鋰電池測試研究

UsingSynchrotronBasedinsituX-rayTechniquesandTransmissionElectronMicroscopytoStudyElectrodeMaterialsforLithiumBatteriesX.Q.Yang,K.W.Nam,X.J.Wang,Y.N.Zhou,H.S.Lee,O.Haas,L.Wu,andY.Zhu

BrookhavenNationalLab.Upton,NY11973,USA

K.Y.ChungandB.W.ChoBatteryResearchCenter,KoreaInstituteofScienceandTechnology,Seoul130-650,KoreaHongLi,XuejieHuangandLiquanChenInstituteofPhysics,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing,ChinaTobepresentedatthe4thSouthernChinaLi-ionBatteryTopForum–CLTF2009Shenzhen,China,May25th,20092345678910111213141516USDOEEnergyStorage

R&DProgramStructureDevelopfullbatterysystemswithindustry.(Minimum50%industrycostshare)InvestigatecellbehaviortounderstandandovercomeperformancebarriersofLi-ionbatterytechnology.(DOENationalLaboratories)Developnovelmaterials(cathode,anode,electrolyte)thatpromiseincreasedpowerandenergy.(DOENationalLabsandUniversities)FocusedFundamentalResearchAppliedResearchBatteryDevelopment(USABC)FundamentalResearchProjectsFundedbyBasicEnergySciencesFundedbyVehicleTechnologiesProgramFundedbyOfficeofElectricityDeliveryandEnergyReliabilityEnergyStorageforUtilityApplications1718Hybrid&ElectricSystemsAppropriation:$94.1MtotalEnergyStorageBudget$48.2MtotalSBIR/STTR,$2.2MVehicleTechnologiesProgram,FY2008ConventionalHEVBatteryR&D

$18.3MExploratoryTechnologyResearch

$11.6MPHEVBatteryR&D

$18.35MVehicle&SystemSimulation&Testing

$28.2MPowerElectronics&ElectricMach.

$15.5MEnergyStorage

$48.2M19BatteriesforAdvancedTransportationTechnologies(BATT):DeveloptheNextGenerationofLithiumBatteriesActivityFocusDevelopnovelmaterials(cathodes,anodes,electrolytes)DevelopandapplyadvancedelectrochemicalmodelsEmployadvanceddiagnostictoolstoinvestigatefailuremechanismsCoordinateresearcheffortwiththeDOEOfficeofScienceCurrentParticipantsNationalLaboratoriesLawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratoryArgonneNationalLaboratoryBrookhavenNationalLaboratoryNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratoryOakRidgeNationallaboratoryUniversitiesBrighamYoungUniversityClemsonUniversityColumbiaUniversityMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyStateUniversityofNewYork,BinghamtonStateUniversityofNewYork,StonyBrookUniversityofCalifornia,BerkeleyUniversityofMichiganUniversityofPittsburghUniversityofTexasUniversityofUtahFocusedFundamentalResearchSeehttp:///

20020406080100EVPHEVHEVChargeDepletingChargeSustainingUnusedEnergy100%80%60%40%20%0%BatteryStateofCharge(SOC)HEVPHEVEV(FullyCharged)(FullyDischarged)CSonly:300-500Wh,25-40kW(10sec)@55%SOC,300,000cyclesCS:300-500Wh,25-40kW(10sec)@30%SOC,300,000cyclesCD:Energyscaledforrange(10-40miles),5,000deepdischargecyclesCDonly:Energyscaledfor150+milerange,1,000deepdischargecyclesBatteryRequirements

UnchargedCapacity~1-2kWh,P/E>15~5-15kWh,P/E=3-10>40kWh,P/E=2020406080100BatterySize(kWh)ChargeDepleting(CD)ChargeSustaining(CS)UnusedEnergyBatterySize(kWh)KeychallengesforPHEVbatterydualmodesofoperation(CDandCS)aredurabilityandcost.21DevelopmentGoalsHEVBatteryRequirementsAvailablePower(kW)25(40)AvailableEnergy(Wh)300(500)CycleLife(cycles)300,000CalendarLife(years)>10SystemWeight(kg)40(60)SystemVolume(L)32(45)Cost($/kW)20TechnologiesBeingConsideredNickelatechemistrybasedonNCAmaterialSpinelchemistrybasedonLiMn2O4IronphosphatechemistrybasedonLiFePO4TitanatechemistrybasedonLi4Ti5O1222AppliedResearchActivityFocusInvestigatecellbehaviorUnderstand,extend,andaccuratelypredictLi-ionbatterylifeScreenanddeveloplow-costcellmaterialsUnderstandandimproveabusetolerance

Understandandimprovelow-temperatureperformanceOvercometheCommercializationBarriersforLi-ionBatteriesCurrentParticipantsNationalLaboratories

ArgonneNationalLaboratoryBrookhavenNationalLaboratoryIdahoNationalLaboratoryLawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratoryNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratorySandiaNationalLaboratoriesUniversities

IllinoisInstituteofTechnologyUniversityofIllinoisUniversityofWisconsinIndustrialmaterialsuppliers39differentmaterialsuppliers23BatteryDevelopmentUnitedStatesAdvancedBatteryConsortium(USABC)ActivityDevelopfullbatterysystemsthroughcompetitivesubcontractswiththeUSABC.Allsubcontractsareatleast50%cost-shared.Developperformancerequirementsandstandardizedtestprocedures.Testdeliverablesandanalyzeagainstperformancetargetsusingstandardizedtestprocedures.PerformancetestingatArgonneandIdahoNationalLaboratoriesAbusetestingatSandiaNationalLaboratoriesThermalanalysisanddesignsupportatNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratoryBatterysimulationandmodelingsupportatArgonneandNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratories24Commercialized1Phase1:MaterialsDevelopmentPhase2:CellDevelopmentPhase3:BatteryDevelopmentPhase4:CostReductionIntermediatetermLong-term,exploratoryNearmarket-ready765432CommercializationNiMHLowcostseparatorsUltracapacitorsGraphite/Nickelate 5. Graphite/Mn

spinel

6. Graphite/Ironphosphate 7. Lititanate/Mn

spinelCostGoalPerformanceGoal$20/kW(by2010)25kWfor10sec,300Wh(by2010)40kWfor10sec,500Wh(by2010)HEVTechnologyDevelopmentRoadmap25Developa25kWHEVsystemusingtheirnano-phaseiron-phosphatechemistry.Developa40kWsystemusinganickelatecellwithreducedcostandimprovedabusetolerance.Developa25kWHEVsystemusingaMn

spinel-basedcell.(Recentlycompleted.)Developa25kWHEVsystemusinganano-phaselithiumtitanate/Mn

spinelcell.HEVBatteryDevelopmentContracts26DevelopmentGoalsPHEVBatteryRequirementsPHEV10PHEV40AvailablePower(kW)4538AvailableEnergy(kWh)CD3.411.6CS0.50.3CycleLife(cycles)CD5,000CS300,000CalendarLife(years)>10SystemWeight(kg)60120SystemVolume(L)4080Cost($/kWh)500300CD:ChargeDepleting,CS:ChargeSustainingPoweriscappedtoallowanall-electricmodeofdrivingbasedontheUrbanDynamometerDrivingSchedule(UDDS)cycle.27PHEVBatteryStatusNear-term:ExistingtechnologiesthatworkwellforHEVswillbere-engineeredforPHEV10.Firstgenerationdesignwillbeusedasthebaseline.Evenformaterialsthathaveadequatecapacityandenergy,analternativecellformatcouldhelpreduceweightandvolume.Oneortwotechnologieswillbedown-selectedforfurtherimprovement.Long-term:Technologieswillincludehighcapacitymaterialsandelectrolytesstableat5Volts.Needtoincreasecellenergydensitiesby50%to100%tomeetsystemweightandvolumeforPHEV40.28PHEVBatteryStatusDurability-Unclearhowthetwomodesofoperation(i.e.,deepdischargesandshallowdischarges)willaffectbatterylife.Diagnosticinvestigationstodeterminefailuremechanismsandmethodstomitigatethem.Protecttheelectrode/electrolyteinterfaceusingcoatingsandadditivesthatformstablesurfacefilms.Developnewelectrodesandelectrolytesthathaveinherentstability.Cost-Estimatedtoexceed$1,000perkWh.Needstobereducedbyafactorof2-3.Develophigher-energychemistriestoreduce$/kWh.29CommercializedPhase1:MaterialsDevelopmentPhase2:CellDevelopmentPhase3:BatteryDevelopmentPhase4:CostReductionIntermediatetermLong-term,exploratoryNearmarket-ready4376CommercializationGraphite/NickelateGraphite/IronPhosphateGraphite/