuō)法onthebus特指乘某一輛車(chē)II.例題
例1Doyouknowanyotherforeignlanguage____English?
AexceptBbutCbesideDbesides
解析:A、B兩項(xiàng)except等于but,意為"除了…",C-beside意為"在…旁邊",不符合題意。而D-besides,意為"除了…之外,還有"。所以該題正確答案為D。該題意為:除了英語(yǔ)外,你還知道別的語(yǔ)言嗎?
例2Hesuddenlyreturned____arainynight.
AonBatCinDduring
解析:我們均知道,atnight這一短語(yǔ),但如果night前有修飾詞,表具體的夜晚,則要用介詞on來(lái)修飾,故該題正確答案為A。
例3I'mlookingforward____yourletter.
AtoBinCatDon
解析:該題正確答案為A。lookforwardto為固定搭配,意為"期望、盼望"。
(三)連詞I.要點(diǎn)
1、連詞的種類(lèi)
(1)并列連詞用來(lái)連接并列關(guān)系的詞、短語(yǔ)或分句,如and,for,or,both…and,either…or,neither…nor等。
(2)從屬連詞用來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句,如that,if,whether,when,after,assoonas等。
除了從屬連詞(引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句)外,還有其它可以用來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句的詞類(lèi)。它們是連接代詞和連接副詞(引導(dǎo)名詞性從句),關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞(引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句)。
2、常用連詞舉例
(1)and和,并且
Theydrankandsangallnight.
(2)both…and和,既…也…
BothmyparentsandIwentthere.
(3)but但是,而
I'msad,butheishappy.
(4)either…or或…或…,要么…要么…
Eitheryou'rewrong,orIam.
(5)for因?yàn)?/p>
Iaskedhimtostay,forIhadsomethingtotellhim.(6)however然而,可是
Affirst,hedidn'twanttogothere.Later,however,hedecidedtogo.
(7)neither…nor既不…也不
Neithermyparentsnormyauntagreeswithyou.
(8)notonly…but(also)不但…而且…
Henotonlysingswell,butalsodanceswell.
(9)or或者,否則
Hurryup,oryou'llbelate.
Areyouaworkeroradoctor?
(10)so因此,所以
It'sgettinglate,soImustgo.
(11)although雖然
Althoughitwaslate,theywentonworking.
(12)assoonas一…就
I'lltellhimassoonasIseehim.
(13)because因?yàn)?/p>
Hedidn'tgotoschool,becausehewasill.
(14)unless除非,如果不
Iwon'tgounlessitisfinetomorrow.
(15)until直到…
Hedidn'tleaveuntileleven.(瞬間動(dòng)詞用于not…until結(jié)構(gòu))
Hestayedthereuntileleven.
(16)while當(dāng)…時(shí)候,而(表示對(duì)比)
WhileIstayedthere,Imetafriendofmine.(while后不可用瞬間動(dòng)詞)
Mypenisredwhilehisisblue.
(17)for因?yàn)?/p>
Hewasill,forhedidn'tcome.(結(jié)論是推斷出來(lái)的)
(18)since自從…
Ihavelivedheresincemyuncleleft.
(19)hardly…when一…就
Ihadhardlygottothestationwhenthetrainleft.
(20)asfaras就…來(lái)說(shuō)
AsfarasIknow,thatcountryisverysmall.
Youmaywalkasfarasthelake.(一直走到湖那里)II.例題
例1Johnplaysfootball____,ifnotbetterthan,David.
AaswellBaswellasCsowellDsowellas
解析:該題意為:John踢足球如果不比David好的話(huà),那也踢得和David一樣好。和…一樣好為aswellas.故該題正確答案為B。
例2ShethoughtIwastalkingaboutherdaughter,____,infact,Iwastalkingaboutmydaughter.
AwhenBwhereCwhichDwhile
解析:該處意為"然而",只有while有此意思,故選D。
例3Wouldyoulikeacupofcoffee____shallwegetdowntobusinessrightaway?
A.andB.thenC.orD.otherwise
解析:該處意為"或者",正確答案為C。英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)難點(diǎn)(二)(四)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)I.要點(diǎn)
1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
(1)表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或現(xiàn)在存在的狀態(tài),常與sometimes,always,often,everyday等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如:
Sometimes,wegoswimmingafterschool.
(2)表示客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)等。如:
Theearthgoesroundthesun.
2、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
(1)表示說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,常與now,atpresent等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如:
Whatareyoudoingnow?
(2)和always,continually等連用,表一種經(jīng)常反復(fù)的動(dòng)作,常含有某種情感。如:
Heisalwaysdoinggooddeeds.
3、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
主要表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去,對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響,或動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,或可能還要繼續(xù)下去,常與just,already,sofar,once,never等詞連用。如:
HaveyoueverbeentoBeijing?
4、一般將來(lái)時(shí)
表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),常與tomorrow,nextyear等連用。如:
I'llmeetyouattheschoolgatetomorrowmorning.
We'regoingtoseeafilmnextMonday.
5、一般過(guò)去時(shí)
表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或某一階段內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),常與yesterday,lastyear,in1998,amomentago等詞連用。如:
Ithappenedmanyyearsago.
6、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一時(shí)期正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如:
Whatwereyoudoingthistimeyesterday?
7、過(guò)去完成時(shí)
表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作。如:
Thetrainhadalreadyleftbeforewearrived.
8、一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)
表示說(shuō)話(huà)人從過(guò)去的角度來(lái)看將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如:
Hesaidhewouldcome,buthedidn't.
9、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài),以give為例。時(shí)/式一般進(jìn)行完成現(xiàn)在am
is
given
aream
is
being
arehas
beengiven
have
過(guò)去was
given
werewas
beinggivenwere
hadbeengiven將來(lái)shall
begiven
will
shall
havebeengiven
will過(guò)去將來(lái)should
begiven
would
should
havebeengiven
wouldII.例題例1Ilearnedthatherfather____in1950.
AhaddiedBdiedCdeadDisdead
解析:該題正確答案為B。從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作雖然發(fā)生在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前,但因從句中有明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)in1950,所以不用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài),而用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。例2Thefive-year-oldgirl____byherparents.
AislookedBhaslookedfor
CisbeinglookedforDhasbeenlooked解析:該題正確答案為C。在帶有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句中,介詞不能省,否則就變成了不及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ),而不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子中。(五)動(dòng)詞虛擬語(yǔ)氣I.要點(diǎn)
表示說(shuō)的話(huà)不是事實(shí),或者是不可能發(fā)生的情況,而是一種愿望、建議或與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)等。一般常用于正式的書(shū)面語(yǔ)中。
1、虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成情景條件從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式(be要用were)should
+動(dòng)詞原形
would與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反had+過(guò)去分詞should
+have+過(guò)去分詞
would與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反1、動(dòng)詞過(guò)去時(shí)
2、should+動(dòng)詞原形
3、wereto+動(dòng)詞原形should
+動(dòng)詞原形
would
注:如果條件從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包含有were或had,should,could有時(shí)可將if省去,但要倒裝。如:
Hadyou(Ifyouhad)invitedus,wewouldhavecometoyourparty.
2、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在各種從句的應(yīng)用
(1)在主語(yǔ)從句中用來(lái)表示驚奇、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等,其謂語(yǔ)形式是"should(可省)+動(dòng)詞原形",常用于以下三種句型中。
句型一:Itisnecessary(important,natural,strange,etc)that…
句型二:Itisapity(ashame,nowonder,etc)that…
句型三:Itissuggested(requested,proposed,desired,etc)that…
如:Itisstrangethathe(should)havedonethat.
Itisapitythathe(should)besocareless.
Itisrequestedthatwe(should)besocareless.
(2)在賓語(yǔ)從句中用于suggest,propose,move,insist,desire,demand,request,order,command等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句中,表間接的命令和建議。其謂語(yǔ)形式是"(should)+動(dòng)詞原形"。如:
Isuggestthatwe(should)goswimming.
(3)在表語(yǔ)從句中,表示間接的命令,要求、請(qǐng)求、建議、決定等,主句中的主語(yǔ)通常是suggestion,proposal,request,orders,idea等。從句謂語(yǔ)形式是"(should)+動(dòng)詞原形"。如:
Hissuggestionisthatwe(should)leaveatonce.
(4)在同位語(yǔ)從句中,謂語(yǔ)形式是"(should)+動(dòng)詞原形"。如:
Wereceivedorderthattheworkbedoneatonce.
(5)在Itistimethat…句型中,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式是"動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式"或
"should+動(dòng)詞原形",should不可省。如:
It'stime(that)wewent(shouldgo)toschool.II.例題
例1Wehadhopedthathe____longer.
AstaysBhavestayedCstayedDwouldstay
解析:該題正確答案為D。hadhoped表示"本希望",同樣用法的動(dòng)詞還有think,expect等,后面的句子需用虛擬語(yǔ)氣
例2"Marywantstoseeyoutoday".
"Iwouldrathershe____tomorrowthantoday."
AcomesBcameCshouldcomeDwillcome
解析:該題正確答案為B。wouldrather后面的從句需用虛擬語(yǔ)氣,用動(dòng)詞過(guò)去時(shí)表示。
例3Hadshebeenolder,she____itbetter.
AhaddoneBmighthavedone
CmightdoDwoulddo
解析:Hadshebeenolder=Ifshehadbeenold.故該題正確答案為B。(六)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞I.要點(diǎn)
英語(yǔ)中有許多短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在意義上是一個(gè)整體,其用法有的相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞,有的相當(dāng)于不及物動(dòng)詞,有的兼有及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞的特征。英語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成主要有以下六種:
(1)動(dòng)詞+介詞
常見(jiàn)的有l(wèi)ookfor,lookafter,sendfor,careabout,askfor,laughat,hearof(from),addto,leadto等。這類(lèi)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)只能放在介詞后。如:
Don'tlaughatothers.
Ididn'tcareaboutit.
(2)動(dòng)詞+副詞
常見(jiàn)的有g(shù)iveup,pickup,thinkover,findout,handin,pointout等。這類(lèi)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)如果是名詞,既可放在副詞前邊,又可放在副詞后邊;賓語(yǔ)如果是人稱(chēng)代詞或反身代詞,則要放在副詞前邊。如:
You'llhandinyourhomeworktomorrow.
Pleasedon'tforgettohanditin.
(3)動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞
常見(jiàn)的有l(wèi)ookdownupon,goonwith,breakawayfrom,addupto,catchupwith等。這類(lèi)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)只能放在介詞后邊。如:
Allhismoneyaddeduptonomorethan$100.
Afterashortrest,hewentonwithhisresearchwork.
(4)動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞
常見(jiàn)的有takecareof,makeuseof,payattentionto,makefunof等。這類(lèi)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)只能放在介詞后邊。如:
Youshouldpayattentiontoyourhandwriting.
Weshouldmakefulluseofourtime.
(5)動(dòng)詞+形容詞
常見(jiàn)的有l(wèi)eaveopen,setfree,cutopen等。這類(lèi)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)如果是名詞,則賓語(yǔ)可放在形容詞的前邊,也可放在后邊;賓語(yǔ)如果是人稱(chēng)代詞或反身代詞,則必須放在形容詞前邊。如:
Theprisonersweresetfree.
Hecutitopen.
(6)動(dòng)詞+名詞
常見(jiàn)的有takeplace,makefriends等。這類(lèi)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用作不及物動(dòng)詞。如:
Thisstorytookplacethreeyearsago.
Imakefriendswithalotofpeople.
(7)辨析
giveaway(讓給,暴露)和giveup(放棄,停止)
putaway(放起,收起)和putout(撲滅)
turnup(出席,放大)和turnon(打開(kāi))
keepout(阻止)和keepoff(不讓靠近)
makeup(編造,補(bǔ)上)和makeout(辨認(rèn))
takeoff(脫,起飛)和takeout(拿出)II.例題
例1Itiswisetohavesomemoney____foroldage.
AputawayBkeptupCgivenawayDlaidup
解析:該題正確答案為A。意為"存";keepup意為"繼續(xù)";giveaway意為"分發(fā)";layup"貯藏"。
例2Here'smycard.Let'skeepin____.
AtouchBrelationCconnectionDfriendship
解析:該題正確答案為A.keepintouch為短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,意為"保持聯(lián)系"。
例3____!There'satraincoming.
ALookoutBLookaroundCLookforwardDLookon
解析:該題選A.lookout意為"小心"。(七)動(dòng)詞不定式I.要點(diǎn)
1、不定式的形式。以動(dòng)詞write為例。式|語(yǔ)態(tài)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般式towritetobewritten完成式tohavewrittentohavebeenwritten進(jìn)行式tobewriting
完成進(jìn)行式tohavebeenwriting
2、不定式的句法功能
(1)作主語(yǔ)
Tohearfromyouisnice.
Tobeagoodteacherisnoteasy.
不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí),為了保持句子的平衡,往往以it作形式主語(yǔ),而不定式置于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后。如:
It'snicetohearfromyou.
It'snoteasytobeagoodteacher.
(2)作賓語(yǔ)
通常用于want,hope,wish,like,need,hate,begin,start,remember,agree,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help等詞后。如:
Iforgottolockthedoor.
Pleaseremembertowritetome.
(3)作表語(yǔ)
Myjobistopickupletters.
Heseemedtohaveheardnothing.
(4)作定語(yǔ)
不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí),須放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞后。如:
Ihavetwoletterstowrite.
Ihavealotofworktodo.
(5)作賓補(bǔ)
通常用于want,wish,ask,order,tell,know,help,advise,allow,cause,force等詞后。如:
Heorderedhertoleaveatonce.
Hewasforcedtoobeyhisorder.
(6)作狀語(yǔ)
Hegotupearlytocatchthefirstbus.
Heworkedhardtocatchupwiththeotherstudents.
(7)作獨(dú)立成分
Totellyouthetruth,Itoldalie.
(8)"疑問(wèn)詞+不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
Idon'tknowhowtochoosethem.
Icannotdecidewheretogo.
(9)不定式的否定式。如:
Idecidednottogo.
(10)不定式的完成式。如:
HeseemedtohavecleanedtheroombeforeIcamein.
Theboyissaidtohavebeensenttothehospitallastweek.(11)too…to結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
Hewastooexcitedtogotosleep.
Hewasonlytoogladtogo.(他太高興了,樂(lè)意去)
(12)主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。如:
Thebookiseasytoread.
Ihaveabooktoread.II.例題
例1Ihaven'tgotachair____.
AtositBfortositonCtositonDforsitting
解析:該題選C。不定式tositon在句中作定語(yǔ),修飾名詞chair.因?yàn)椴欢ㄊ胶退揎椀拿~間是"動(dòng)賓關(guān)系",所以不定式必須是及物動(dòng)詞,故此處on不能省略。
例2Hewasmade____.
AgoBgoneCgoingDtogo
解析:該題選D。makesb.dosth.如果是被動(dòng)形式,不定式do前的to不能省略。例3Anewfactoryis____verysoon.
AtobebuiltBbuilt
CtobuildDtobuilding
解析:該題選A。istobebuilt意為"將要被建"。(八)動(dòng)名詞I.要點(diǎn)
動(dòng)名詞既具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征,又具有名詞的句法功能。
1、動(dòng)名詞的形式,以write為例。式|語(yǔ)態(tài)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般式writingbeingwritten完成式havingwrittenhavingbeenwritten否定式not+動(dòng)名詞
2、動(dòng)名詞的用法
(1)作主語(yǔ)
Playingfootballismyfavoritesport.
Travellingwithfriendsatweekendisfun.
作主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜且長(zhǎng)時(shí),可用it作形式主語(yǔ)。如:
Itisfuntravellingwithfriendsatweekend.
(2)作賓語(yǔ)
IenjoyplayingPCgame.
Hegaveupwritingfiveyearsago.
(3)作表語(yǔ)
Whathehatedmostwasdoingnothing.
Seeingisbelieving.
動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí),句子的主語(yǔ)常是無(wú)生命名詞或what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。
(4)作定語(yǔ)
There'sadiningroominmyschool.
Allthepeoplewatchinglaughed.
(5)動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)"物主代詞(或名詞的所有格)+動(dòng)名詞"。如:
Tom'sgoinghomelatemadehermotherangry.
Wouldyoumindmyopeningthewindow?
不過(guò),動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)在遇到以下情況時(shí),必須用名詞的普通格(或人稱(chēng)代詞的賓格)。
①無(wú)生命名詞
Thegirlswereafraidofthedoorsuddenlyclosing.
Fireburnsbetterbyoxygenbeingatwork.
②有生命名詞,但表泛指。
Haveyoueverheardofgirlssmoking?
③兩個(gè)以上的有生命的名詞并列。
Doyoustillremembermyparentsandmecomingtoseeyouthatday?3.后面常接動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞和短語(yǔ)
mind,enjoy,finish,consider,practise,magine,
keep,suggest,advise,allow,permit,
beworthdoing,beusedtodoing,bebusydoing,
can'thelpdoing,itisnogooddoing,itisnousedoing,
lookforwardtodoing,sticktodoing,payattentiontodoing,
devotetodoing,leadtodoingII.例題
例1Shesaysshedoesn'tfeellike____outwithyou.
AgoingBtogoCforgoingDwent
解析:該題正確答案為A。feellike=want,此處like為介詞,后面要接名詞或動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)
例2Thegardenneeds____.
AwaterBwateringCtowaterDwatered
解析:該題正確答案為B。need=want=require.如果物作主語(yǔ),此三者后要接動(dòng)名詞或tobedone這一結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)。
例3Excuseme____you.
AinterruptingBtointerrupt
CinterruptedDtohaveinterrupted
解析:該題正確答案為A。excuse后接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),此句中的me為動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)(常用于口語(yǔ)中)。(九)分詞I.要點(diǎn)
分詞既具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征,又具有形容和副詞的句法功能。它分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞兩類(lèi)。現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的主要差別在于現(xiàn)在分詞有一般式和完成式,過(guò)去分詞則只有一般式。現(xiàn)在分詞表動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,表主動(dòng)。過(guò)去分詞及物動(dòng)詞表動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成,表被動(dòng)。過(guò)去分詞不及物動(dòng)詞表動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成,表主動(dòng)。
過(guò)去分詞的句法功能:
1、作定語(yǔ)
IliketoreadthenovelwrittenbyLuXun.
Thewomansittingbesidethebrokenwindowwasafriendofmine.
2、作表語(yǔ)
WhenIcameintotheroom,Ifoundthewindowwasbroken.
I'minterestedinthisbook.
3、作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
I'mgoingtohavemybikerepaired.
WhenIwalkedhome,Isawthethiefcaughtbythepolice.
4、作狀語(yǔ)
Seenfromthetopofthemountain,thecitylookssmall.
Theteachercameintotheclassroom,followedbyhisstudents.現(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能。
1、作狀語(yǔ)
Seeingfromthetopofthemountain,Ifoundthecitywasbeautiful.
Walkingalongthestreet,theysuddenlysawhim.
2、作賓語(yǔ)
Ihatebeingspokenillof.
HeconsideredvisitingJapanduringthewintervocation.
3、作表語(yǔ)
Seeingisbelieving.
Thebookisinteresting.
4、作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
Inoticedhimcrossingthestreet.
Mothercaughthimsmokinginthekitchen.
5、作定語(yǔ)
Doyouknowthemanwritingaletter?
Theworkerrunningamachineismybrother.分詞使用中的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題
1、現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式
Havingcleanedtheroom,Iwentout.
2、現(xiàn)在分詞的否定式
Nothavingreceivedanyletter,hefeltalittleworried.
3、現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞的不同
現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)、正在,過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)、完成
Ifoundthemankilledthere.
Ifoundthemanstandingthere.
4、have結(jié)構(gòu)
Wehavethecarrepaired.
Wehaverepairedthecar.
WehaveTomrepairthecar.
WehaveTomrepairingthecarthewholemorning.
5、分詞作表語(yǔ)
Wewereexcitedatthenews.
Thefootballgameisexciting.
6、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
Itbeingafineday,wewentouttovisitthepark.II.例題
例1、Time_______,I'llgoonapicnicwithyou.
A.permitB.topermitC.permittedD.permitting
解析:該題答案為D。Timepermitting…是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),意為"如果時(shí)間允許的話(huà)…"
例2、_______ifhehadanybadhabit,sherepliedthathewasaheavysmoker.
A.AskB.ToaskC.AskedD.Asking
解析:該題答案為C。主語(yǔ)she是被問(wèn)。英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)難點(diǎn)(三)
(十)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與助動(dòng)詞I.要點(diǎn)
助動(dòng)詞本身無(wú)意義,在句中幫助主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成一定的時(shí)態(tài),語(yǔ)態(tài)、語(yǔ)氣,或是幫助構(gòu)成否定句和疑問(wèn)句,常用的助動(dòng)詞有be,do,have,shall(should),will(would).
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表一定的詞義,本身并不表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),而僅僅表達(dá)說(shuō)話(huà)人的態(tài)度,它在句中須和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ),主要的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有can(could),may(might),must,haveto,oughtto,need,dare,shall,should,will,would.
1、can能,可以,表說(shuō)話(huà)人同意,許可還可表客觀條件許可,如:Youcangonow.
提建議或請(qǐng)求時(shí)可用canI,canyou表客氣,如CanIbuyyouadrink?
can和beableto表能力時(shí)的區(qū)別。
can表一般具有的能力,beableto表在特定條件下的能力,如:Althoughthedriverwasbadlyhurt,hewasabletoexplainwhathadhappened.
2、may
(1)、可以,表說(shuō)話(huà)人同意,許可或請(qǐng)求對(duì)方許可。Youmaygo.
(2)、(現(xiàn)在和將來(lái))可能,也許,只用于肯定句和否定句中,如Hemaynotberight.
3、must,haveto
must表主觀上的必須,haveto表客觀上的必須,如:It'sgettinglate.Ihavetogo.-MustIgonow.-Yes,youmust.
(No,youneedn't./No,youdon'thaveto.)
4、need,dare這二詞有實(shí)意動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞兩種詞性,如用作實(shí)意動(dòng)詞后接動(dòng)詞不定式todo,如用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后接動(dòng)詞原形。NeedIgonow?--Yes,youmust./No,youneedn't.)
5、shall用于第一人稱(chēng)疑問(wèn)句中表說(shuō)話(huà)人征求對(duì)方的意見(jiàn)或向?qū)Ψ秸?qǐng)求,如,Shallwebeginourlesson?
用于二、三人稱(chēng)陳述句,表說(shuō)話(huà)人命令、警告、允諾、威脅等口吻,如:Youshallfailifyoudon'tworkharder.
6、should表應(yīng)該,意為有責(zé)任,有義務(wù)。如:Weshouldtryourbesttomakeourcountrymorebeautiful.
7、will表有做某事的意志、意愿、安心、打算,如"Willyoulendmeyourbook?""Yes,Iwill.",
8、shouldhavedone表應(yīng)該做而未做
musthavedone表對(duì)過(guò)去事實(shí)的肯定推測(cè)
couldhavedone表本可以做某事
9、判斷句:肯定句用must,否定句用can't,不太肯定用may,might
Hemustbeintheofficenow.
Hemusthavegonetobed,forthelightisout.
Hecan'tbeintheoffice.Heisathome.
Hecouldn'thavecleanedtheclassroom,becausehedidn'tcomeheretoday.
Hemightbeintheoffice,Iamnotsure.
Hemighthavecleanedtheroom,Isuppose.II.例題
例1,They_______towalkinthestreetatmight.
A.didn'tdareB.notdaredC.notdareD.darednot
解析,該題答案為A,此空需選一動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ),因?yàn)楹竺媸莟owalk,didn'tdare是行為動(dòng)詞dare過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的否定形式。
例2,Whenhewasveryold,Mr.Smith_______
sitforhourswithoutsayingaword.
A.wouldB.shouldC.mustD.used
解析,該題答案為A,would此處表過(guò)去的傾向性,習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作,意為"總是"如:Whenwewerechildren,wewouldgoswimmingeverysummer.(十一)句子種類(lèi)I.要點(diǎn)
句子按使用目的可分為陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句和感嘆句;按結(jié)構(gòu)又分為簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。
1、陳述句的否定
(1)在含有賓語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句中,當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是think,expect,believe,suppose,guess,fancy,imagine等,且主句主語(yǔ)是第一人稱(chēng)時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)的否定習(xí)慣上要移到主句謂語(yǔ)上,如:Idon'tthinkheisright.
(2)含有否定意義的副詞never,seldom,hardly,scarcely,rarely,barely的句子應(yīng)視為否定句,如:Ihaveneverbeentherebefore.
2、反意疑問(wèn)句
(1)need和dare既可作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,又可作實(shí)意動(dòng)詞,在反問(wèn)部分須加以區(qū)別,如Weneedn'tleave,needwe?Wedon'tneedtoleave,dowe?
(2)陳述部分出現(xiàn)否定意義的副詞或代詞如never,seldom,few,hardly,little等時(shí),反問(wèn)部分須用肯定形式如:Heseldomcomes,doeshe?
(3)陳述部分用不定代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),反問(wèn)部分的主語(yǔ)用it,如:Nothingcanstopme,canit?
陳述部分用everybody,everyone,somebody,someone,等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),反問(wèn)部分常用it,有時(shí)也用they,如:Everybodyknowsthat,don'tthey?
(4)陳述部分包括usedto時(shí),反問(wèn)部分可有兩種形式,如:Youusedtogetupearly,usedn't(didn't)you?
(5)陳述部分是"there+be"結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),反問(wèn)部分用there,如:There'ssomethingwrongwithyou,isn'tthere?
(6)陳述部分是含有賓語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句時(shí),反問(wèn)部分的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)和主句保持一致,如:Henevertoldotherswhathethought,didhe?
但,如果是Ithink,Ibelieve等+賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),反問(wèn)部分須和從句的動(dòng)詞保持一致,如,Idon'tthinkheisright,ishe?Idon'tbelievehedoesthat,doeshe?
3、感嘆句
用what或how,
Whatabeautifulparkitis.
Howbeautifulaparkitis.
Howbeautifultheparkis.
Howweworked!
4、祈使句
Takecare!
Don'tstandthere.
Pleaseopenthedoorfortheoldlady.II.例題
例1,Don'tforgettoposttheletter,_______?
A.willyouB.doyouC.won'tyouD.shallyou
解析:該題答案為A,在否定句、祈使句后只用"willyou"?,但肯定的祈使句后可用如,Waitforme,will(won't,can,can't,could)you?例2,Let'sgooutforawalk,_______?
A.willyouB.won'tyouC.shallweD.dowe
解析:該題答案為C,let's…后加上shallwe來(lái)表語(yǔ)氣婉轉(zhuǎn)、客氣,而在letus后加上willyou。
例3,Hehardlywritestoyou,_______?
A.doesn'theB.doesheC.dotheyD.hashe
解析:該題答案為B,hardly否定副詞,反問(wèn)部分要用肯定形式。(十二)各種從句I.要點(diǎn)
根據(jù)從句在句中的句法功能,從句可分為名詞性從句、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句。
1、名詞性從句
(1)主語(yǔ)從句
Whathewantsisapieceofpaper.
Itisbelievedthathecansolvetheproblem.
注:主語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
(2)賓語(yǔ)從句
Idon'tknowhowtosolvetheproblem.
Doyouknowwherehelives?
(3)表語(yǔ)從句
Theproblemiswhocanhelpme.
ThisiswhyIcamehere.
(4)同位語(yǔ)從句
Ihavenoideawherehewent.
Iheardthenewsthathewouldcome.
同位語(yǔ)從句用that引導(dǎo),常跟在fact,idea,news,promise,thought,message,hope,belief,doubt等詞后,that在從句中不作任何成分。
2、定語(yǔ)從句
在復(fù)合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞,或修飾整個(gè)主句的從句叫做定語(yǔ)從句,引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞有who,whom,whose,which,that,as,和關(guān)系副詞when,where,why。
(1)that指物時(shí)一般可與which互換,但在下列情況下,要用that而不用which。
a.先行詞有all,everything等不定代詞時(shí),如,
Everything(that)hedidiswrong.
b.先行詞被all,every,no,some,any,little,much等修飾時(shí),如,
I'llreadallthebooks(that)youlendme.
c.先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí),
Thisisthefirstletter(that)theboyhaswritten.
d.先行詞被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修飾時(shí),如
Heistheveryman(that)I'mlookingfor.
e.只用which的情況
在介詞后或在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中
Thisisthebookaboutwhichwehavetalkedalot.
Thebook,whichhegavemeyesterday,isveryinteresting.
f.where和when作關(guān)系副詞
ThisistheroomwhereIworked.
ThisistheroomwhichIstayedin.
Irememberedthedaywhenwelivedthere.
IrememberedthedaythatIspentthere.
g.as和which
as可以放于句首,而which不可以
Asyouknow,heisgoodatEnglish.
threeofthem和threeofwhich
Ihavealotofbooks,threeofwhichareinRussian.
IhavealotofbooksandthreeofthemareinRussian.3、狀語(yǔ)從句
在復(fù)合句中起狀語(yǔ)作用的從句叫做狀語(yǔ)從句。狀語(yǔ)從句可分為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)、原因狀語(yǔ)、目的狀語(yǔ)、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)、條件狀語(yǔ)、行為方式狀語(yǔ)、比較狀語(yǔ)、讓步狀語(yǔ)等多種。II.例題
例1、_______
Iacceptthegiftorrefuseitisnoneofyourbusiness.
A.IfB.WhetherC.EvenifD.Nomatterwhen
解析:該題答案為B。whether可以和or連用,if不可以,此外if一般僅用于賓語(yǔ)從句。
例2、Theway_______
thesecomradeslookatproblemsiswrong.
A.whereB.inthatC.XD.withwhich
解析:該題答案為C,先行詞是way,定語(yǔ)從句中用that或inwhich來(lái)引導(dǎo)或不填。
例3,____alongtimesinceIsawyoulasttime.
A.ItwasB.ItisC.IthadbeenD.Itcanbe
解析:該題答案為B,Itis+時(shí)間數(shù)+since引導(dǎo)的從句是一個(gè)句型,意為"從…時(shí)候以來(lái)過(guò)了多久了。"(十三)主謂一致I.要點(diǎn)
謂語(yǔ)受主語(yǔ)支配,須和主語(yǔ)在人稱(chēng)和數(shù)上保持一致,這叫做主謂一致,主謂一致包括語(yǔ)法一致、意義上一致和就近一致。
1、語(yǔ)法上一致
(1)、以單數(shù)名詞或代詞,動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù),主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù),如,
Toworkhardisnecessaryforastudent.
(2)、用and或both……and連接的并列主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù),如,
BothheandIareright.
但并列主語(yǔ)如果指的是同一人,同一事物或同一概念,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù),如,Histeacherandfriendisabeautifulgirl.
(3)、主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)時(shí),盡管后面跟有aswellas,but,except,besides,with,alongwith,togetherwith,like等,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù),如,
Theteacheraswellashisstudentsisexcited.
(4)、某些不定代詞,如做主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù),如:Everyonehasabook.
(5)、一些只有復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞,如people,cattle,clothes等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù),如,Alotofpeoplearedancingoutside.
2、意義上一致
(1)、表時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)格、度量衡等的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù),如,
Twentyyearsisnotalongtime.
(2)、表示總稱(chēng)意義的名詞public,police,cattle,clothes等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù),如,
Peoplearetalkingabouttheaccident.
(3)、有些集合名詞,如family,team等作主語(yǔ),如作為一個(gè)整體看待,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù),如指其中每個(gè)成員,則用復(fù)數(shù),如,
Myfamilyisabigone.
MyfamilyarewatchingTV.
3、鄰近一致
用連詞or,either……or,neither……nor,whether……or,notonly…butalso,等連接的并列主語(yǔ),如果一個(gè)是單數(shù),一個(gè)是復(fù)數(shù),則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞按就近一致原則,與最靠近它的主語(yǔ)一致,如,
EitheryouorIammad.II.例題
例1、Thechemicalworks_______
wheremyfatherhasworkedforthirtyyearsin1949.
A.wasbuiltB.werebuiltC.isbuiltD.arebuilt
解析:該題答案為A。works形式上是復(fù)數(shù),意思上是單數(shù),因此謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù),類(lèi)似的還有news,maths,politics,physics.
例2、Theyeach_______
acopyofthenewphysics.
A.haveB.hasC.havingD.gets
解析:該題答案為A。Theyeach不等于eachof…,eachof這個(gè)詞組作主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)如eachofthestudentshandsintheirhomework,而theyeach作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)要隨each前面的詞來(lái)變化。英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)難點(diǎn)(四)(十四)倒裝
I.要點(diǎn)
按"主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)"這種順序排列的句子是陳述語(yǔ)序,如果變?yōu)?謂語(yǔ)(或謂語(yǔ)的一部分)+主語(yǔ)",就是倒裝語(yǔ)序。
1、全部倒裝
(1)therebe句型
Thereisgoingtobeameeting.
Thereisabookonthetable.
(2)here,there,now,then,in,out等副詞置于句首時(shí),主謂倒裝,但如果主語(yǔ)是人稱(chēng)代詞時(shí),主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)語(yǔ)序不倒裝,如,
Herecomesthebus.
Herehecomes.
(3)直接引語(yǔ)的部分或全部位于句首時(shí),有時(shí)也用倒裝,如,
"Whathesaidmeantnothing",saidtheteacher.
(4)為保持句子平衡,強(qiáng)調(diào)表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ),使上下文緊密銜接時(shí)須完全倒裝,如,Infrontofthehousesatasmallboy.2、部分倒裝
(1)so,neither,nor置于句首說(shuō)明與前者情況一致時(shí),如,
Ilikeswimming,sodoesmybrother.
(2)only+狀語(yǔ)放在句首,如,
Onlythroughthismethodcanwewin.
Onlyinthiswaycanwedotheworkwell.
(3)含有否定意義的詞置于句首,如,Hardly,scarcely,not,seldom,nosooner,never,little,atnotime,innoway,nomore等,如,
NeverhadIheardthat.
LittledidIknowaboutthis.
(4)以often,so+形容詞或副詞開(kāi)頭的句子,如,
Soheavyistheboxthathecannotcarryit.
(5)用于省略if的虛擬條件句中,將had,were,should提前,如,
WereIyou,Iwouldn'tdothat.
Hadhecome,wewouldhavewon.
(6)用于某些表示祝愿的句中,如,
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