國外心理學史2課件2

AHistoryofPsychology

Chaptertwo:PhilosophicalInfluenceonPsychology1.TheSpiritofMechanism

(17th-19thcenturyZeitgeist)ClocksandmechanicalfiguresInfluencedthedirectionofpsychologyMechanismTheuniverseasagreatmachineFeatureofscienceObservation,experimentation,&measurementNaturePhilosophy=physicsNewton:theuniverseisaclock,madebyGod.Itismeasurable,predictable,andorderlyII.TheClockUniverseClockasmetaphorformechanismDeterminismandreductionismAutomataThecalculatingengineII.TheClockUniverseClockasmetaphorformechanismAvailabletoalllevelsofsocietyBehaviorsareRegular,predictable,preciseHarmonyandorderoftheuniverseII.TheClockUniverseDeterminismandreductionismDeterminismEveryactisdeterminedbypastevents.Ifuniverse=aclock,thenwecanpredictchangebecauseweknowtheorderandregularityofaclockReductionismLikeclockcouldbeunderstoodbyreducingthemtotheirbasiccomponentstoknowitsfunctioningExplainphenomenaononelevel(e.g.,complexideas)intermsofphenomenaonanotherlevel(e.g.,simpleideas)II.TheClockUniverseAutomata

PeopleasMachineAutomataasmodelsforhumanbeingsBodieswerelikemachinesmadebyGodAutomatonfigureofaMonkII.TheClockUniverse–

ThecalculatingengineCharlesBabbage(1791-1871)EnrolledatCambridgeU.KnewaboutmathmorethanfacultyBecameamathematicprofessoratCambridge

CharlesBabbageII.TheClockUniverseThecalculatingengineAutomata:humanphysicalactionCalculator:humanmentalactionBabbageinvited300peopletohishometolookathisdesignCalled“Thedifferenceengine”However,GovernmentwithdrewfundingupsetII.TheClockUniverseCalculatorimitatedhumanmentalactionsInfluencemoderncomputer,humancognitiveprocess,aformofartificialintelligenceBabbage’scalculatingmachineIII.ThebeginningsofModernScienceEmpiricismThepursuitofknowledgethroughobservationandexperimentationReneDescartes(1596-1650)

AppliedtheideaoftheclockworkmechanismtothehumanbodyIII.ThebeginningsofModernScienceReneDescartes(1596-1650)InheritedalotmoneytotravelandintellectualpursuitsPoorhealthQueeninSwedenrequestedhimtoteachherphilosophyin1649However,earlymorninglessonsandcoldweather,hediedafterfourmonthsin1650.ReneDescartesIV.ThecontributionofDescartes:1.TheNatureoftheBody

BodyisMatter,BodyislikeMachineBodyisInvoluntaryMovementIV.ThecontributionofDescartes:HumanbehaviorispredictableifinputareknownImpactlateron“classicalconditioning”phenomena

SupportfromphysiologyBloodcirculation;digestion2.ReflectActiontheory(S-R)IV.ThecontributionofDescartes:

3.LocalizationoffunctionsinbrainIV.ThecontributionofDescartes:4.TheBody-MindInteraction

Mindthinks,perceives,andwillsMindprovidedinformationabouttheexternalworldMindinfluencesandisinfluencedbythebodyIV.ThecontributionofDescartes:5.TheDoctrineofIdeas

DerivedIdeas(fromtheexternalsource)fromthedirectapplicationofanexternalstimulusThesoundofbell

InnateIdeas(fromtheinternalsource)fromthemindorconsciousness

Impact:Gestaltpsychology—theprincipleoforganizationDepthperceptionV.PhilosophicalFoundationsoftheNewPsychologyEuropeanphilosophy:foundationsofthescienceofpsychologyPositivismMaterialismEmpiricism(majorrole)V.PhilosophicalFoundationsoftheNewPsychologyPositivism(AugustComte,1798-1857)RecognizeonlynaturalphenomenaorfactsthatareobjectivelyobservableOnlyknowledgefromsciencewasvalidMaterialismThefactsoftheuniversecouldbedescribedinphysicaltermsandexplainedbythepropertiesofmatterandenergyV.PhilosophicalFoundationsoftheNewPsychologyEmpiricism(majorrole)HowthemindacquiresknowledgeAttributesallknowledgetoexperienceKnowledgeisfromsensoryexperiencesandobjectiveobservationJohnLocke,GeorgeBerkeley,DavidHume,DavidHartley,JamesMill,andJohnStuartMillEmpiricismandAssociation:AcquiringknowledgethroughExperience:

JohnLocke(1632-1704)JohnLocke(1632-1704)StudiedatUniversitiesinLondonandOxfordInterestedinpolitics;impactedonAmericanIndependenceAnEssayConcerningHumanUnderstanding(1690)startedBritishempiricismJohnLockeEmpiricismandAssociation:AcquiringknowledgethroughExperience:

JohnLocke(1632-1704)1.HowthemindacquiresknowledgeAtbirth:individualsareblankandcleanIndividualacquiresknowledgethroughexperienceandleaning

EmpiricismandAssociation:AcquiringknowledgethroughExperience:

JohnLocke(1632-1704)2.SensationandReflectionIdeasaretheresultofreflectionandsensationsSensation(impression):senseimpressionsReflection(idea):mindoperatesonthesenseimpressionstoformideasCombinethesenseimpresionstoformabstractionsandotherhigher-levelideasEmpiricismandAssociation:AcquiringknowledgethroughExperience:

JohnLocke(1632-1704)3.SimpleideaandcomplexideaSimpleideaCannotbeanalyzedorreducedtoevensimplerideasComplexIdeaCombiningsimpleideasCanbeanalyzedandreducedtosimplerideasEmpiricismandAssociation:AcquiringknowledgethroughExperience:

JohnLocke(1632-1704)4.ThetheoryofAssociationRejectedDescartes’innateideasSimpleideasmaybelinkedorassociatedtoformcomplexideasAssociation(early)=learning(today)EmpiricismandAssociation:AcquiringknowledgethroughExperience:

JohnLocke(1632-1704)5.PrimaryandsecondaryqualitiesPrimary:objective,existindependentlyofbeingexperienced.ThesizeandshapeofabuildingSecondary:subjective,existifexperienced(perceived)ColorWater:cold,hot,warmEmpiricismandAssociation:AcquiringknowledgethroughExperience:

GeorgeBerkeley(1685-1753)BornandeducatedinIrelandAnEssayTowardsaNewTheoryofVision(1709)&ATreatiseConcerningthePrinciplesofHumanKnowledge(1710)

TaughtatTrinityCollegeinDublinOneschoolinCalifornianamed“Berkeley”inhonorofhimGeorgeBerkeleyEmpiricismandAssociation:AcquiringknowledgethroughExperience:

GeorgeBerkeley(1685-1753)1.PerceptionistheonlyrealityMentalism:allknowledgeisafunctionofmentalphenomenaanddependentontheperceivingorexperiencingpersonOnecanonlyrelyonone’sperceptionofthephysicalnatureofobjectsImpactthephenomenologyofthehumanisticschool,focusontheindividual’suniqueexperiencesEmpiricismandAssociation:AcquiringknowledgethroughExperience:

GeorgeBerkeley(1685-1753)2.TheAssociationofsensationsKnowledge:compositionofsimpleidea,heldtogetherbyassociationDepthperception:islearnedandistheresultoftheassociationorsynthesisofsensations.

EmpiricismandAssociation:AcquiringknowledgethroughExperience:

DavidHume(1711-1776)IfnoGod,onehasnowayofknowing1.ImpressionandIdeasImpression:likesensationandperceptionsIdea:imagesofimpressionBothmaybesimpleorcomplexDavidHumeEmpiricismandAssociation:AcquiringknowledgethroughExperience:

DavidHume(1711-1776)2.LawofAssociationResemblance(similarity)Themorealiketwoideasare,themorereadilytheywillbeassociatedContiguityintimeandspaceThemorecloselylinkedtwoideasareintimeandspace,themorereadilytheywillbeassociatedEmpiricismandAssociation:AcquiringknowledgethroughExperience:

DavidHartley(1705-1757)Waspreparedtobeaminister,butlaterturnedtomedicineObservationsonMan,HisFrame,HisDuty,andHisExpectations(association)DavidHartleyEmpiricismandAssociation:AcquiringknowledgethroughExperience:

DavidHartley(1705-1757)1AssociationbycontiguityandrepetitionContiguity:explainsmemory,reasoning,emotion,voluntaryandinvoluntaryactionsRepetition:themorefrequentlytwoideasoccurtogether,themorereadilytheywillbeassociated.Infant(noknowledge)Children(relyonsensoryexperiencesandmentalconnections)-adult(relyonthinking,judging,&reasoning)Thefirsttoapplyatheoryofassociationtoexplainalltypesofmentalactivities.EmpiricismandAssociation:AcquiringknowledgethroughExperience:

DavidHartley(1705-1757)2.TheinfluenceofmechanismExplainpsychologicalprocessintermsofmechanicalprinciplesandexplaintheirunderlyingphysiologicalprocessesImpulses,vibration(humanbrainandnervoussystem)EmpiricismandAssociation:AcquiringknowledgethroughExperience:

JamesMill(1773-1836)EducatedattheUniversityofEdinburgh,ScotlandWorkedatchurchWasawriterAnalysisofthePhenomenaofHumanMind

JamesMillEmpiricismandAssociation:Acquiringknowledge