英語論文寫作 Method

MethodUnit70Themechanicthatwouldperfecthisworkmustfirstsharpenhistools.CONFUCIUS,FounderofConfucianism

1Mainsectionstobecovered

7.1TasksforCriticalThinkingandDiscussion7.2LanguageConventions7.3

LanguagePractice7.4WritingupYourResearch2IEinMethod1.OverviewoftheResearch/Experiment2.Population/Sample3.Location4.Restrictions5.SamplingTechniques6.Procedures7.Materials8.Variables9.StatisticalTreatment3對一種特殊材料的描述通常采用以下三個(gè)步驟：（1）概述：用一兩個(gè)句子簡述材料的性質(zhì)、用途。（2）主要部件描述：對材料的主要部件特點(diǎn)的描述。描述可采用空間次序，如上下、前后、左右等，也可按部件所具有的功能的前后次序來描述。（3）功能描述：對材料總體功能的描述。4SampleEachoftheparticipatingTESLprogramsreceivedapackagecontainingdetailedinstructions,questionnaires,andvideotapes.Thesepackagesweremailedoutintheorderinwhichprogramsrespondedtothee-mailrequestforparticipation.InstructorsintheTESLprogramsthenshowedthevideotapestotheirclasses…5SampleEachoftheparticipatingTESLprogramsreceived

apackagecontainingdetailedinstructions,questionnaires,andvideotapes.Thesepackagesweremailedoutintheorderinwhichprogramsrespondedtothee-mailrequestforparticipation.InstructorsintheTESLprogramsthenshowedthevideotapestotheirclasses…DescriptionofmaterialsDescriptionofprocedures6(1)METHODParticipantsDesignDependentMeasuresprocedure7(2)DataandMethodologyExperimentalSetupDataAnalysisMaterialsandProcedure8(3)ExperimentalSubstratePreparationInstrumentsGeneralConditionsforFilmGrowth9EnglishforCollegeStudentsinTaiwan:AStudyofPerceptionsofEnglishNeedsinaMedicalContext(1)MethodThesubjectswere341medicalstudentsintheDepartmentofMedicine,including97freshmen,74sophomores,90juniors,and80seniors,and20facultymembersinthemedicalprogramatChungShanMedicalCollegeinTaichung,Taiwan,China.Researchsubjects,Sample,Location

Sample10EnglishforCollegeStudentsinTaiwan:AStudyofPerceptionsofEnglishNeedsinaMedicalContext(2)Twoquestionnairesweredevelopedforthesurvey,basedontwoearliersurveysinstrumentsbyTaylor&Hussein(1985)andGuo(1989).ThequestionnairesweretranslatedintoChinese,piloted,andmodifiedaccordingtofeedbackfrom10respondents:sixmedicalstudentsandfourfacultymembersfromChungShanMedicalCollege.Thequestionnairegiventothemedicalstudentsconsistedoffivesectionsof23questions,thetopicsofwhichweretheimportanceofEnglishincollegeandprofessionalcareers,perceivedlanguageskillneedsandproblems,theactivitiesneededinafreshmanlanguagecourse,andsuggestionsfordevelopmentofcoursecontentandmaterialsaswellasdemographicinformation.Thefacultyquestionnaireconsistedoffoursectionsof16questions,whichwereparalleltothoseintheversiongiventothestudentsexceptnodemographicinformationwasgathered(seeAppendix).Researchmaterials11EnglishforCollegeStudentsinTaiwan:AStudyofPerceptionsofEnglishNeedsinaMedicalContext(3)

Oneoftheauthors,afacultymemberatChungShanMedicalCollege,selectedonerequiredclassforeachgroupofstudents(freshmen,sophomores,juniors,andseniors).Copiesofthestudentquestionnaireforadministrationtothestudentswerethensenttocooperatinginstructorsteachingthesecourses;copiesofthefacultyquestionnaireweregivento20teacherswhowerewillingtocompletethesurveys.Studentsandfacultytookabout20minutestocompletethesurvey.Researchmaterialsandprocedures12EnglishforCollegeStudentsinTaiwan:AStudyofPerceptionsofEnglishNeedsinaMedicalContext(4)

Thedatawerecomputer-analyzedusinganSPSSprogram.Onthequestionnaire,percentagesweredeterminedforallquestionsexcept8and13forwhichmeanswerecomputed.Chi-square,t-tests,andANOVAanalyseswereconductedinordertodeterminetheperceptionsofEnglishlanguageneedsofmedicalcollegestudentsandtheirfacultyandtocomparetheperceptionsheldbythevariousgroups.Statisticalanalysis137.1Tasksforcriticalthinkinganddiscussion1.Isthesectioninthepapersyouoftenreadlabeled“Method”?Ifnot,whatisitcalled?

2.

IdentifytheinformationelementsyoufindineachsentenceofText1,andthenfillinthetablewithrelevantinformation.

Thefirstitemhasbeendoneasanexample.14sentencenumberInformationelementS1overviewS2

S3

S4

S5

S6

S7

S8

S9

S10

samplesamplesamplesamplesampleprocedureprocedureandmaterialprocedureandmaterialprocedureoverview15S11S12S13S14S15S16statisticalanalysisstatisticalanalysisstatisticalanalysisstatisticalanalysisstatisticalanalysisprocedure163.LookatText2,determinewhetherthematerialsdescribedareconventionalorspecificallydesigned,andidentifythearrangementasspatial,functional,orsomeotherarrangementplan.Speciallydesignedmaterials;mainlyoffunctionalarrangement4.Whatverbtensesaremainlyusedinthetwotexts?simplepasttense175.Whatistheproportionofactivevoiceverbstopassivevoiceverbsinthetwomethodsections?Whydotheauthorsusetheverbvoicethatway?Theincidenceofpassivevoiceclearlyoutnumbersthatofactivevoice.Theauthorusesthepassivesinordertodepersonalizetheinformation,i.e.he/shewantstoplaceemphasisontheproceduresandhowtheyareperformed.18(1)_________________Atotalof387participantsofEuropeandescent(52.7%female)withameanageof27.2yearswererecruitedbyresearchassistantsinparksandpublicplacesintheMontrealregion.6.Readthefollowingsentences.Theyarealltakenfrom“Method”sectionsfromdifferentresearcharticles.Ineachcase,determinewhichinformationelementisrepresented.sample(subject)19(3)_________________ExperimentersapproachedpotentialparticipantsbyintroducingthemselvesasastudentattheUniversityofQuebecatMontrealandthenaskingiftheywouldaccepttoparticipateinashortstudyonfacialexpressions.(2)_________________Thestimuliconsistedofsetsoflinedrawingsofobjects(approximately5x5cm),presentedoncards.Eachsetcomprisedatargetandtwopairsofitems.materialsprocedure20(4)_________________ThestudyaimstoexaminetheuseofSEFasatoolforprovidingevidenceofteachingeffectivenessintertiaryeducation.(5)_________________A2x5analysisofvariancewasusedtotestforageandlanguagegroupdifferences.statisticaltreatmentoverview21(6)_________________Envelopescontainingthesurveymaterialsweresenttothelocalbusinessmanagerofeachunion.Envelopesincludedacoverletterexplainingtheproject,thequestionnaireitself,andapostagepaidreturnenvelope.Tcedure&material22(7)_____________________________Astratified,random,cross-sectionalsampleoftwenty-eighthundredconstructionworkerswasselectedinamajorMidwesterncity.sample&samplingtechnique(8)_________________TheinvestigationwasperformedinavocationalcollegeinZhejiangprovince,China.location23

7.2LanguageConventions

VoiceindescribingproceduresandmaterialsPassivevoiceActivevoiceVerbTenseindescribingproceduresandmaterialsSimplepasttenseSimplepresenttense24Describingproceduresandmaterials–simplepasttenseDescribingresearchproceduresDescribingresearchsampleDescribingspecificallydesignedmaterialsDescribingresearchoverview,location,samplingtechnique,datatreatment,etc.25SimplePastTense(1)1.Theparticipantswere51first-yearstudentsoftheFacultyofAgricultureatamajoruniversityinUtah,intheUS.Theiraverageagewas18yearsold.TheyconstitutedaconveniencesampleandweremembersofageneraleducationEnglishoralcommunicationclass.

(Sample:Simplepast)2.Theinitialquestionnairewasadministeredatthebeginningofthesemesterandthefinalonewasgivenattheendofthesemester,sothattheeffectsoftime,ifany,wouldemergemoreclearly.

(Procedure:Simplepast)263.ThestudywasconductedinanationallaboratoryaffiliatedtoaresearchcenterforindustrialautomationinZhejiangprovince,China.(Location:Simplepast)4.Thegreenhouseairsurroundingthetreatmentchamberwasheatedinwinterbysteampipes.Insummer,thegreenhousewascooledbypullingoutsideairthroughwater-saturatedpadsonthesouthendofthebuilding.(Speciallydesignedmaterial:Simplepast)SimplePastTense(2)275.Analysesofvariancewereusedtodetectsignificantdifferencesamongvarietiesoflocations.

(Statisticaltreatment:Simplepast)6.The66essayschosenforthisstudyweretheresultofthetimedessayportionofaplacementexaminationadministeredattheendofeach7-weeksession.

(Speciallydesignedmaterial:Simplepast)SimplePastTense(3)28但是，以下情況用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：1.對在某一研究領(lǐng)域中被普遍認(rèn)可的、廣為使用步驟的描述。2.對常規(guī)性材料的描述。3.對研究總體的描述。請注意：在有些學(xué)科，如工程、經(jīng)濟(jì)類研究期刊上發(fā)表的論文習(xí)慣用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)來描述研究步驟。291.AllstudentsentertheEnglishLanguageInstitutewheretheyfollowanintensiveprogramofEnglishlanguagetrainingfortwoweeks.

(Generalpopulation:Simplepresent)2.ThequartzreactorstestedforthisworkarefabricatedbytheA&BSalesCompanyofWheeling,Leeds,UK.

(Conventionalinstrument:Simplepresent)

SimplePresentTense301.Passivevoice:Placetheemphasisontheprocedureandhowitwasdone1.Thespeakerwashandedacardwithadiagramonit(bytheresearcher),andthelistenerwasgivenawhitecardandpen(bytheresearcher).2.Inordertoexplorethewritingprocessesofthesestudentswithoutinterruptingthem,studentswerevideotaped

(byus)astheywrote,withthecamerafocusedspecificallyonthemovementoftheirpenonpaper.312.Passivevoice:Oldinformation/

Newinformation

1.Tointroducetheprogram,theresearchertoldeachclassthattherewouldbeanafter-schoolworkachievementcontestinwhichthey(oldinformation)

wereplacedintothreegroupsdoingdifferentactivities:GroupAMathematics,GroupBReading,andGroupCWriting.Eachgroup(oldinformation)

wastoldthatitsbestachieverswouldbenamedandcommended.321.Thetemperatureinsidethechamberwasincreasedfrom0℃to20℃.(Theresearcherincreasedthetemperature.)2.AtthebeginningoftheSemester,98copiesofthecompletedquestionnaireswerecollected,andattheendofthesemester,85copieswerecollectedsincesomestudentshadbeentransferredtodifferentclasses.

(Theresearchercollectedthequestionnaires.)3.Passivevoice:Humanagentinvolved(whenahumanagent[theexperimenter]ismanipulatingthematerials.)331.Thegreenhouseairsurroundingthetreatmentchamberwasheatedinwinterbysteampipes.2.Powerissupplied

bya10-horsepowergasolineenginewhichdrivesbothacentrifugalpumpand2-kwelectricalgenerator.4.Passivevoice:nohumanagentinvolved341.Forcomparisonofvisualsusedinscientificcommunicationinthetwocultures,IselectedreportsaboutDolly,thesheepclonedfromasinglecellin1997byscientistsatEdinburgh’sRoslinInstitute.

2.TobuildthetwographsthatTPC-W’sreportingproceduresrequire,wedevelopedtwodataanalysisprograms.

3.

Weinvestigatedlearnersin3differentculturalenvironments.Oursubjectswere46Israelilearners,34Japaneselearnersand28ChineseEFLuniversitylearners.5.Activevoice:humanagentinvolved(firstperson“I”&“we”)356.Activevoice:Nohumanagentinvolved(whenthematerialsoperate“bythemselves”)1.A200hpgeneratorprovidedpowertothesystem.2.Controlgaugesmonitoredairpressureinsidethechamber.367.ShorteningCompoundSentencesinthePassiveVoice(i)Differentsubjects1a.Thedatawerecollectedandcorrelationswerecomputed.(fullform)1b.Thedatawerecollectedandcorrelationscomputed.(shortform)

37(ii)Shortening“which”clausesentences

1a.Solarsystemswhicharedesignedtoheatwaterarenowcommoninprivatehomesinmanypartsofthecountry.(fullform)1b.Solarsystemsdesignedtoheatwaterarenowcommoninprivatehomesinmanypartsofthecountry.(shortform)2a.TheessayswhichwereusedinthestudywerewrittenbystudentswhowerepreviouslyenrolledintheIntensiveEnglishProgram(IEP)atIndianaUniversity.(fullform)2b.TheessaysusedinthestudywerewrittenbystudentspreviouslyenrolledintheIntensiveEnglishprogram(IEP)atIndianaUniversity.(shortform)38Voice1.Passivevoice:Placetheemphasisontheprocedureandhowitwasdone.2.Passivevoice:Oldinformation/Newinformation3.Passivevoice:Humanagentinvolved(whenahumanagent[theexperimenter]ismanipulatingthematerials).394.

Passivevoice:nohumanagentinvolved(whenthematerialsoperate“byothermaterials”).5.Activevoice:humanagentinvolved(firstperson“I”&“we”)6.Nohumanagentinvolved(whenthematerialsoperate“bythemselves”).7.Shortpassiveforms:(i)Shorteningcompoundsentences(ii)Shortening“which”clausesentences

407.3LanguagePractice1.Themethodsectionofaresearcharticlefromthefieldofengineeringmanagementisgivenherewithsentencesinscrambledorder.Rearrangethesentencesinamoreconventionalorderastheauthororiginallywrotethem.41______a.ThequestionnaireusedwasamodifiedversionoftheMichiganOrganizationalAssessmentPackage.______b.Theunionbusinessmanagerwascontactedandaskedtoselectworkersfromhisunionandtosendtheenvelopestotheworkersselected.______c.Astratified,cross-sectionalsampleof2,800constructionworkerswasselectedinamajornortherncityinthecountry.______d.Thirtypercentofthemembersofeachofthetradeunionsweresurveyed.(TOBECONTINUED)42______e.Theconstructionworkerswereallmembersofthevarioustradeunions,includingcarpenters,electricians,andplumbers.______f.Envelopescontainingthesurveymaterialsweresenttothelocalbusinessmanagerofeachunion.______g.Theenvelopesincludedacoverletterexplainingtheresearchproject,thequestionnaireitself,andapostagepaidreturnenvelopeformailingthecompletedquestionnaire.43______h.Amultipleregressionanalysiswasusedtomeasuretheoverallsatisfactionofajob,toidentifythemostimportantjoboutcomesandtocorrelatejoboutcomeswithjobsatisfaction.______i.Sevenhundredandthreecompletedcopiesofthequestionnairewerereturned.______j.Theworkersfilledoutthequestionnairesandmailedthemtotheinvestigatorsusingthepre-paidreturnenvelopes.

44______a.ThequestionnaireusedwasamodifiedversionoftheMichiganOrganizationalAssessmentPackage.______b.Theunionbusinessmanagerwascontactedandaskedtoselectworkersfromhisunionandtosendtheenvelopestotheworkersselected.______c.Astratified,cross-sectionalsampleof2,800constructionworkerswasselectedinamajornortherncityinthecountry.______d.Thirtypercentofthemembersofeachofthetradeunionsweresurveyed.(TOBECONTINUED)1368Key:45______e.Theconstructionworkerswereallmembersofthevarioustradeunions,includingcarpenters,electricians,andplumbers.______f.Envelopescontainingthesurveymaterialsweresenttothelocalbusinessmanagerofeachunion.______g.Theenvelopesincludedacoverletterexplainingtheresearchproject,thequestionnaireitself,andapostagepaidreturnenvelopeformailingthecompletedquestionnaire.245(TOBECONTINUED)46______h.Amultipleregressionanalysiswasusedtomeasuretheoverallsatisfactionofajob,toidentifythemostimportantjoboutcomesandtocorrelatejoboutcomeswithjobsatisfaction.______i.Sevenhundredandthreecompletedcopiesofthequestionnairewerereturned.______j.Theworkersfilledoutthequestionnairesandmailedthemtotheinvestigatorsusingthepre-paidreturnenvelopes.

7910472.Followingaregroupsofwords.Writeoutonesentencefromthekeywordsineachgroup.AddallnecessarywordsandmakenecessarychangessothateachgroupformsacorrectsentencelikelytobefoundinaMethodsectioninaresearcharticle.48(1)subject;select;first-yearstudents;majorin;journalism;ChineseUniversityofHongKongThesubjectswereselectedfromthefirst-yearstudentsmajoringinjournalismattheChineseUniversityofHongKong.(2)results;questionnairesurvey;subjectto;statisticaltest;reliability;significanceSPSS(StatisticalPackagefortheSocialSciences)TheresultsofthequestionnairesurveyweresubjectedtostatisticaltestsofreliabilityandsignificanceusingSPSS(StatisticalPackagefortheSocialSciences).49(3)group;participant;consistof;18students;three;different;science;universities;provinceEachgroupofparticipantsconsistedof18studentsfromthreedifferentscienceuniversitiesintheprovince.

(4)computer;model;develop;evaluation;alternative;energy;policiesAcomputermodelwasdevelopedfortheevaluationofalternativeenergypolicies.50(5)result;two;experiments;collect;enter;statistical;analysis

Theresultsofthetwoexperimentswerecollectedandenteredforstatisticalanalysis.(6)temperature;chamber;increase;from0℃to20℃Thetemperatureinsidethechamberwasincreasedfrom0℃to20℃.

51(7)energy;consumption;define;include;naturalgas;oil;electricity;use;residential;commercial;industrial;sectorEnergyconsumptionwasdefinedtoincludenaturalgas,oil,andelectricitywhichareusedintheresidential,commercial,andindustrialsectors.52(8)inordertoinvestigatetheseelements;amixture;design;data;collection;technique;use;show;Table2;below

Inordertoinvestigatetheseelements,amixtureofdesignanddatacollectiontechniqueswereusedandtheseareshowninTable2below.533.Followingisthemethodsectionofaresearcharticlefromthefieldofprojectmanagement.Thestudyreportsonasurveywithfiveconstructioncompanieswhichwereinvolvedinjointventureactivitiesintheconstructionindustry.Fillineachblankspacewithanappropriateverborverbphrase,usingthewordinthebrackets.Payparticularattentiontothechoiceoftenseandvoice.54JointventureissuesconcerningEuropeanandAsianconstructionmarketsofthe1990'sMethodologyFivelargeconstructionorganizations______________wherejointventureactivity_____currentlyongoing.Experienceofsome15to20projects______________fromseniorpersonnelintheorganizationswho______substantialexperienceinheavycivilengineeringworksandconstructionjointventures.Questionnaires__________________throughamixtureoffacetofaceinterviewsandmailsurveys.Questions_________

(TOBECONTINUED)

wereapproached

was

wasrecordedhadwereadministeredfocused55concerningjointventures,suchasthecompany'smotives,derivedstrengthsandweaknesseswhenengagedintheseformsofpartnershipaswellastheaccompanyingadvantagesanddisadvantages.Toassesstheemergenceofmajoreconomiesintheworld,mostnotablyinWesternEurope,EasternEuropeandSouthEastAsia,views_______________onhowimportanttheseconstructionmarkets_____________fortheirrespectivecompaniesinthecomingyears.Theresultsofthequestionnairesurvey______________tostatisticaltestsofreliabilityandsignificanceusing(TOBECONTINUED)

weresoughtwouldbeweresubjected56

SPSS(StatisticalPackagefortheSocialSciences).Discussionoftheresults__________underthesub-headingsofOrganizationalInvolvement,WiderAspects,Projects,andGeographicalExperience(includingWesternEurope,EasternEuropeandAsia).

isgiven574.Thefollowingsentencesaretakenfrommethodsectionsofdifferentpublishedstudies.Rewriteeachsentencetomakeitmoreconcise.(1)Table5showsthenumberofstudentsperlevelandtheirL1languagebackgroundswhicharerepresented.Table5showsthenumberofstudentsperlevelandtheirL1languagebackgroundsrepresented.

58(2)TwoquestionnaireswhichwereadministeredrespectivelytothepersonnelofficersandbusinessemployeesshowasimilarresultintermsoftheirperceptionoftheuseofEnglishintheirfirm.

TwoquestionnairesadministeredrespectivelytothepersonnelofficersandbusinessemployeesshowasimilarresultintermsoftheirperceptionoftheuseofEnglishintheirfirm.59(3)Thescoresofthetworaterswereaveragedandtheywereenteredforstatisticalanalysis.Thescoresofthetworaterswereaveragedandenteredforstatisticalanalysis.(4)Themodelwhichwasusedintheexperimentwasamodifiedversionofthe2006Testpackage,originallydevelopedbytheM