宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)MBA教程

宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)MBA教程

TheCircularFlow

Households

GovernmentFirms

MarketsforFactorofProduction

FinancialMarketsMarketsforGoodsandServices

ForeignCountryFirmRevenueIncomeFactorPaymentsPrivateSavingTaxesGovernmentDeficitConsumptionGovernmentPurchasesInvestmentImportExportInternationalCapitalFlowRichardStone(理查德·斯通)1984年獲諾貝爾經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。二戰(zhàn)期間，完成《戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)財(cái)源分析及1938和1940國(guó)民收入和支出估計(jì)》白皮書(shū)。時(shí)任英國(guó)財(cái)政部顧問(wèn)的凱恩斯感動(dòng)地說(shuō)：“我們?cè)谝粋€(gè)通過(guò)統(tǒng)計(jì)的快樂(lè)時(shí)代中”。1945年任劍橋大學(xué)新成立的應(yīng)用經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)系的第一任主任。1950年，受聯(lián)合國(guó)統(tǒng)計(jì)委員會(huì)委托，出版《國(guó)民帳戶(hù)體系》（SNA），1968年修訂后正式出版。1975年出版《社會(huì)和人口統(tǒng)計(jì)系統(tǒng)》（SSDS,Towardsasystemofsocialanddemographicstatistics）。WassilyLeontief(沃西里·里昂惕夫)1973年獲諾貝爾經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。1906年出生在圣彼得堡，1929年任中國(guó)鐵道部顧問(wèn)，1931年進(jìn)入美國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)研究局（NBER），1946年哈佛大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教授。1941年出版《美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)：1919-1929》，第一次用投入產(chǎn)出法進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)分析。1966年出版《投入產(chǎn)出經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)》。

●國(guó)民收入帳戶(hù)●投入產(chǎn)出表●資金循環(huán)表●國(guó)際收支表●國(guó)民資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表國(guó)民帳戶(hù)體系A(chǔ)SYSTEMOFNATIONALACCOUNTSGrossdomesticproduct(GDP)isameasureoftheincomeandexpendituresofaneconomy.Itisthetotalmarketvalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesproducedwithinacountryinagiventimeperiod.GrossDomesticProductImportantFeaturesofGDPOutputisvaluedatmarketprices.Itrecordsonlythevalueoffinalgoods,notintermediategoods(thevalueiscountedonlyonce).Itincludesbothtangiblegoods(food,clothing,cars)andintangibleservices(haircuts,housecleaning,doctorvisits).ImportantFeaturesofGDPItincludesgoodsandservicescurrentlyproduced,nottransactionsinvolvinggoodsproducedinthepast.Itmeasuresthevalueofproductionwithinthegeographicconfinesofacountry.

ImportantFeaturesofGDPItmeasuresthevalueofproductionthattakesplacewithinaspecificintervaloftime,usuallyayearoraquarter(threemonths).WhatIsCountedinGDP?GDPincludesallitemsproducedintheeconomyandsoldlegallyinmarkets.WhatIsNotCountedinGDP?GDPexcludesmostitemsthatareproducedandconsumedathomeandthatneverenterthemarketplace.Itexcludesitemsproducedandsoldillicitly,suchasillegaldrugs.GrossNationalProductGrossnationalproduct(GNP)isthetotalmarketvalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesproducedwithinagivenperiodoftimebyanation’spermanentresidents,regardlessofwheretheyare.ThreeOtherMeasuresofIncomeNetNationalProduct(NNP)PersonalIncomeDisposablePersonalIncomeNetNationalProduct(NNP)Thetotalincomeoftheresidentsofanationaftersubtractinglossesfromdepreciation.PersonalIncomeTheincomethathouseholdsandnoncorporatebusinessesreceive.DisposablePersonalIncomeTheincomethathouseholdandnoncorporatebusinesseshaveleftaftersatisfyingtheirobligationstothegovernment.GrossNationalProductFromStatisticalAbstractoftheUnitedStatesGNP—NationalandPerCapitaIncomeFromStatisticalAbstractoftheUnitedStatesNationalIncomeFromStatisticalAbstractoftheUnitedStatesTheFourComponentsofGDPGDP(Y)isthesumofthefollowing: ?Consumption(C) ?Investment(I) ?GovernmentPurchases(G) ?NetExports(NX)Y=C+I+G+NXTheFourComponentsofGDPConsumption(C): ?Thespendingbyhouseholdsongoods andservices,withtheexceptionof purchasesofnewhousing.Investment(I): ?Thespendingoncapitalequipment, inventories,andstructures,including newhousing.TheFourComponentsofGDPGovernmentPurchases(G): ?Thespendingongoodsandservicesby local,state,andfederalgovernments. ?Doesnotincludetransferpayments becausetheyarenotmadeinexchangefor currentlyproducedgoodsorservices.NetExports

(NX): ?Exportsminusimports.BreakdownofU.S.GDP:2000BreakdownofU.S.GDP:2000Consumption69%Investment15%BreakdownofU.S.GDP:2000Consumption68%Consumption68%GovernmentPurchases19%BreakdownofU.S.GDP:2000Investment15%NetExports-1%BreakdownofU.S.GDP:2000Consumption68%Investment15%GovernmentPurchases19%RealversusNominalGDPNominalGDPvaluestheproductionofgoodsandservicesatcurrentprices.RealGDPvaluestheproductionofgoodsandservicesatconstantprices.

RealversusNominalGDPAnaccurateviewoftheeconomyrequiresadjustingnominaltorealGDPbyusingtheGDPdeflator.價(jià)格指數(shù)(PriceIndex)拉斯佩雷斯(Laspeyres)指數(shù)：帕斯卡(Pascke)指數(shù)：GDPDeflatorTheGDP

deflator

measuresthecurrentlevelofpricesrelativetothelevelofpricesinthebaseyear.IttellsustheriseinnominalGDPthatisattributabletoariseinpricesratherthanariseinthequantitiesproduced.GDPDeflatorTheGDPdeflatoriscalculatedasfollows:GDPDeflatorTheGDPdeflatoriscalculatedasfollows:ConvertingNominalGDPtoRealGDPNominalGDPisconvertedtorealGDPasfollows:ConvertingNominalGDPtoRealGDPNominalGDPisconvertedtorealGDPasfollows:ConsumerPriceIndexTheconsumerpriceindex

(CPI)isameasureoftheoverallcostofthegoodsandservicesboughtbyatypicalconsumer.Itisusedtomonitorchangesinthecostoflivingovertime.Itreportsthemovementofpricesusinganindexnumber.

ConsumerPriceIndexWhentheCPIrises,thetypicalfamilyhastospendmoredollarstomaintainthesamestandardofliving.TheConsumerPriceIndex

versustheGDPDeflatorEconomistsandpolicymakersuseboththeGDPdeflatorandtheconsumerpriceindextogaugehowquicklypricesarerising.Thereareimportantdifferencesbetweenthetwo.TheConsumerPriceIndex

versustheGDPDeflatorTheCPI... ...includesonlyconsumergoods. ...includesimports. ...ismeasuredusingafixedbasketofgoodsandservices.TheConsumerPriceIndex

versustheGDPDeflatorTheGDPPriceDeflator... ...includesallgoodsandservicesproduceddomestically. ...excludesimports. ...ismeasuredusingcurrentlyproducedgoodsandservices.GDPandEconomicWell-BeingGDPisthebestsinglemeasureoftheeconomicwell-beingofasociety.GDPperperson

tellsustheincomeandexpenditureoftheaveragepersonintheeconomy.GDPandEconomicWell-BeingHigherGDPperpersonindicatesahigherstandardofliving.GDPisnotaperfectmeasureofthe happinessorqualityoflife,however.GDPandEconomicWell-BeingSomethingsthatcontributetowell-beingarenotinclude