【托?！客懈OEFL語法句法完整版模版課件

Syntax句法學(xué)

1句法：syntax簡單句：simplesentence并列句：compoundsentence主從復(fù)合句：complexsentence只包含一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子，是英文的根本組成單位兩個或兩個以上互不依從的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成，由并列連詞連接兩個或兩個以上互相依從的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成，有從句有主句2Garfield曾經(jīng)說過：Behindeverysuccessfulman,thereisawoman.Andbehindeveryunsuccessfulman,therearetwo.

3Otherfamouswords

ofhim：Moneyisnoteverything.There’screditcard&Visa.Oneshouldloveanimals.Theyaresotasty.Savewater.Showerwithyourgirlfriend.Successisarelativeterm.Itbringssomanyrelatives.

Neverputofftheworktilltomorrowwhatyoucanputofftoday.

4SO……

Simplesentence簡單句

compoundSentence并列句ComplexSentence復(fù)合句絕世好爸型

焦頭爛額型和諧共處型Syntaxislife.Thereare3typesofmeninthisworld.5Simplesentence：S+V+O只有一套主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，從一而終型代表人物:張學(xué)友6簡單句幾大考點(diǎn)：賓語主謂結(jié)構(gòu)狀語同位語7

主謂結(jié)構(gòu)

缺主謂(1)Traditionally,----inNewEnglandonThanksgivingDay.

(A)whenservedissweetcider

(B)whensweetciderisserved

(C)isservedsweetcider

(D)sweetciderisserved(2)

Ahistoricalnovelmaydomorethanmirrorhistory;----futureevents.

(A)eveninfluencing

(B)itmayeveninfluence

(C)mayeveninfluence

(D)thatitmayeveninfluence8

謂語動詞Havingbrushedhisteeth,XMdecidedtogotothebathroomfilledwithboys.Brushinghisteeth,XMdecidedtogotothebathroomfilledwithboys.

9男孩女孩起床大不同101112131415謂語專一原那么

并列句中的每個分句及主從句中的每個簡單句仍需遵循謂語專一原那么。牢記這一原那么才可準(zhǔn)確地排除干擾選項，找出句中的致命錯誤確實需要多個謂語時需用連詞,或主從句形式加以連接〔分號也可〕如:Shelookedandsmiled.

Hewillgiveyousomeadvice;hemayevenhelpyoudoit.

簡單句中只允許存在一個謂語動詞，其余動詞必須是非謂語形式。英文中切忌：兩個謂語形式的動詞直接連接〔尤其是be動詞不能和實意動詞連用，isdo是絕不可能出現(xiàn)的〕，或以逗號連接

16例題：Theedibletubemushroom----acushionlike,moistcapthatislightbrownordarkishred.

(A)whichhas

(B)tohave

(C)having

(D)has17

表語表語多由形容詞、名詞擔(dān)當(dāng)，也可是介賓短語、不定式、分詞或動名詞等1)

Quasars----emittingextremelyintenseradiowavesandvisibleradiation.

(A)starlikeobjectsare

(B)starlike,theyareobjects

(C)arestarlikeobjects

(D)aretheystarlikeobjects(2)Whereverthereisplentyofrainduringthegrowingseason,lifeis----invariousforms.

(A)abundant

(B)theabundance

(C)anabundant

(D)itabundant

18

狀語句子中除了主謂結(jié)構(gòu)外，還可能包含表示時間、地點(diǎn)、方式等內(nèi)容的狀語，通常由副詞、介賓短語來承擔(dān)。

如：Atnight,XMgotonightclubveryoften.此句中atnight,veryoften都是狀語----irritatingeffectonhumans,theuseofphenolasageneralantiseptichasbeenlargelydiscontinued.

(A)Its

(B)Whereits

(C)Sinceits

(D)Becauseofits

19(2)----achild,sculptorAnneWhitneyshowedaneagerintellectandartistictalentthatherparentsrecognizedandencouraged.

(A)Hasbeen

(B)Itwaswhile

(C)Shewas

(D)As

(3)----,snakesfrequentlysubduetheirpreywithoutinjectingpoison.

(A)Contrarytogeneralbelief

(B)Generalbeliefcontraryto

(C)Beliefcontrarytogeneral(D)Contrarybeliefgeneralto20

賓語假設(shè)謂語動詞是及物的，那么及物動詞后面一定要接賓語。賓語大局部由名詞和代詞的賓格充當(dāng)，也可是動名詞、不定式等

如：Hefoundaladybirdinhispencil-box.

Idon'twanttodisturbyou.牢記makepossible的三種形式：

1.make+名詞+possible；

Hisfinancialaidmakesthistrippossible.

2.make+possible+名詞〔名詞短語較長時〕

HisfinancialaidmakespossiblethepoorChinesestudent'senteringoftheworldfamousuniversity.

3.makeitpossible(forsb.)todo(見形式賓語局部)

Thefather'shardlabormakesitpossibleforthesontoreceivebettereducation.21(1)

Amicrophoneenablesasofttonetobeamplified,thusmakingitpossiblethe

A

B

C

gentlerenditionsofromanticlovesongsinalargehall.

D(2)TheUnitedStatesCongressmadeWashington,D.C.,----in1800.

(A)afterthegovernmentcenter

(B)ofthegovernmentcenter

(C)thecenterofgovernment

(D)thenthecenterofgovernment22

同位語填空題中假設(shè)除去空格局部是完整的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，且空格與句子其他局部之間用兩個逗號完全隔開或用一個逗號隔開一邊，那么空格處需要填入同位語或定語

(1)From1946to1949,----WilliamHenryHastieservedasgovernoroftheVirginIslands.

(A)thelawyer

(B)hewasthelawyer

(C)thelawyerwho

(D)wasthelawyer

23(2)Theskyscraper,----,isanarchitecturalformthatoriginatedintheUnitedStates.

(A)isatallcommercialstructure

(B)atallcommercialstructure

(C)atallcommercialstructurewhich

(D)ofwhichatallcommercialstructure〔3〕Plankton,----,isthebasicfoodstuffforeverythingthatlivesintheocean.

(A)comprisebothminutemarineanimalsandplants

(B)isthenamegiventominute

marineanimalsandplants

(C)thecollectivenameforminutemarineanimalsandplants

(D)minutemarineanimalsandplantscollectivelythat24Compoundsentence:s+v+o,ands+v+o多套主謂共存，互相獨(dú)立，針鋒相對；夾縫中生存，焦頭爛額代表人物：譚詠麟25

并列句：

有關(guān)并列連詞的知識關(guān)于平行結(jié)構(gòu)由連詞連接的多套主謂結(jié)構(gòu)并存，彼此之間相互沒有依存關(guān)系26

并列連詞1.最典型的并列連詞有：and,but,or,so,yet,for

2.固定搭配使用的并列連詞：

notonly…but(also),

notonly…but…(aswell),

both…and,either…or,

neither…nor,

too…to,such(…)asthesame….as,

between…and

aswellas(注意和副詞aswell相區(qū)別),

(not)so…as

as…as,

notsomuchAasB(與其說A不如說B)

so/sucha…that27例題：

Accordingtocognitivetheoriesofemotion,angeroccurswhen

A

individualsbelievehavebeenharmedandthattheharmwaseither

B

C

Davoidableandundeserved.

(2)

Providence,RhodeIsland,isabusymanufacturingcityandseaport,

A

B

aswellthestatecapital.CD

28(1)

Duringmostofthiscentury,A.PhilipRandolphstruggledforBlackrightsinthe

A

B

UnitedStatesandbecomesanimportantfigureinthelabormovement.

C

D(5)LillianD.Wald,publichealthnurseand----,wasborninCincinnatiOhio,in1867.

(A)reformingsociety

(B)socialreformer

(C)whoreformedsociety

(6)

WesternNebraskagenerallyreceives

lesssnowthaneasternNebraskais

A

B

C

D

29Complexsentence:s+v+o,becauses+v+o主句和從句并存，相互依存，和諧共處，其樂融融；左右逢源代表人物：阿拉伯男人30

從句的類型定語從句狀語從句主從和表從同位語從句主句31

定語從句在句中充當(dāng)定語的句子就叫做定語從句，定語從句是由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的，修飾從句的先行詞。先行詞如果先行詞是thegirl,表示人，那么引導(dǎo)詞應(yīng)是who或whom或that,從句謂語必須是第三人稱單數(shù)形式；

SheisthegirlwhomIsawinthezooyesterday.

Sheisthegirlwhosellscomputer.

如果先行詞是thegoods,那么引導(dǎo)詞是that或which,從句謂語是第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)形式

DoyougetthephotosthatIsentlastweek.32例題：(1)

Arocketburnspropellantrapidlyandmostrockets

carryasupplythat

A

B

Clastjustafewseconds.D

(2)

Resinisasubstancethat----inwater.

(A)doesnotdissolve

(B)donotdissolve

(C)notdissolving

(D)notdissolved33關(guān)系代詞：大局部定語從句都由關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)，主要的關(guān)系代詞包括：that,who,which,whom,whose,

其中可以代替人〔指先行詞〕的是：that,who,whom；

代替物的是that,which；

whose之前既可接人又可接物，但必須和名詞搭配使用。(1)

JackieMcLean‘srecordingshaveshownthatheisoneofthefew

A

jazzmusicianswhostyleofplayinghaskeptpacewiththeevolution

BCDofmodernjazz.34介詞前置于關(guān)系代詞：當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞作句中介詞的賓語時，介詞可以前置于關(guān)系代詞，此時關(guān)系代詞不能省略，而且只能用which或whom.如：Thisistheroadbywhichwecame.

Thatisthemanaboutwhomwehaveheardsomuch.

注意：先行詞為theway的定語從句中inwhich習(xí)慣上可以省略Thisistheway(inwhich)Imaketheproblemout.(1)Andidealisastandard----peoplejudgephenomena.

(A)how

(B)of

(C)bywhich

(D)forit

35

(2)InreorganizingthecurriculumofMt.HolyokeCollegeinthelate1800'sElizabethMeadlaidthefoundation----themoderncollegerests.

(A)iswhich

(B)onwhich

(C)whichison

(D)onit36關(guān)系副詞：定語從句還可以由關(guān)系副詞when,where或why引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系副詞在從句中作時間、地點(diǎn)或原因狀語

如：Haveyoueverbeentothehousewhereheusedtolive?(where=inwhich)

Icouldhardlyforgetthedaywhenmyunclepassedaway.(when=onwhich)

TellmethereasonwhyIamfired.(why=forwhich)Thekneeisthejoint----thethighbonemeetsthelargeboneofthelowerleg.

(A)when

(B)where

(C)why

(D)which

37

狀語從句狀語從句是從句中的一大類，在考題中更是頻繁出現(xiàn)，它的主要功能是作主句的狀語，由完整的主謂句構(gòu)成。狀語從句和主句在語法上關(guān)系并不緊密，但在邏輯上是不可分割的。38狀語從句的分類：1.時間狀語從句

主要引導(dǎo)詞：when,whenever,before,after,until,while,since,once,solongas,assoonas,themoment,everytime,as,nexttime

eg：Idon‘tcallheruntilIgettothecompany.

EverytimeIfeellonely,shecomestotalktome.

2.地點(diǎn)狀語從句

主要引導(dǎo)詞：where,wherever

eg：Whereveryougo,Iwillberightherewaitingforyou.393.原因狀語從句

主要引導(dǎo)詞：because,as,since,consideringthat,nowthat,notthat,seeingthat

注意：inthat是書面語中原因狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞，相當(dāng)于because,在填空題中曾經(jīng)出現(xiàn)

eg：Nowthatitisraining,we'dbettercancalthemeeting.

4.目的狀語從句

主要引導(dǎo)詞：sothat,inorderthat,forfearthat,incase,lest405.結(jié)果狀語從句

主要引導(dǎo)詞：so…that,sothat,such…that

注意：so…that句式和too…to句式的區(qū)別是重要考點(diǎn)之一，so…that接從句；too…to接不定式

eg：Theoldladyissogenerousthatalotofpeopleadmireher.

Sheistooyoungtoresistit.

6.條件狀語從句

主要引導(dǎo)詞：if,unless,incase,solongas,oncondition(that),provided(that)417.讓步狀語從句

主要引導(dǎo)詞：though,although,nomatter,evenif,eventhough,however,whatever

注意though,although等都不能夠與but連用42(1)Anthropologyisascience----anthropologistsusearigoroussetofmethodsandtechniquestodocumentobservationsthatcanbecheckedbyothers.

(A)inthat

(B)thatin

(C)that

(D)in(2)Gorillasarequietanimals,----theyareabletomakeabouttwentydifferentsounds.

(A)how

(B)inspiteof

(C)becauseof

(D)eventhough43

狀語從句的省略用法原那么：1.從句跟主句使用一套主謂結(jié)構(gòu)2.從句是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)時，主語和系動詞可省如：whenshewasyoung,shekilledmanymen.whenyoung,shekilledmanymen.44例題：(1)----relativelycostly,thedieselengineishighlyefficientandneedsservicinginfrequently

(A)Even

(B)Itis

(C)Eventhough

(D)Thereis(2)Although----rigid,bonesexhibitadegreeofelasticitythatenablestheskeletontowithstandconsiderableimpact.

(A)apparently

(B)areapparently

(C)apparentlytheir

(D)aretheyapparently45

同位語從句句子的同位語多由名詞短語充當(dāng)，但少數(shù)詞之后可接由that引導(dǎo)的從句作同位語，此時需和定語從句相區(qū)別，同位語從句中that不在從句中承擔(dān)成分，而且不可省略

如：Theideathatmanisinferiortoanimalsisquiteunacceptable.

可接同位語