專題10 閱讀理解(文章結(jié)構(gòu))

...wd......wd......wd...十閱讀理解【母題來(lái)源】【2016·北京】【母題原題】【2016·北京】DWhyCollegeIsNotHomeThecollegeyearsaresupposedtobeatimeforimportantgrowthinautonomy(自主性)andthedevelopmentofadultidentity.However,nowtheyarebecominganextendedperiodofadolescence,duringwhichmanyoftoday’sstudentsandarenotshoulderedwithadultresponsibilities.Forpreviousgenerations,collegewasdecisivebreakfromparentalcontrol;guidanceandsupportneededhelpfrompeopleofthesameageandfromwithin.Inthepasttwodecades,however,continuedconnectionwithanddependenceonfamily,thankstocellphones,emailandsocialmedia,haveincreasedsignificantly.Someparentsgosofarastohelpwithcoursework.Insteadofpromotingtheideaofcollegeasapassagefromtheshelterofthefamilytoautonomyandadultresponsibility,universitieshavegivenintotheideathattheyshouldprovidethesameenvironmentasthatofthehome.Toprepareforincreasedautonomyandresponsibility,collegeneedstobeatimeofexplorationandexperimentation.Thisprocessinvolves“tryingon〞newwaysofthinkingaboutoneselfbothintellectually(在思維方面)andpersonally.Whileweshouldprovide“safespaces〞withincolleges,wemustalsomakeitsafetoexpressopinionsandchallengemajorityviews.Intellectualgrowthandflexibilityarefosteredondebateandquestioning.Learningtodealwiththesocialworldisequallyimportant.Becauseacollegecommunity(群體)differsfromthefamily,manystudentswillstruggletofindasenseofbelonging.Ifstudentsrelyonadministratorstoregulatetheirsocialbehaviorandthinkingpattern,theyarenotfacingthechallengeoffindinganidentitywithinalargerandcomplexcommunity.Moreover,thetendencyforuniversitiestomonitorandshapestudentbehaviorrunsupagainstanothercharacteristicofyoungadults:theresponsetobeingcontrolledbytheirelders.Ifacceptablesocialbehavioristoostrictlydefined(規(guī)定)andcontrolled,theinsensitiveoraggressivebehaviorthatadministratorsareseekingtominimizemayactuallybeencouraged.Itisnotsurprisingthatyoungpeoplearelikelytoburstout,particularlywhentherearereasonstodoso.Ourgenerationoncejoinedhandsandstoodfirmattimesofnationalemergency.Whatislackingtodayistheconflictbetweenadolescent’sdesireforautonomyandtheirunderstandingofanunsafeworld.Therefore,thereisthedesirefortheirdormstobereplacementhomesandnotplacestoexperienceintellectualgrowth.Everycollegediscussionaboutcommunityvalues,socialclimateandbehaviorshouldincluderecognitionofthedevelopmentalimportanceofstudentautonomyandself-regulation,ofthenecessarytensionbetweensafetyandself-discovery.67.What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardcontinuedparentalguidancetocollegestudents?A.SympatheticB.DisapprovingC.SupportiveD.Neutral68.Theunderlinedword“passage〞inParagraph2means.A.changeB.choiceC.textD.extension69.Accordingtotheauthor,whatroleshouldcollegeplay?A.todevelopasharedidentityamongstudentsB.todefineandregulatestudents’socialbehaviorC.ToprovideasafeworldwithouttensionforstudentsD.Tofosterstudents’intellectualandpersonaldevelopment70.Whichofthefollowingshowsthedevelopmentofideasinthepassage?【答案】67.B68.A69.D70.C68.A猜測(cè)詞義題。根據(jù)“fromtheshelterofthefamilytoautonomyandadultresponsibility〞可知，從家庭的庇護(hù)到自主性和成年人的責(zé)任，這是一種轉(zhuǎn)變、變化，應(yīng)選A。69.D推理判斷題。每個(gè)人的個(gè)性都是不同的，排除A；根據(jù)第四段“Ifstudentsrelyonadministratorstoregulatetheirsocialbehaviorandthinkingpattern,theyarenotfacing...〞可知，作者不贊成大學(xué)管理者約束學(xué)生的社會(huì)行為，排除B；大學(xué)不是一個(gè)無(wú)憂無(wú)慮的場(chǎng)所，排除C；大學(xué)應(yīng)該是學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)和促進(jìn)學(xué)生成長(zhǎng)的地方，應(yīng)選D。70.C篇章構(gòu)造題。根據(jù)第四段“Learningtodealwiththesocialworldisequallyimportant.〞中的“equallyimportant〞和第五段的“moreover〞可知，第四段和第五段是第三段的次要論點(diǎn)，應(yīng)選C?？键c(diǎn)：教育類短文閱讀【名師點(diǎn)睛】I.三類篇章構(gòu)造題的出題方式1.構(gòu)造識(shí)辨:此類組織構(gòu)造題要求考生能夠識(shí)別文章、段落的組織構(gòu)造或行文方式。構(gòu)造識(shí)辨類組織構(gòu)造題常見的題干表述方式如下：Howisthetextorganized?Theauthordevelopsthepassagemainlyby________.Thetextismainlydevelopedintheorderof________.Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthepassage?2.組織構(gòu)造功能:此類組織構(gòu)造題要求考生判斷文章或段落組織構(gòu)造的功能、作用，其常見的題干表述方式如下：Theauthorquoted…wordsin...paragraphinordertomakethearticle________.3.構(gòu)造推測(cè):此類組織構(gòu)造題要求考生能夠根據(jù)文章或段落的組織構(gòu)造、行文方式或段落內(nèi)容推測(cè)文章前后未呈現(xiàn)的寫作內(nèi)容。其常見的題干表述方式如下：Whatwouldtheauthorprobablydiscussintheparagraphthatfollows?[學(xué)優(yōu)]Whichofthefollowingdoyouthinkhasbeendiscussedinthepartbeforethisselection?II.解題策略考察組織構(gòu)造的文章通常行文組織構(gòu)造都比較清晰、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，因此，具備文體、寫作方式和文章組織構(gòu)造方面相關(guān)知識(shí)對(duì)于有效解答此類題目具有至關(guān)重要的作用。記敘文可以采取以時(shí)間為序、以地點(diǎn)為序、以故事情節(jié)開展為序〔開端、開展、高潮、結(jié)局〕等敘事方式進(jìn)展寫作。以故事情節(jié)為序又可以不按照時(shí)間的先后順序表達(dá)，比方，先寫結(jié)局，再寫其他,最后寫高潮，這種敘事手法叫做倒敘。議論文總體上可以分為四類：第一類，“提出論點(diǎn)——分論點(diǎn)一——分論點(diǎn)二——分論點(diǎn)三……——結(jié)論〞；第二類，“引入段——導(dǎo)出論點(diǎn)——分點(diǎn)論述——結(jié)論〞；第三類，“提出問(wèn)題——分析問(wèn)題——解決問(wèn)題〞；第四類，“提出反面觀點(diǎn)——批駁反面觀點(diǎn)——提出正面觀點(diǎn)〞。3)說(shuō)明文往往采取下定義、舉例子、列數(shù)字、比照或比較等說(shuō)明方式進(jìn)展寫作，而這些說(shuō)明方式都是為了使文章要說(shuō)明的內(nèi)容或問(wèn)題更加清晰明了、真實(shí)可信，或者更具說(shuō)服力?！久}意圖】閱讀理解從能力的角度來(lái)講，考察學(xué)生運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)的能力，具體地說(shuō)，就是通過(guò)閱讀有關(guān)文章提取有用信息的能力?！究荚嚪较颉块喿x理解所選的語(yǔ)段包括表達(dá)文、說(shuō)明文、應(yīng)用文和議論文，繼續(xù)保持了體裁的多樣化特點(diǎn)。選材多源于英文報(bào)刊和網(wǎng)絡(luò)媒體，包括廣告應(yīng)用文、日常生活、新聞報(bào)道、社會(huì)背景、政治經(jīng)濟(jì)、科普文章等各個(gè)方面的知識(shí)，并且具有鮮明的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文化特點(diǎn)和濃厚的時(shí)代氣息。綜合地反映了政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化和生活的各個(gè)方面，表達(dá)了“語(yǔ)言是文化的載體〞這一重要理念；從題型的角度看，閱讀題型主要有、細(xì)節(jié)理解型、主旨大意型、詞義猜測(cè)型、推理判斷型、篇章構(gòu)造型、細(xì)節(jié)理解型?！镜梅忠c(diǎn)】從解題方法的角度講，根據(jù)不同的題材和體裁，結(jié)合閱讀的題型特點(diǎn)，采用不同的閱讀方法，但不管怎樣，理解文章的內(nèi)容的前提。從題型的角度看，閱讀題型主要有、細(xì)節(jié)理解型、主旨大意型、詞義猜測(cè)型、推理判斷型、篇章構(gòu)造型、細(xì)節(jié)理解型?！灸割}1】1.【2016屆江西上高縣第二中學(xué)高三上學(xué)期第二次月考】Beforeyourchild'sfinalexam:andthegraduationannouncements,youfaceasignificanttasktogether:choosingtherightcollegeoruniversity.Thereisno"onesizefitsall"approachtoselectingacollege—it'saverypersonalprocessformostteenagers.Considerawiderangeoffactorstohelpyourchildmakethebestpossiblechoice.Discusswithyourchildherpost-highschoolchoices,suchascollege,findingworkorstartingabusiness,orjoiningthearmy.Ifyoudeterminetogetherthatcollegeisthebestchoiceforyourchild,talkabouttheimportanceofcollege,andherlonger-termgoalsbygoingtocollege.Talktoyourchildaboutwhatshethinksisimportantinacollegeexperienceandshareyouropinionsaswell.Identifytheissuesthatwilldirectlyimpacthercollegechoice,suchashergrades,testscoresandfamilyfinances.Thenmakealistofthekeycriteriaforherdreamschool,includingfactorssuchastheschool'slocation,itssize,thetypesofprogram:,theafterschoolactivitiesavailableandthetypeoffinancialaidavailable.Prioritizetheitem:onyourchild'slist,atleasttotheextentofsortingitinto"must-haves,""highlydesirable"and"nice-to-have"categories.Putthesefactorsintoanonlinesearchenginespecificallydesignedtoidentifycollegesanduniversitiesthatbestmeetyourcriteria,suchasthatofferedbyCollegeB.Startwiththemostimportantcriteria,thenexperimentwithadditionalfactorstonarrowthesearchresultstoanumberyoucanworkwith,suchas10or20differentschools.Usethesearchresultsasaguidetofurtherfocusyourcollegesearch.Researcheachschoolbyreviewingitswebsite,requestinginformationdirectlyfromtheschoolandattendinglocalpresentationsabouttheschool.1．Theunderlinedword"prioritize"inParagraph4probablymeans"______".A.listinorderofimportance B.writedownC.addto D.doresearchinto2．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.It'sbettertodecidethecollegeforyourchild.B.It'snecessarytotakeyourchild'sopinionintoconsideration.C.Thereisa"onesizefitsall"waytoselectacollege.D.Anonlinesearchengineisofgreathelptoyou.3．What'stheauthor'spurposeofwritingthepassage?A.ToargueB.TopersuadeC.TointroduceD.Toamuse4．Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthepassage?【文章大意】本文主要介紹了幫助孩子對(duì)高中畢業(yè)以后進(jìn)入大學(xué)時(shí)所要考慮的諸多因素。1．A考察猜測(cè)詞義。根據(jù)下一句atleasttotheextentofsortingitinto"must-haves,""highlydesirable"and"nice-to-have"categories.可知要把“必須有的〞“急需要的〞“得到將會(huì)很快樂(lè)的〞要求都包括進(jìn)去。也就是說(shuō)該詞表示按照重要性的順序來(lái)排列的。故A正確。2．B考察細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段第一句Talktoyourchildaboutwhatshethinksisimportantinacollegeexperienceandshareyouropinionsaswell.可知我們要和孩子談?wù)?，要考慮孩子的觀點(diǎn)和要求。故B正確。3．C考察推理判斷。根據(jù)第一段最后一句Considerawiderangeoffactorstohelpyourchildmakethebestpossiblechoice.可知作者在本文中主要介紹的是幫助孩子做出選擇的建議，也就是說(shuō)本文主要充當(dāng)?shù)氖墙榻B的作用。故C正確。4．D考察推理判斷。本文第一段告訴我們?cè)趲椭⒆幼龀鲞x擇時(shí)要考慮各種因素，接著2、3、4、5段分別提出一個(gè)建議。所以D項(xiàng)總分構(gòu)造是本文的構(gòu)造模式。故D正確。【母題2】3.【貴州省遵義航天高級(jí)中學(xué)2016屆高三第四次模擬】Whenshouldpeoplebemadetoretire?55?65?Shouldtherebeacompulsoryagelimit?Manyoldpeopleworkwellintotheir70sand80s,runningfamilies,countriesorcorporations.Otherpeople,however,despitebeingfitandhighlytalented,areforcedtoretireintheirfiftiesorevenearlierbecauseoftheregulationsofacompanyorthenation.Thisessaywillexaminewhetherpeopleshouldbeallowedtocontinueworkingaslongastheywantorwhethertheyshouldbeencouragedtoretireataparticularstage.Somepeoplethinkthereareseveralargumentsforallowingolderpeopletocontinueworkingaslongastheyareable.Firstofall,olderemployeeshaveanimmenseamountofknowledgeandexperiencewhichcanbelosttoabusinessororganizationiftheyaremadetoretire.Asecondpointisthatolderemployeesareoftenextremelyloyalemployeesandaremorewillingtocarryoutcompanypoliciesthanyoungerlesscommittedstaff.However,amoreimportantpointisregardingtheattitudesinsocietytooldpeople.Toforcesomeonetoresignorretireat60indicatesthatthesocietydoesnotvaluetheinputofthesepeopleandthateffectivelytheirusefullifeisover.Ageisirrelevanttoaworkinglife,surelyifolderemployeesaretoldtheycannotworkafter60,thisisagediscrimination.Thattheybecomeolddoesnotnecessarilymeantheyaregoingtobesick.Oldpeoplecouldbemoreaware,experiencedandcommittedthansomeyoungsters.Others,however,thinkthatallowingolderpeopletoworkindefinitelyisnotagoodpolicy.Agealoneisnoguaranteeofability.Oldpeopleareonlyambitiousworkaholicswhoaretooselfishandself-centeredtobelievethatayoungerpersoncoulddobetter.Actually,manyyoungeremployeeshavemoreexperienceorskillsthanolderstaff,whomayhavebeenstuckinoneareaorunitformostoftheirworkinglives.Havingcompulsoryretirementallowsnewideasinanorganization.Inaddition,withoutagelimits,however,manypeoplewouldcontinuetoworkpurelybecausetheydidnothaveanyotherplansorroles.Athirdpointofviewisthatolderpeopleshouldberewardedbysocietyfortheirlife’slaborbybeinggivengenerouspensionsandthefreedomtoenjoytheirleisure.Wenowhaveyoungsterswhocan’tfindjobsbecauseoldpeoplearechoosingnottoretire.Oldpeoplearenotretiringbecausethisnewgenerationof“oldpeople〞thinktheywillneverdieduetomodernadvancesinmedicine.Withmanyyoungpeopleunemployedorfrustratedinlow-levelpositions,thereareoftencallstocompulsorilyretireolderworkers.However,thiscanaffecttheolderindividual’sfreedomandrighttoworkandcandeprive(剝奪)societyofvaluableexperienceandinsights.Ifeelthatgivingworkersmoreflexibilityandchoiceovertheirretirementagewillbenefitsocietyandtheindividual.9.Whatisthepurposeofthispassage?A.Toexplainthecompulsoryagelimit.B.Todiscusstheretirementage.C.Toexaminepeople’sworkinglife.D.Tointroduceaparticularstage.10.WhichofthefollowingisNOTareasonforallowingoldpeopletocontinueworkingaccordingtothepassage?A.Theircontributionshouldbevalued.B.Theirexperienceshouldbemadeuseof.C.Theycanhelptheyoungsters.D.Theyareloyalemployees.11.Itcanbeinferredinthefourthpassagethat______.A.TheyoungpeoplehavemorecreativespiritsB.ModernadvancesinmedicinemakeoldpeopleneverdieC.PensionsandfreedomarenotgiventotheoldnowD.Oldpeoplebelievethatayoungerpersoncoulddobetter12.Thepassageisarrangedasfollows:11.A推理題。根據(jù)文章第四段第三句Actually,manyyoungeremployeeshavemoreexperienceorskillsthanolderstaff,whomayhavebeenstuckinoneareaorunitformostoftheirworkinglives.可知作者認(rèn)為年輕人有更多的經(jīng)歷和技巧，是因?yàn)槔夏耆司窒拊谀骋粋€(gè)領(lǐng)域，缺少創(chuàng)造性。故A正確。12.A篇章構(gòu)造題。作者在第一段提出是否應(yīng)該有退休的年齡限制第二段指出人們對(duì)這個(gè)問(wèn)題有不同的觀點(diǎn)。第三段和第四段分別闡述支持和反對(duì)兩種觀點(diǎn)，最后一段進(jìn)展總結(jié)：認(rèn)為應(yīng);有更靈活的退休政策。所以A項(xiàng)是正確的?！灸割}3】2.【2016屆福建省南平中學(xué)高三年級(jí)第一次階段考】DThismightnotsoundsoextraordinary,butIdidn’tjustreadabookinprint,onane-readerorevenonamobilephone.Instead,Ireadabookondozensofdevices(設(shè)備).IwasnottryingtosetaGuinnessworldrecord.IwantedtoansweraquestionIoftenhear:whiche-readerortablet(平板)isthebestforreadingbooks?SoIsetouttotrythemall,readingachapteroneach:theAmazonKindle,thefirstandsecondgenerationAppleiPadsandmobilephones.Tobefair,Ialsoreadachapterinthatold-fashionedform—anoldprintpaperback.ThebookIchosewasTheAlienist.Forthefirstchapter,IturnedtoanAmazonKindle.ShoppingonAmazonfortheKindleissimple;yougotoAmazon’sWebsiteandbuythebook,whichisthensenttoanydeviceswithKindlesoftwareinstalled(安裝).ReadingontheAmazonKindleisajoyinmanyaspects.TheKindleislight.Itssix-inchscreenistheperfectsizeforreading,andreadingonitsblackandwhiteEInkdisplaydoesn’tharmyoureyes.Batterylifeisoutstanding;onaverageyouchargethedeviceonlyonceamonth.MyonlycomplaintwiththeKindledesignistheplacementofthekeyboardatthebottomofthedevice.Amazon’sCEOhasnotedduringpastproductannouncementsthatthekeyboardistheretohelppeopletakenotesorsearch.Buttome,itseemslikeawasteofspace.Despitethesmallscreenonamobilephone,Ifindreadingononetobesimpleandsatisfactory.AllofthemobilephonesonwhichIreadchaptersfeltsomewhatsimilar;althoughscreenbrightnessandthesizeofthephone’sscreendidvary.IfIhadwantedto,Icouldhaveboughtmybookthroughdozensofe-bookapps(應(yīng)用程序)intheAppleAppStore.Mostarefreeandofferaccesstothousandsoffreee-booksorpaidversions.ButthebigdownsideformanyisthatyoucanreadthemonlyonAppledevices.BothiPads1＆2offeranimmersive(沉浸式)readingexperience.IfoundmyselfjumpingbackandforthbetweenmybookandtheWeb,lookingupoldfactsandpicturesofNewYorkCity.IalsofoundmyselfbeingsuckedintothewormholeoftheInternetandafewgamesof