大學英語《說明文寫作》教程

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說明文寫作1精選ppt一、概述二、寫作方法及例子三、圖表作文2精選ppt一、概述

說明文是描述某一事物、事由或過程的文章。它用于說明客觀事物的特點和性能，或介紹某種操作的程序，或解釋某些抽象概念，或闡明某種科學原理、自然現(xiàn)象等，完全是就事論事的描述，所以也稱技術(shù)性的描寫文。詞典、教材、論文、實驗報告、甚至廣告等都屬這類文體。3精選ppt二、寫作方法及例子1、下定義（definition）像詞典那樣直接地給字或詞下定義，也包括進一步通過舉例、對比、比喻邏輯推理等寫作方法解釋事物，使讀者對事物的特點有更全面的了解。4精選ppt例：

Ambitionmeansthegoalinourlife.Tohaveone’sambitiondoesnotnecessarilymeantobecomeoneofthechiefstateleaders.Thisisnottherealsenseoftheword.Trueambitionencouragesusalwaystolookforwardandnottolosehopeinfaceoffailure.Ambitiondiffersfrompersontopersonandeveryonehashisownambition.Yetnoteveryoneofuscansucceedinwhatwedesiretodo.5精選ppt2、舉例子（Illustration）。例：

Americansvaluemanuallabor.Theyhavegreatrespectforcraftsmanship.ManyAmericansprefercrafthobbies.Forexample,somebuildsmallboatsintheirleisuretime.Othersmakenewfurnitureorrefinishantiquefurniture.Othersenjoy6精選pptgardeningorpainting.Manylow-incomeAmericanfamilieshavebeautifulfurnitureorpaintingsorpotteryorboats.Theymakethesethingsandtheyareproudoftheirmanualskill.Infactsomepeoplearereallyveryhandy.7精選ppt3、分類（Classification）。把事物分作若干類型并說明或描述各事物的特點和差異。8精選ppt例：

Allmatterisinoneofthethreestates.Itmaybeinthestateofagas,aliquidorasolid.

Asolidhasdefiniteshapeanddefinitevolume.Aliquidhasdefinitevolume,butithasnodefiniteshape.Itmayflowortaketheshapeofitscontainer.Agaschangesnotonlyinshapebutalsoinvolume,foritexpandsandcontractseasily.9精選ppt4、比較（Comparison）和對照（Contrast）比較和對照在英語寫作中應用非常廣泛。一般來說，比較時指對人或事件之間相同點進行分析；對比是對人或事物之間的不同點進行比較。不過在很多情況下，這兩種方法不能截然分開。10精選ppt例：

Itiseasytobeawinner.Awinnercanshowhisjoypublicly.Hecanlaughandsinganddanceandcelebratehisvictory.Peoplelovetobewithwinners.Winnersareneverlonely.

Unlikewinners,losersarethelonelyonesoftheworld.Itisdifficulttofacedefeatwithdignity.Loserscannotshowtheirdisappointmentpublicly.Theycannotcryorgrieveabouttheirdefeat.Theymaysufferprivately,buttheymustbecomposedinpublic.Theyhavenothingtocelebrateandnoonetosharetheirsadness.11精選ppt5、因果分析（CauseandEffect）。指分析某一事物或現(xiàn)象的前因后果。有的文章以分析原因為主，有的文章以說明造成的結(jié)果為主，一般說來，不存在單獨表示原因或結(jié)果的文章。12精選ppt例：

Climateaffectsthecultureofacountry.Menmustlearntolivewithinthelimitationsoftheirenvironment,andclimateisanimportantpartofthephysicalenvironment.Lifeinatropicalcountryislessstrenuousandmorecasualthanitisinatemperateone.Menworkshorterhoursandlessvigorouslyinahotclimate.Theycnnotplayhardeither.Theytireeasily.Theycanrelaxbyreading,bysippingcooldrinks,orbylisteningtosoothingmusic.Theymusttrytoconservetheirenergy.ThewisestoneslearntorespectthedemandsofNature.13精選ppt6、敘述過程（ProcessAnalysis）。例：如何做漢堡包

Makinghamburgersisreallyverysimple.Allyouneedisapoundofmincedbeef,whichyoumixwiththeotherthings–saltandpepper,ateaspoonofmustard（芥末）,andaneggaswell.Youbreaktheegginabowl,andmixallthethingstogetherwithafork.Whenitissmoothandwell-mixed,makeroundhamburgersfromthemixture,androlltheminsomeflour.14精選pptThenyouneedafryingpanandsomeoil.Frythehamburgersonbothsidesforabout15minutes,untiltheyarereallybrown.Whentheyareready,getsomesoftbreadrollsandcuttheminhalf.Putthehamburgersinsidethemandeatthemassoonaspossible.(實際上，人們寫作說明文的時候，一般常采用綜合法，在一篇文章中同時交叉使用兩種或兩種以上的方法，使文章表達得更完整、更有力。)15精選ppt三、圖表作文1、定義2、特點及要求3、技巧4、兩種類型5、例文6、寫作練習16精選ppt1、定義

圖表作文是采用統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)表(table)，坐標曲線(graph)或圓形餅圖(piechart)等資料數(shù)據(jù)來闡述論題的作文。也是科技文獻中常用的一種表達手段。17精選ppt2、特點及要求

圖表作文利用圖象，表格和曲線圖作為作文提示，并以此為依據(jù)要求考生用簡潔生動的語言，把圖表中給定的信息完整而又準確地表達出來。圖表作文不但要求作者具有一定的英文寫作能力，而且要求具有較強的觀察力，分析力和充分的想象力。18精選ppt3、技巧

無需一條不漏地將數(shù)據(jù)資料加以描述，而是選擇有典型性和代表性的重點數(shù)據(jù)，同時要注意文章的整體結(jié)構(gòu)，詳略得當。19精選ppt4、兩種類型Type1:要求客觀陳述圖表信息內(nèi)容的作文側(cè)重對比分析和說明資料數(shù)據(jù)之間的關(guān)系上。最后分析和查找出規(guī)律，歸納得出結(jié)論。20精選pptType2:要求深入分析原因內(nèi)容的作文先闡述圖表數(shù)據(jù)所反映的問題。進而篩選出有關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)資料進行深入的分析討論，分析原因。最后找出解決問題的方法。21精選ppt5、例文Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionofnolessthan100wordsonChangesinPeople’sDiet.Studythefollowingtablecarefullyandyourcompositionmustbebasedontheinformationgiveninthetable.Writethreeparagraphsto:22精選ppt(1)statethechangesinpeople’sdietinthepastfiveyears;(2)givepossiblereasonsforthechanges;(3)drawyourownconclusions.23精選pptYearFood19861987198819891990Grain49%47%46.5%45%45%Milk10%11%11%12%13%Meat17%20%22.5%23%21%Fruitandvegetables24%22%20%20%21%Total100%100%100%100%100%24精選pptSample:

Ascanbeseenfromthetable,greatchangeshavebeentakingplaceinpeople’sdietovertheperiodfrom1986to1990.Theconsumptionofgrainhasdecreasedby4%,whiletheconsumptionofhighqualityfood,suchasmilkandmeat,hasincreasedsteadily.25精選pptTherearechieflytworeasons,Ithink,forthechanges.Intheolddays,peoplecouldnotoftenaffordmeatandmilkwhosepricewasonlywithinreachofwell-to-dofamilies.Butnow,withtheimprovementoflivingstandard,mostpeoplehaveenoughmoneytobuythem.Andpeopleoftodayalsopaymoreattentiontonutrition.Theywanttoeatnotonlymorebutalsobetter.Theyareseekingthemostreasonabledietstructurewhichwilldogoodtotheirhealth.26精選ppt

Inshort,withtheimprovementofpeople’slivingstandard,changesintheirdietwillbemoreobviousandgreat.27精選pptShiningpoints:overtheperiodfrom1986to1990,suchasmilkandmeat,well-to-do,paymoreattentionto,notonlymorebutalsobetter,dogoodto,moreobviousandgreat,28精選ppt評論：Score:14主題鮮明，論點明確，切中題意，內(nèi)容豐富，思想表達清楚，連貫。29精選ppt6、寫作練習ABoominAdultEducation30精選ppt

Fromthegraph，weknowthestatisticsoftheadulteducationparticipationandtheincreasingnumberoftheparticipantsinXcity．In1985therewereonlyeightythousandpeopletakingpartintheadulteducation，butin2000thenumberhasgrowntotwomillionfourhundredthousandpeople．Obviouslytherearemoreandmorepeoplewhohopetogetadvanceddegreesandgainmoreknowledgeaftertheybegantowork．31精選ppt

Therearemanyreasonsresponsibleforthegreatchange，andthefollowingarethetypicalones．Foronething，it'sduringtheworkthatpeoplebeginto